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For over last two decades, the toxicological research has focused on pesticide-induced oxidative stress (OS) as a possible mechanism of toxicity. In fact OS is an outcome of a multistep process spanning from perturbations in the balance between the levels of oxidants / prooxidants and antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic) to tissue damage...
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... diagnosis of insecticide poisoning is based on the symptoms and on a description of the events surrounding the poisoning. Blood tests can confirm carbamate or organophosphate poisoning. If an insecticide might have contacted the skin, washing of the area is recommended followed by immediate start of medication. Atropine, given by vein, may relieve most of the symptoms. Pralidoxime (Trade Names: PROTOPAM), given by vein, can speed up recovery of nerve function, eliminating the cause of the symptoms. Very recently the effects of four carbamates, aldicarb and its metabolites (aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide) and propoxur on glutathione content and the activity of the enzymes involved in the sulfur-redox cycle in the mammalian cellular model CHO-K1 cells after 24h exposure have been determined by Elisi et al. [64]. They have shown that carbamate exposure resulted in (1) depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content, (2) no change in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and (3) a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. They have further indicated that reduced levels of GSH were accompanied by the induction of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities after 24h exposure with each of the four carbamates into CHO-K1 cells. Since it is known that GSH plays critical role in preventing cytotoxicity via free radical scavenging, they suggested that treatment with high concentrations of carbamates might result in increase of oxidative stress in CHO-K1 cells [64]. In another study, the effects of carbofuran (CF, another carbamate pesticide) has been observed on the erythrocytes of rats keeping in view that RBCs are prone to oxidative stress due to the presence of hemoglobin in its centre and polyunsaturated fatty acids in its membrane lipids [65]. Oxidative stress (OS) is associated with increased osmotic fragility (OF) of erythrocytes. Organophosphate and organocarbamate pesticides are known to cause OS in erythrocytes. They have investigated the effect of a single sub-acute dose of carbofuran (CF), and ameliorating role of vitamin C on OF and OS in erythrocytes of Wistar rats. They observed a significant alteration in the mean erythrocyte fragility (MEF) due to pesticide treatment. They showed drastic increase in the activities of CAT and SOD and decrease in the GST activity in RBC ́s membrane. The erythrocytes fragility as well as OS induced by pesticides got recovered near to normal by vitamin C treatment. Recently, chronic exposure to carbofuran via oral administration has been reported by Rai and Sharma 2007 [66] to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in rat brain and liver by exposing the animals (intra peritoneal, ip) to three subacute concentrations (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg body weight) equivalent to 10, 20, and 40%, respectively, of its LD50 (i.p.) for 24 h. The results demonstrated that carbofuran treatment at the 3 concentrations tested caused significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The increased oxidative stress at the same pesticide concentrations significantly induced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in rat brain; the impact on catalase being more marked only at high-pesticide doses (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg body weight). Rat brain was more severely affected by carbofuran than liver. These results demonstrated that i.p. administration of carbofuran accelerated oxidative stress in rat brain in a dose-dependent manner. Similar findings were reported by several other workers into different parts of rat brain and brain mitochondria of carbofuran treated rats resulting in not only rise in LPO and activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, GPx) and decrease in catalase activity but also it induced severe alterations in the motor functions (muscle strength), and cognitive behaviour (memory functions) of animals which could be ameliorated by treatment with sulfhydryl group containing compounds such as n-acetylcysteine, which is a precursor of glutathione biosynthesis [67-69] . Organochlorine pesticides have a long history of widespread use around the world. Because of high stability or extremely low degradation nature, these compounds are typically very persistent in the environment, and are known for accumulating in sediments, plants and animals. Some of the notable examples include DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its analogs (such as methoxychlor), dicofol, aldrin, endrin, heptachlor, endosulfan, chlordane, dieldrin, lindane, mirex, pentachlorophenol and others. The chemical structures of some of the organochlorines are illustrated in Figure ...
