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The performance of a new adsorbent, sodium alginate-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate) in the form of calcium cross-linked beads has been evaluated for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. Characterization of the adsorbent was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction technique. T...
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... the materials are cheap, non- toxic, biocompatible, and abundant in nature. Alginic acid or its salts called alginates are among the polysac- charides that occur in the cell walls of a large number of algal species. It is a copolymer consisting the resi- dues of β-1,4-linked-D-mannuronic acid (M-block) and α-1,4-linked-L-guluronic acid (G-block) (Fig. 1) [14]. Sodium alginate possesses metal sequestering proper- ties and can effectively sequester the dissolved metal ions in solutions quickly. It is an ideal material for the treatment of wastewater that contained heavy metal ions, due to its high content of carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl (OH) functional groups, which have high affinity ...
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In the presented study, a series of physically crosslinked sodium alginate beads-g-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was synthesized at different conditions, then the copolymer with the highest grafting efficiency percentage was functionalized with ethylenediamine for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqua solutions. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and SEM (scann...
Citations
... In contrast, sodium alginate (SA) is the sodium salt of alginic acid, a polymer with many free hydroxyl and carboxyl groups dispersed along the polymer's backbone chain. The linear, anionic polysaccharide is made up of two types of 1,4-linked hexuronic acid residues: β -d-mannuronopyranosyl (M) and α-l guluronopyranosyl (G), which are arranged in blocks of repeating M residues (MM blocks), blocks of repeating G residues (GG blocks), and blocks of mixed M and G residues (MG-blocks) [48]. ...
Background: Biopolymer-based materials are getting more attention for sustainable development in various applications , such as energy and environmental remediation. Chitosan, cellulose, and alginate are among the most widely studied biopolymers for water treatment. This review presented the applications of modified biopolymers for decontaminating heavy metals in wastewater. Methods: This review highlighted biopolymers' origin, preparation, alteration, and applications for heavy metal removal in the past decade. The chemically modified or synthesized composites based on chitosan, cellulose, and alginate biopolymers have been discussed in detail. The adsorption behavior of the heavy metals onto modified biopolymeric adsorbents concerning kinetics, isotherms, and regeneration has been presented. The review highlighted potential future research directions that could lead to developing biopolymeric composites more effective for pollutant removal from wastewater. Significant findings: Utilizing biopolymers and their composites as a potential alternative adsorbent to remove pollutants from the industrial effluent minimizes commercial adsorbents' cost and assures environmental sustainability. Many studies report potential applications of biopolymers and their composites to remove heavy metals from wastewater in a single pollutant system. Considering this, more research is necessary to examine the possible applications of biopolymeric composites on binary or multi-pollutant processes.
... It is made up of 1 → 4 linked β-d-guluronic (G), and α-lmannuronic (M) molecule [7,8]. Polymeric segment -M-G blocks are combined to form uronic acids ( Fig. 1) [9]. ...
Biopolymer electrolyte based on sodium alginate (NaAlg) with various concentrations of NH4ClO4 has been prepared by solution casting technique using double distilled water as solvent. Influence of different concentrations of NH4ClO4 on the biopolymer NaAlg is systematically investigated by the different characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA, electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis, transference number measurement, and LSV. XRD was used to investigate whether the prepared biopolymers were crystalline or amorphous. The formation of complexes between NaAlg and NH4ClO4 has been observed by FTIR. Using differential scanning calorimeter, glass transition temperature (Tg) is found for the prepared biopolymer electrolyte. The maximum ionic conductivity of 3.59 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ has been obtained for 30 M.wt% NaAlg:70 M.wt% NH4ClO4 biopolymer electrolyte using AC impedance analysis. Using DC Wagner’s polarization technique, the ionic transference number has been determined. The highest conducting biopolymer electrolyte's electrochemical stability window was found by the LSV technique to be 2.71 V. The primary proton battery and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell have been constructed using highest ionic conducting biopolymer membrane (30 M.wt% NaAlg:70 M.wt% NH4ClO4), and the performance has been studied. The proton battery’s open circuit voltage (Voc) is 1.76 V, while the PEM fuel cell’s open circuit voltage (Voc) is 789 mV.
Graphical Abstract
... In very dilute solutions, these methods are not only unsuccessful for water remediation but also to be very high cost for removal of Pb(II). Therefore, many approaches have been reported to develop more effective techniques for removing lead from wastewater, for instance, liquid extraction, membrane cleaners, and adsorption [3,[6][7][8]. ...
