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![Figure 5. Molecular structure of collagen (a), gelatin (b) [113].](profile/Bozena-Karolewicz/publication/353250152/figure/fig9/AS:1046059035922439@1626411317856/Molecular-structure-of-collagen-a-gelatin-b-113_Q320.jpg)
Polymers in drug formulation technology and the engineering of biomaterials for the treatment of oral diseases constitute a group of excipients that often possess additional properties in addition to their primary function, i.e., biological activity, sensitivity to stimuli, mucoadhesive properties, improved penetration of the active pharmaceutical...
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... group of excipients used in carrier technology for topical oral apposition consists of cellulose ethers, which include methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its sodium salt (CMCNa), and mixtures of ethers: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), see Figure 6 and Table 4. Depending on the molar mass, the amount of reactants used to obtain cellulose ethersi.e., alkyl or aryl halides, alkene oxides, unsaturated compounds with a free electron group, and the degree of saturation of the alcohol groups of the polymer, the resulting derivatives differ in their physicochemical properties and solubility [134]. For example, as a result of introducing hydrophobic alkyl groups to the side chains of a cellulose molecule, the polymer additionally gains the ability to form thermosensitive gels, which are used in applications. ...
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... group of excipients used in carrier technology for topical oral apposition consists of cellulose ethers, which include methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its sodium salt (CMCNa), and mixtures of ethers: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), see Figure 6 and Table 4. Depending on the molar mass, the amount of reactants used to obtain cellulose ethers-i.e., alkyl or aryl halides, alkene oxides, unsaturated compounds with a free electron group, and the degree of saturation of the alcohol groups of the polymer, the resulting derivatives differ in their physicochemical properties and solubility [134]. For example, as a result of introducing hydrophobic alkyl groups to the side chains of a cellulose molecule, the polymer additionally gains the ability to form thermosensitive gels, which are used in applications. ...
Citations
... The depth of the pocket varies depending on the duration of the disease and the location of the lesion. The size influences the choice of periodontitis treatment performed, mainly based on the use of mechanical therapy for pocket cleaning accompanied by topical antiinflammatory and antibacterial drugs administered directly into the periodontal pocket [32]. The reduction in gingival inflammation and PD in this study can be attributed to the effectiveness of tetracycline and FD-PRP inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. ...
Objective: Periodontal treatment widely uses tetracycline as a local antibiotic because it has broad-spectrum antibacterial and anticollagenase properties. Chitosan-based 0.5% tetracycline gel, there was an increase in the performance of tetracycline because chitosan released the drug locally, was slower, controlled, lasted longer, had better stability and lower toxicity. Periodontal treatment is currently trending using Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) because of its properties, which release many growth factors. To facilitate clinical administration, PRP was developed by the freeze-drying process to become allogeneic Freeze Dried PRP (FD-PRP) obtained from the blood bank. Combination can help accelerate the healing of periodontal surgical wounds. To evaluate the effectiveness of administration of chitosan-based 0.5% tetracycline gel and FD-PRP. Methods: Laboratory experimental study with posttest-only control group design on 30 Wistars-induced periodontitis. The sample was divided into 5 groups: negative and positive control group and 3 periodontal surgical intervention groups accompanied by drug administration. The examination of clinical parameters such as Bleeding on Probing (BoP) and Pocket Depth (PD) as well as immunohistochemical parameters such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) were evaluated on days 3 and 14. Results: This study showed a significant decrease in BoP on day 3 (p=0.022) and 14 (p=0.009), decrease in PD on day 14 (p=0.007) and a significant increase in FGF-2 on day 3 (p=0.024) and decrease on day 14 (p=0.017). Conclusion: Administration of chitosan-based 0.5% tetracycline gel and FD-PRP were effective in periodontal surgical wound healing because it reduced BoP and PD and increased fibroblast cell proliferation through increasing FGF-2 expression.
... However, most current antibacterial and antifouling coatings lack chemical bonding with the substrate surface and have disadvantages such as expensive and complicated manufacturing processes, poor mechanical properties, and biocompatibility when combined with bracket [25]. Polymer-based antimicrobial materials have received extensive attention for their low toxicity, stability, antimicrobial persistence, and ease of modification [26][27][28]. Compared with monomers, the increase in the relative molecular weight of macromolecules increases the charge density and enhances the adsorption and binding to the surface proteins of bacteria, which in turn enhances the interaction with bacteria and thus achieves bactericidal activity [29]. ...