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Growing evidence links free radicals to the aging processes, degenerative diseases and cancer, underlying the important role played by some antioxidants, as polyphenols, present in fruits and vegetables, which seem able to counteract the toxic effects induced by oxidative stress. The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to oxidant and ant...
Citations
... When it settles on the skin, it burrows and forms channels in the skin causing hair loss, itching, pustules, skin inflammation, and dark skin color [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Nowadays, in order to eliminate and control the population of these microscopic organisms, chemical poisons, such as carbamates, organophosphates, and pyrethroid compounds, are used [17][18][19], which not only require daily and longterm application but also cause some side effects, such as itching, urticaria, angioedema, poisoning, central nervous system stimulation, depression, coma, and even death in some breeds, which has led to the prohibition of the use of some of these agents in some countries [20]. In addition, the disproportionate use of these poisons has led to widespread resistance. ...
This study has introduced a medicine to treat dogs infested with scabies (variants of Demodex, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Otodectes, etc.). The present study offers a no-side-effect herbal formulation to treat dogs infested with scabies. To carry out the experiment, 25 sick dogs with various breeds and ages suspected of scabies were gathered. Following accurate morphological examinations of all the samples, a deep skin chip of the lesion site was provided, which was examined by a microscope. Then, 13 dogs (Mix, Terrier, Pug, Husky, Spitz) were infested with Demodex scabies and 12 dogs (Pittbull, Mix, Shih Tzu, Terrier, Boxer, Setter) with Sarcoptic scabies. The prepared product was topically administered at a constant 2% dosage to the bodies of all the samples. To prepare the ointment, 1 g of Borax (Na₂B₄O₇•10H₂O) was first dissolved in 35 g deionized water and heated to 70°C. Then, 45 g of liquid paraffin (CnH2n+2) was mixed with 1 g of Carvacrol (C10H14O) and 1 g of geranium (C10H18O) and stirred well to become a phase. Later, 17 g of the melted beeswax (C15H31COOC30H61) was added to the liquid paraffin compound. In the end, the aqueous phase was added to the oil phase, and the mixture process immediately began in one direction with a glass stirrer and continued until the product cooled down. Essential oils (EO) was obtained by steam distillation of fresh Thyme and Rose-Acented Geranium in a stainless steel distillation apparatus (alembic) for 3 h. The main components of the essential oils used in the formulation were performed using a Hewlett-Packard GC system interfaced with a mass spectrometer equipped with an HP5-MS capillary column (30 m, 0.32 mm, 0.25 µm film thicknesses). For GC–MS detection, electron ionization with ionization energy of 70 eV was used. To examine the presence of scabies, weekly skin sampling was performed, and the treatment continued until 30 days, when no skin chip of the scabies was noted. The findings revealed that the formulation developed no side effects and removed the daily use, as it could be administered once or twice a week.
... This insecticide has the ability to generate ROS (Reactive oxygen species), oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. Due to this mechanism, pyrethroids have the ability to metabolise in the mammalian metabolic system [28] and oxidative stress is induced due to the anti-oxidative enzymes like SOD, CAT and GPx [29]. ...
Bifenthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. It is used worldwide against different agricultural pests. Nervous system (NS) is the primary target organ for the pyrethroid group of insecticide which causes hyper excitation. The aim of this study to determine the effects of bifenthrin on the brain of rabbits. The animals were treated for 14 days with three different doses (1/5th, 1/10th and 1/15th of LD50) of bifenthrin. Neurotransmitters and Histopathological alterations were observed at the end of the experiments. Neurochemical parameters were checked 24 hours after the last dose. Significant changes in the level of biogenic amines were observed. The levels of epinephrine (EPN), dopamine (DA), 3, 4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were decreased as compared to controls group with the increase in insecticide. However, norepinephrine (NE) and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels were found to be significantly higher than those of the controls. A significant reduction in the activity of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme was found in the frontal cortex’s erythrocyte, plasma and brain of rabbit with the increase in administered bifenthrin. The oxidative stress showed significantly decrease in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S- transferase (GST) with the increase in dose of bifenthrin. Histopathological study of brain tissues showed normal GC (glial cells) and NC (neuronal cells) in the frontal cortex of brain tissue of control groups while the treated groups showed evacuation (odema), elongation of pyramidal nucleus, glial cell damage and brain haemorrhage.