Owing to the recent developments in the polymer’s properties and application, the demands for designing different structure of polymers are greater than ever. Crosslinked polymers (CPs) are a type of porous materials that have a variety of potential applications. Because of simple methods of modification of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), the crosslinked PMMA considers the most commonly polymeric adsorbents. A new crosslinked melamine-based polymethyl methacrylate (C-PMMA/Mel) was prepared via a polycondensation reaction between PMMA and melamine used as a crosslinking agent. Different characterization methods were carried out to investigate the molecular structures, thermal stability, and morphology. C-PMMA/Mel was applied for the adsorption behavior toward different metal cations and detected a selective to Pb(II). The evaluation of the new polymers as adsorbent against Pb(II) ion was studied using the contact time, adsorbent dose, initial concentration, and effects of pH. The adsorption efficiency of heavy metals was improved in the presence of melamine in polymeric matrix. The C-PMMA/Mel has high efficacy in the removal of ~94% of Pb at pH 6 for one hour. Noticeably, the adsorption performance of C-PMMA/Mel perfectly suited with Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Additionally, the new materials showed no obvious loss in Pb(II) removal after 7 cycles.
... [61]. [65]. ...
Because plastic materials cause a serious problem for both terrestrial and marine habitats, and existing plastic waste reduction tactics, while showing improvement, are not the best suited (incineration). The ever-increasing need for environmentally friendly materials to address a variety of concerns, including environmental issues, economics, sustainability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, has generated new fields of study that are highly focused on natural-based products. Through the utilization of renewable resources and the decrease of CO2 emissions during polymer synthesis, bio-based and biodegradable plastics can contribute to a more sustainable society. Moreover, biodegradable polymers provide novel end-of-life management options, such as anaerobic digestion or composting, that have little to no environmental effect. Furthermore, producing edible polymers is the best solution to address most of the aforementioned difficulties. Edible polymers have gained tremendous interest in recent decades as an alternative for synthetic plastic owing to their favorable properties such as biodegradability, and they can be safely consumed as part of food items while also being environmentally friendly. The development of novel safe, high-quality, and acceptable food-grade products in functional food sectors, such as edible coatings that protect against nutrient loss, and food packaging material, are extremely important reasons for investigating edible polymers. Edible films, by acting as barriers, might potentially reduce the complexity and hence enhance the recyclability of packaging materials when compared to more traditional non-environmental friendly packaging materials, and have the potential to replace synthetic polymer films. Edible polymers are mainly polysaccharides (hydrocolloids, polypeptide, lipids, and their composites, etc. Edible bioplastic films were synthesized in this study using a variety of resources, including polysaccharide and protein-based resources. Polysaccharide sources included corn starch and rice powder, while animal protein sources included beef gelatin. Glycerol and sorbitol were utilized as plasticizers to create flexible edible films. According to the results, gelatin-based films have better characteristics than other films. The edible films created were renewable, environmentally benign, biodegradable, and inexpensive.
... This is composed of 1 ? 4 linked b-D-guluronic (G) and a-L-mannuronic (M) [12][13][14][15]. The uronic acids are linked by -M-G sequence randomly (Fig. 1) [16]. Alginate is an anionic (COO-) polymer which is suitable for coordination formation. ...
... Y.O.IWAKI et.al observed a conductivity value 8.7 9 10 -5 S cm -1 in SA with acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and a conductivity value 3.1 9 10 -4 S cm -1 in SA with LiClO 4 [16]. A.F.Fuzlin et.,al reported a conductivity value of 7.46 9 10 -5 S cm -1 for alginate with LiBr [4]. ...
... This indicates that the increases of crystalline nature of the polymer electrolyte. 16.5 weight loss), the initial weight loss is due to evaporation of moisture in the polymer electrolytes. ...