The massive growth of various microorganisms on the orthodontic bracket can form plaques and cause diseases. A novel amine-terminated hyperbranched zirconium–polysiloxane (HPZP) antimicrobial coating was developed for an orthodontic stainless steel tank (SST). After synthesizing HPZP and HPZP-Ag coatings, their structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thickness measurement, contact angle detection, mechanical stability testing, and corrosion testing. The cell toxicity of the two coatings to human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and human oral keratinocytes (hOKs) was detected by cell counting kit eight assays, and SST, HPZP@SST, and HPZP-Ag@SST were cocultured with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus mutans for 24 hr to detect the antibacterial properties of the coatings, respectively. The results show that the coatings are about 10 μm, and the water contact angle of HPZP coating is significantly higher than that of HPZP-Ag coating ( P < 0.01 ). Both coatings can be uniformly and densely distributed on SST and have good mechanical stability and corrosion resistance. The cell counting test showed that HPZP coating and HPZP-Ag coating were less toxic to cells compared with SST, and the toxicity of HPZP-Ag coating was greater than that of HPZP coating, with the cell survival rate greater than 80% after 72 hr cocultured with hGFs and hOKs. The antibacterial test showed that the number of bacteria on the surface of different materials was ranked from small to large: HPZP@SST < HPZP-Ag@SST < SST and 800 μg/mL HPZP@SST showed a better bactericidal ability than 400 μg/mL after cocultured with S. aureus, E. coli, and S. mutans, respectively (all P < 0.05 ). The results showed that HPZP coating had a better effect than HPZP-Ag coating, with effective antibacterial and biocompatible properties, which had the potential to be applied in orthodontic process management.
... Polymer coatings in dentistry are widely used and, recently, materials obtained from natural polymers have been widely treated as matrices for drug delivery, especially in surgery and periodontics [1][2][3]. The coatings may also be used in other dental specialities. ...
A Chitosan is a copolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucose amine and D-glucose amine that can be easily produced. It is a polymer that is widely utilized to create nanoparticles (NPs) with specific properties for applications in a wide range of human activities. Chitosan is a substance with excellent prospects due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, haemostatic, analgesic, mucoadhesive, and osseointegrative qualities, as well as its superior film-forming capacity. Chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) serve a variety of functions in the pharmaceutical and medical fields, including dentistry. According to recent research, chitosan and its derivatives can be embedded in materials for dental adhesives, barrier membranes, bone replacement, tissue regeneration, and antibacterial agents to improve the management of oral diseases. This narrative review aims to discuss the development of chitosan-containing materials for dental and implant engineering applications, as well as the challenges and future potential. For this purpose, the PubMed database (Medline) was utilised to search for publications published less than 10 years ago. The keywords used were “chitosan coating” and “dentistry”. After carefully selecting according to these keywords, 23 articles were studied. The review concluded that chitosan is a biocompatible and bioactive material with many benefits in surgery, restorative dentistry, endodontics, prosthetics, orthodontics, and disinfection. Furthermore, despite the fact that it is a highly significant and promising coating, there is still a demand for various types of coatings. Chitosan is a semi-synthetic polysaccharide that has many medical applications because of its antimicrobial properties. This article aims to review the role of chitosan in dental implantology.
... The chip that is available commercially is made of gelatine or collagen crosslinked with glutaraldehyde to increase the mechanical properties and durability. 4,5 In this study, gypsum will be used as a base material for drug-carrying chips. Ceramic-based drug delivery systems have received a lot of attention with the advancement of medicine, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. ...
Background: Ceramic-based drug delivery systems has received significant attention in both medical and material domains. This study used gypsum as a base material for drug delivery chips, which has the potential to replace existing materials such as collagen and gelatin. The choice of gypsum as a material was based on a unique combination of osteoconductive, bioresorbable, and biodegradable characteristics.
Methods: In this study, glycerin was added to distilled water at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) to increase the flexibility of gypsum. Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate powder was then combined with a mixed solution of water and glycerin and stirred. The mixture was then placed in an acrylic mold measuring 25 x 3 x 1.5 mm and allowed to dry for 24 hours at room temperature. After that, the specimen was analyzed to determine flexural strength using the Universal Testing Machine with a three-point bending method at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.
Results: Statistical analysis revealed that the inclusion of glycerin led to an increase in the percentage of strain. However, it has been observed that the mechanical strength of gypsum chips shows a proportional decrease with increasing glycerin concentration.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that the addition of glycerin into the gypsum chip can increase the elasticity of the chip even though the flexural strength is reduced.