... A toxicidade de pesticidas piretroides está intimamente ligada à indução do estresse oxidativo Oliveira et al., 2018). O estresse oxidativo é um desequilíbrio entre a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio e a eficiência de remoção das mesmas, na qual a geração é excessiva e não é controlada que consequentemente gera danos celulares (diestress) (Amoretti et al., 2002;Agrawal & Sharma, 2010). Níveis elevados de espécies reativas causam a oxidação de proteínas e lipídeos e danos no DNA (Barbosa et al., 2010). ...
Inseticidas piretroides foram incorporados no mercado como alternativa menos tóxica para animais não alvo. No entanto, a deltametrina, um inseticida dessa classe, é conhecida por causar toxicidade em exposição aguda e crônica em diferentes animais. Os morcegos são animais não alvo que estão constantemente expostos a pesticidas durante o forrageio e isso pode impactar sua sobrevivência. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da exposição crônica à deltametrina no estado redox e metabolismo energético de morcegos frugívoros da espécie Artibeus lituratus. Para isso os morcegos foram coletados (n=12) e separados em: grupo controle (Controle; n=6), alimentado com frutos não tratados; grupo deltametrina (DM; n = 6), alimentado com frutos tratados com deltametrina na concentração 1.00 mL/L mais espalhante adesivo (0,015 g/L). Após um período de exposição crônica (35 dias), o estado redox do fígado e rim, as alterações histológicas no fígado, a concentração de glicose e as reservas energéticas foram analisados. A exposição a doses comerciais de deltamentrina induziu estresse oxidativo e alterações morfológicas no fígado, além de causar hipoglicemia e reduzir as reservas energéticas dos morcegos. Considerando que os morcegos estão expostos naturalmente aos pesticidas durante o forrageio, o impacto dessa exposição pode alterar as reservas energéticas e induzir alterações no funcionamento normal do fígado, prejudicando a sobrevivência desses animais e, consequentemente, os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por eles.
... 3 Also, under the lab conditions for acute and sub-acute toxicity tests, the biomarkers can be helpful in the prediction of a specific type of toxicants or xenobiotics duration of exposure, and persistence. [4][5][6] The list of biomarkers may include biomolecules (glutathione, creatinine, hemoglobin, albumin, uric acid)-, enzymes (transaminases and phosphatases in case of hepatic and cardiovascular diseases; SOD, CAT, GST for oxidative stress), hormones (HCG hormone in pregnancy detection), and antibodies in ELISA, nasal and vaginal swabs for viral/microbial tests for possibility of any pathogenic infections. ...
... These are known to be associated with human health and environmental issues. These cause various human diseases like skin, olfactory and reproductive due to their accumulation in human body (Aggarwal and Sharma, 2010). Pesticides can pollute different compartments of environment like soils, water or air depending on the mode of application, movement of compound and persistence of particular contaminant in the environment (Chourasiya et al., 2015). ...
The urbanization of agriculture sector leads to an increased chemical affliction on the environment. Pesticides are the chemicals used in agriculture to protect the plants from weeds, pests or diseases and human being from various diseases. In this review, the literature of different types of pesticides, pesticide usage and its toxic effects on mammalian systems are summarized. Most commonly used pesticides are fungicides, insecticides and herbicides to control the weeds and pest from agricultural sites. In the usage of pesticides, India stands 12th in the world even though the use of pesticides in India is low as compared to other nations in the world. However due to their negative impacts on human and the environment there is a requirement for an ecological and sustainable approach, as the public needs the execution of the latest concept of agriculture that is safe for humans and the environment. For the sustainable agriculture development and to protect the environment from adverse effects of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilisation of bio-pesticides should be encouraged.