The development of high ion conducting membrane is in need of present time for efficient battery. The aim of this study is to develop a proton conducting polymer electrolyte using biopolymer sodium alginate (SA) with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) salt using solution casting technique. Addition of graphene quantum dot (GQD) with the highest conducting polymer electrolyte resulted with the increase in ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolyte. The prepared composition of SA: NH4SCN analyzed through XRD, FTIR, DSC, Ac impedance technique, LSV. SEM and TGA studies have been undertaken. The amorphous/crystalline natures of the obtained electrolytes were studied using the XRD technique. FTIR confirm the complex formation of salt and polymer. The glass transition temperature Tg has been obtained with the help of DSC. The highest proton conductivity of 8.72 × 10–3 S cm⁻¹ has been obtained for the composition of 30 M.wt%SA: 70 M.wt%NH4SCN. The ionic conductivity has been improved to 2.22 × 10–2 S cm⁻¹ duo to the addition of 0.75 ml GQD with 30 M.wt%SA: 70 M.wt%NH4SCN biopolymer electrolyte. Transference number analysis has been done using the Wagner’s polarization technique. Electrochemical stability value of 2.17 V (without GQD) and 2.83 V (with GQD) has been obtained using LSV. Proton conducting battery has been constructed using highest conducting biopolymer electrolyte and the open circuit voltage of 1.45 V (without GQD) and 1.48 V (with GQD) has been obtained. Construction of a single fuel cell has been made using highest proton conducting membrane providing an open circuit voltage 431 mV (without GQD) and 514 mV (with GQD).
... Several studies have been carried out using polymers such as PMMA as adsorbents to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater because PMMA is stable, cheap, harmless, and a good material for use in water treatment. [15][16][17]. ...
In recent times, developments in polymer application properties have required the design of different polymer structures more than ever. Cross-linked polymers (CPs) could be considered a good candidate material for potential applications when used in conjunction with nanoparticles. Cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposites are considered to be one of the most commonly polymeric adsorbents due to their varied and simple modification methods. A new class of C-PMMA/SnO2(a–d) nanocomposites have been fabricated as surface-selective adsorbents of Cr (III) with a good yield and different loading of SnO2 nanoparticles. The morphology, molecular structures, and thermal stability of the new cross-linked polymers were examined using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), the Fourier Transform Infrared method (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The adsorption study of C-PMMA/SnO2 was investigated, and an efficient level of adsorption for Cr (III) cations was detected. To evaluate the potential for the new polymers to be used as adsorbents against Cr (III) ions, the contact time, the initial concentration of Cr (III), and the effects of pH were studied. The introduction of SnO2 into the polymer network enhanced the efficiency of the adsorption of heavy metals. The C-PMMA/SnO2 is highly efficient at removing Cr (III) ions in wastewater samples at pH 6 for one hour. The adsorption study demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of C-PMMA/SnO2c for Cr (III) was 1.76 mg /g, and its adsorption isotherm agreed with the Langmuir adsorption model.
... While grafting, reductive amination, sulfonation, esterification, and oxidation methods are achieved for the modification of hydroxyl groups, esterification, Ugi reaction, and amidation methods are used for modification of carboxyl groups (Yang et al., 2011). Some recent studies with SA graft polymers for heavy metal adsorption were given as follows: SA-g-poly(methyl methacrylate) with Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 526 mg.g −1 (Salisu et al., 2016); kaolin/SA-g-polyacrylic acid-co 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid with Cd(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) adsorption capacities of 69.9, 139.8, and 834.7 mg.g −1 , respectively (Zhu et al., 2015); SA-g-polyacrylamide/graphene oxide hydrogel with Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorption capacities of 68.76 and 240.69 mg.g −1 , respectively (Jiang et al., 2020); SA-g-diphenylamine with Co(II) adsorption capacity of ~ 92 mg.g −1 (Ahmed et al., 2021). Also, the max adsorption capacities of heavy metals for some SA consisting polymers were listed as follows: SA-polyaniline nanofibers: 73.34 mg.g −1 for Cr(VI) (Karthik & Meenakshi, 2015), SA/graphene oxide aerogel: 98.0 mg.g −1 for Cu(II) and 267.4 mg.g −1 for Pb(II) (Jiao et al., 2016); chitosan/SA/Ca ion double network hydrogel: 70.83, 81.25, and 176.50 mg. ...
In the presented study, a series of physically crosslinked sodium alginate beads-g-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was synthesized at different conditions, then the copolymer with the highest grafting efficiency percentage was functionalized with ethylenediamine for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqua solutions. FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analyses were used to display the changes in the adsorbent structure. pH, adsorbent amount, adsorption time, initial Cr(VI) ion concentration, and process temperature were used as the adsorption parameters to optimize the process. The kinetic and equilibrium data were fitted to pseudo-second order and Langmuir model, respectively. In addition, the thermodynamic studies displayed the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the Cr(VI) adsorption process. While the adsorption capacity of the functionalized polymer was 238.45 mg.g−1, it was found 26.79 and 46.89 mg.g−1 for the crosslinked sodium alginate beads and the grafted beads, respectively, at the temperature of 25 °C, pH of 2, and initial Cr(VI) ion concentration of 100 ppm. The obtained results revealed the high adsorption efficiency and reusability of the functionalized grafted sodium alginate beads.