... Pesticide-induced oxidative stress has been the focus of toxicological research in recent years as a possible mechanism of toxicity. Various studies have been conducted to determine whether oxidative stress in humans or animals is caused by various agents in this group and is associated with their toxic effects (Agrawal and Sharma, 2010;Gabbianelli et al., 2013;López-Aceves et al., 2021). It has been shown that oxidative stress increases in tissues after exposure to prethyroid insecticides such as Perm and that increased oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of many organ damage (Wang et al., 2016). ...
Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides have been widely used for years to be protected from the harmful effects of insects and control disease vectors. In this study, the potential effects of resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound, against the potential toxicity of permethrin, an effective pyrethroid derivative, on the fetus were investigated. In the study, Wistar female rats were divided into four groups Control, Sham, Permethrin, and Permethrin + Resveratrol. The lung, liver, kidney, and small intestine development of fetuses were evaluated histopathologically. Also, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP-4) in bone tissue development and Fibroblast Growth Factor-1 (FGF-1) expressions in the lung were examined immunohistochemically. All structures in the control and sham groups were normal. Permethrin caused epithelial damage, regression in bronchial and primitive alveolar development in the lung; congestion, edema, and sinusoidal dilatation around the central vein in the liver; tubular epithelial degeneration, regression in glomeruli and tubule formation in the kidney; epithelial degeneration and irregularity in the villus structure in the small intestine. Immunohistochemical results indicated that permethrin administration decreased BMP-4 levels in bone tissue and FGF-1 levels in the lung. After resveratrol application was found to greatly alleviate histopathological and immunohistopathological variability in all tissues. Oral consumption of permethrin by pregnant rats caused growth retardation and tissue damage in many different tissues in offspring. Intake of resveratrol during pregnancy showed protective effects against fetotoxicity caused by permethrin.
... Nano pesticides from agricultural and manufacturing sewage treatment stormwater enter the groundwater via soil perforating dissolution after a rainfall event, altering its quality, advancing human sun exposure, and posing ecological concerns. Because of their biomimetic properties and high natural tendency of distribution and biomagnification in soil, surrounding waters, types of food, and, as a consequence, all animals, especially mammals, nanoparticles were found to have toxic effect repercussions (Agrawal & Sharma, 2010;Ahemad et al., 2009;Baldwin et al., 2013). For humans, the variety of side effects associated with particular vulnerability and exposure duration to nanomaterial results in acute and long-term pathological embodiments such as inhalation, cardiovascular risk, lymphatic diseases, immunodeficiency, cognitive impairment, and brain tumors that can express following the exposure or generations later than the rest of bioavailability (Band et al., 2011) and depending on unique nanoparticle properties (Arinze & Yubedee, 2000;Bhagobaty & Malik, 2010). ...
... Pesticides used in massive quantities have detrimental effects on the environment. According to research, pesticides are affecting badly human health and biodiversity(Agrawal & Sharma, 2010). Pesticides are typically water-soluble and stable, and they affect natural flora, fauna, and aquatic life. ...
The increase in the world’s population in the twentieth century resulted in the subsequent increase in the demand for food. To enhance the constant supply of food for this large population and sustainable crop production, different types of agrochemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides were used by farmers for decades. Pesticides are mainly categorized as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides based on the target they killed. Pesticides and herbicides are designed to kill and prevent pests and unwanted weeds respectively. As their mode of action is not species specific, they often harm other organisms including crops in the agricultural field when used in excess amounts. Over time, insects and weeds become adapted and develop resistance to such chemicals, which necessitates the excessive amount of usage and development of new chemical compounds to protect crops. In many developing countries cheap compounds, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and lindane are popular among farmers, even though they are environmentally persistent and have a toxic effect on soil flora and fauna. Thus, the pesticide and herbicide compounds have emerged as a new global concern owing to their several phytotoxic effects. Moreover, the development of leaf and crop growth rate, and the nutritive composition of seeds, specifically the content of proteins, fall sharply following pesticide treatment. The herbicides and pesticides cause several cytotoxic and genotoxic effects which ultimately challenge the stability of the plant genome through the production of reactive oxygen compounds. To combat these stress conditions, plants have evolved several biochemical, physiological, transcriptional, and epigenetic strategies that together help to maintain the growth and development of plants. In this present book chapter, we summarize the harmful effects of pesticides and herbicides on crop plants and the different strategies evolved by plants to combat these emerging stress compounds to sustain growth and eventually survivability.
... Pesticides used in massive quantities have detrimental effects on the environment. According to research, pesticides are affecting badly human health and biodiversity (Agrawal & Sharma, 2010). Pesticides are typically water-soluble and stable, and they affect natural flora, fauna, and aquatic life. ...
... Nano pesticides from agricultural and manufacturing sewage treatment stormwater enter the groundwater via soil perforating dissolution after a rainfall event, altering its quality, advancing human sun exposure, and posing ecological concerns. Because of their biomimetic properties and high natural tendency of distribution and biomagnification in soil, surrounding waters, types of food, and, as a consequence, all animals, especially mammals, nanoparticles were found to have toxic effect repercussions (Agrawal & Sharma, 2010;Ahemad et al., 2009;Baldwin et al., 2013). For humans, the variety of side effects associated with particular vulnerability and exposure duration to nanomaterial results in acute and long-term pathological embodiments such as inhalation, cardiovascular risk, lymphatic diseases, immunodeficiency, cognitive impairment, and brain tumors that can express following the exposure or generations later than the rest of bioavailability (Band et al., 2011) and depending on unique nanoparticle properties (Arinze & Yubedee, 2000;Bhagobaty & Malik, 2010). ...
Pesticides are noxious organic and inorganic compounds used to kill or restrict the population expansion of harmful organisms. Pesticides have been used for a long period to kill pests and protect crops. Pesticides have been in use since the early 1940s, when dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was first launched, ushering in a new era in man’s struggle against pests and pathogens. Pesticide technologies have continued to generate a wide range of pesticides, providing adequate food supply to meet consumer demand, and these pesticides are considered an important tool for crop protection and growth, but they are harmful to the environment. Pesticide overuse can lead to biodiversity loss and destruction. Biodiversity is critical to human survival on our planet. Pesticides are harmful to a variety of creatures, including birds, aquatic animals, and mammals. Pesticides are a key source of anxiety for the long-term survival of our planet. This chapter will discuss the pesticide groups, their use, and impact on the environment. This chapter also discusses pesticide contamination and the long-term consequences of pesticides on the entire ecosystem. An alternative pest management and control strategy, such as integrated pest management (IPM), can be helpful to minimize the number and volume of pesticide treatments by integrating several control measures, like cultural control, the use of resistant genotypes, and physico-mechanical control along with chemical control. Furthermore, advances in biotechnology and nanotechnology may make it simpler to develop herbicides with fewer adverse effects or resistant genotypes along with a lower dose of herbicides.
... Resveratrol has been shown to have a number of biological actions, including a powerful antioxidative impact via LPO prevention [10]. Pesticides can reproductive toxicity through a number of mechanisms, including a damage to cell body, mediates with biochemical processes required for natural cell function, and biotransformations that result in toxic metabolites [11].Cypermethrin is highly toxic to humans, and has harmful effects on human health, as it causes skin itching and eye irritation , In addition to its effect on animals, including experimental mice, which were used to show the effects of the pesticide as a vital sign [12][13][14]. The current study aims to investigate the risks of cypermethrin on pathological alternation of reproductive organs of female and male mice exposed to semi-lethal doses, as many studies did not address the study of histological changes for both sexes to determine their importance. ...