... Alginates, as a natural polysaccharide extracted from the brown algae of marine (Phaeophyceae), are compounded by L-guluronate (G) and R-D-mannuronate (M) units at various ratios and sequences in the (1→4) chain depending on the age of the plant and the source of alginate ( Figure 6) [17,18,83]. By the addition of calcium ions, the formation of gels involving the G blocks is carried out, so the higher gel strength, the higher concentration of G units [17,84]. ...
... Chemical structure of sodium alginates. Reprinted from[83]. Copyright 2016 Taylor & Francis. ...
In 2018, the worldwide consumption of meat was 346.14 million tonnes, and this is expected to increase in the future. As meat consumption increases, the use of packaging materials is expected to increase along with it. Petrochemical packaging materials which are widely used in the meat processing industry, take a long time to regenerate and biodegrade, thus they adversely affect the environment. Therefore, the necessity for the development of eco-friendly packaging materials for meat processing, which are easily degradable and recyclable, came to the fore. The objective of this review is to describe the application of natural compound-derived edible films with their antioxidant and antibacterial activities in meat and meat products. For several decades, polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, pectin, gum, alginate, carrageenan and chitosan), proteins (milk, collagen and isolated soy protein) and lipids (essential oil, waxes, emulsifiers, plasticizers and resins) were studied as basic materials for edible films to reduce plastic packaging. There are still high consumer demands for eco-friendly alternatives to petrochemical-based plastic packaging, and edible films can be used in a variety of ways in meat processing. More efforts to enhance the physiological and functional properties of edible films are needed for commercial application to meat and meat products.
... Pollution of surface waters has been a major ecological problem in less developed countries. Contamination of surface waters by toxic heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, etc. endangered humans and aquatic organisms (16). For example, lead can cause several disorders that include; renal damage, hepatic damage, central nervous system damage, and damage to the reproductive system (17). ...
... The percentage grafting, G(%) decreased when the initiator amount was increased above 0.2g. This could be attributed to more free-radical generation that eventually may lead to premature termination (by coupling) of the growing radicals at higher concentration (16). It was observed that the highest percentage grafting was acheived at acrylic acid concentration of 5 g and KPS concentration of 0.2 g. ...
In this study, a green chemistry approach was employed in the preparation of Hyphaene thebaica fiber grafted polyacrylic acid via microwave assisted method using potassium persulfate as the chemical initiator. The optimum percentage grafting of 92% was achieved under 5 g concentration of acrylic acid, 0.2 g concentration of potassium persulfate (KPS) and 2 minutes of reaction time. The grafted sample was characterized using the following techniques, FTIR, SEM and XRD. The prepared graft copolymer was examined for adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution in batch mode systems. The adsorption parameters such as pH, initial metal ion concentration and contact time were also studied. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to simulate the equilibrium adsorption experimental data. The Langmuir model fitted well with experimental data with maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of 20.37 mg/g at 45 minutes. Higher regression coefficient obtained confirmed the suitability of the Langmuir isotherm model which assumed monolayer coverage on the adsorbent surface. The adsorption studies revealed the efficacy of the grafted fiber for removal of Pb(II) ions from dilute aqueous solutions.
... The effect of initial concentration of Pb 2+ and Cu 2+ metal ions on the percentage removal by the composite beads was investigated in the range of 50-300 mg/L and the results were shown in Fig. 6.The removal percentage was found to be high at lower concentration of the metal ions, but eventually decrease with the increased in the initial concentration. This can be attributed to the exhaustion of available active sites on the adsorbent required for the high initial concentration of the metal ions adsorption (Salisu et al., 2016). ...
... This could be attributed to increase the surface porosity of the adsorbent as a result of interaction with the acid. A similar trend was reported on the adsorption and desorption of alginate beads using HCl (Salisu et al., 2016). The result showed that the alginate composite beads maintained good adsorption capacity for several cycles. ...