Background: The present study sought to verify the effect of chemical pesticide Pyrethriod,
cypermethyreien on the histopathological alteration in reproductive system such as testis and ovary organs
of both sex, males and female mice.
Materials & Method: Muc muscular males and female mice (n=30) were used. To determine the effects of
cypermethyreien on the testis and ovary organs, mice receiving a low dose (2.5mg/kg) and high dose (4.75
mg / kg) from cypermethyreien continuously for a period of five weeks. Hematoxeline and eosin stain were
utilized to evaluate the histopathological alteration in testis and ovary.
Result: Microscope images showed pathological alteration in two condition (low dose and high dose)
represented by separation of cells, sperm-generating layer from the rest of the tubule parts, as well as
decreasing in wall thickness, congestion of vein, damage to part of the seminiferous tubule wall and
decomposition of most stages of sperm formation compared to control group.
Ovary organs after treated with low and high doses of cypermethrin, showed changes represented by
hyperplasia, hyperemia, accumulation of inflammatory cells and necrosis of ovarian cells, less of the
numbers of primary and primordial follicles and low numbers of corpus luteum.
Conclusion: low and high doses of cypermethrin toxicity used in male and female mice caused pathological
alteration of tissues structure in testis and ovary organs.
... The lowest percentage haemolysis recorded for the HBT and SS-sutured bucks (65 ± 2.6% and 68 ± 4.9%), respectively at 0.5% NaCl, followed by CT (79 ± 3.5%), and ET (84 ± 2.5%), suggests that oxidative stress measured by the degree of EOF in percentages was lowest in the HBT, and SS bucks followed by bucks of the CT, while the maximum effect of oxidative stress was observed in the ETsutured bucks (Wahab et al. 2010;Pati et al. 2017). It has been reported that RBCs are very susceptible to oxidative stress (Agrawal and Sharma 2010);Vani et al. 2010), and the stress of pain leads to their destruction, hence resulting in increased EOF (Okafor 2014). Moreover, EOF could be specifically used to assess the welfare compromise and resilience in animals over a period of prolonged stress (Reddy et al. 2019). ...
Surgical procedures cause oxidative stress, and the use of suture materials contributes to environmental stress factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress effects of skin apposition with cobbler’s, embroidery, hair-braiding threads and silk suture using serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) in Kano Brown (KB) bucks, post-vasectomy. Twenty, apparently, healthy Kano Brown bucks, aged between 6 and 18 months and live-weight of 10–15 kg, were used for the experiment. They were randomly assigned into four experimental groups of five bucks each. Vasectomy was performed on all the bucks after sedation with 0.05 mg/kg of xylazine intravenously, and linear infiltration of 5 mL of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. Post-vasectomy, cutaneous skin apposition was performed with embroidery thread (ET) in group A bucks, cobbler’s thread (CT) in group B bucks, hair-braiding thread (HBT) in group C bucks and standard silk suture (SS) in group D bucks. The EOF and the serum MDA concentration were evaluated on days 2, 5, 14 and 28 post-vasectomy. At 0.5% NaCl, HBT-sutured bucks recorded the lowest (P < 0.05) percentage haemolysis (65 ± 2.6%), followed by the SS (68 ± 4.9%), CT (79 ± 3.5%) and ET (84 ± 2.5%). Elevated MDA recorded in bucks sutured with the experimental suture materials and the silk suture did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). It was deduced that vasectomy causes oxidative stress as evidenced by increased percentages of haemolysis in the following order: HBT < SS < CT < ET. The study has demonstrated, for the first time that the EOF may serve as additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of oxidative stress changes in bucks, sutured with different suture materials post-vasectomy. In conclusion, HBT induced the least percentage of EOF, while ET, CT and HBT induced lower MDA concentration changes, they may be a good alternative to silk suture.