... Температура является универсальным стимулом к фазовому переходу (благодаря различию физиологической, патологической температуры тела человека и температуры хранения препарата) и в нужной мере селективным. Это объясняет широкий спектр применения полоксамеров в составе подобных систем для офтальмологического [32][33][34][35], стоматологического [36], интраназального [37], интравагинального, а также внутриопухолевого и прочего парентерального применения [38][39][40][41]. Для большинства областей применения доля блок-сополимеров ЭО и ПО среди других смарт-полимеров составляет примерно 25%увеличивается для интравагинального и ректального применения и уменьшается для стоматологических in situ имплантатов, традиционно разрабатываемых на основе фазочувствительных композиций. ...
Block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO/PO block copolymers) are polymeric non-ionic surfactants with a high hydrophilic–lipophilic balance also referred to as pluronics, poloxamers, or proxanols. These compounds are among the most demanded modern excipients for the production of medicines. EO/PO block copolymers are used both in the production of traditional (liquid, semi-solid, and solid) dosage forms and as part of targeted delivery systems. The extensive application of EO/PO block copolymers is due to the diverse array of their properties, including not only solubilising, emulsifying, gelling, and other effects but also thermoreversibility, which is essential for developing in situ delivery systems and 3D printing technologies.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of EO/PO block copolymers for medicinal use and to assess the range of medicinal products approved in the Russian Federation that contain EO/PO block copolymers.
This review presents an analysis of the register of poloxamer-containing medicines approved in the Russian Federation, a list of the largest manufacturers of EO/PO block copolymers in the world, and a study of the possibility to use copolymers for medical purposes. Currently, there are more than 10 chemical manufacturers producing EO/PO block copolymers for the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other industries around the world. EO/PO block copolymers are included in more than 60 medicinal products present in the Russian pharmaceutical market; this observation indicates the need to phase out the import of poloxamers.
... Dental pulp stem cells treated with statins exhibit odontogenic development in vitro, according to research. [17] Simvastatin has been demonstrated to enhance the differentiation and cell proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells. [18] These studies all support the use of statins as a material for bone and dentin repair. ...
Direct pulp capping (DPC) includes covering the exposed pulp with a medication, dressing, or dental material to preserve its vitality. The idea behind this method of therapy is to induce the pulp to start a dentin bridge, "walling" the exposed site in the process. The most effective dental material to heal exposed pulp is calcium hydroxide. MTA causes the form by causing cytologic and functional alterations in pulpal cells. Rosuvastatin shows pleiotropic effects like increased odontoblastic differentiation, increased mineralization, proliferation of odontoblasts and induction of angiogenesis. Thus, the aim of present study is to investigate pulp-dentin complex reactions following direct pulp capping (DPC) with rosuvastatin vs MTA as pulp-capping materials in the permanent human molars.
Introduction . Nowadays block copolymers of PEO and PPO (poloxamers, pluronics, proxanols) are among the most popular polymers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. They can be applied as effective nonionic surfactants, biological membrane stabilizers, elements of targeted delivery systems, solubilizers, as well as excipients in the technology of traditional dosage forms – gelling agents, lubricants, etc. For the past fifty years, the world's largest manufacturer of poloxamers has been the German chemical concern BASF. However, today in the Russian Federation there is a risk of defects, which defines the relevance of import substitution of this excipient.
Text . The purpose of this review is to highlight the experience of production and implementation of PEO and PPO block copolymers into novel Russian scientists’ developments, comparing them with the experience of foreign research groups, which is necessary to assess the potential for import substitution. PEO and PPO block copolymers have been known in the Soviet Union since the late 60s as far as they are mentioned in textbooks of 1964 and 1973. Domestic block copolymers of PEO and PPO have been used in the oil refining industry, as well as in some branches of light industry and in the decontamination of radioactive waste. The unique domestic synthesis of PEO and PPO block copolymers was established in 1978 on the basis of the "Orgsintez" factory. Soviet poloxamers were produced under the brand name "proxanol" in a wide range of ratios of EO and PO units and molecular weights. It should be noted that today in the Russian Federation, industrial batches of the solubilizer Emuxol 268, which is close in its properties to the well-known poloxamer 188, are still produced, and block copolymers with other ratios of EO and PO units are synthesized to order.
Conclusion . According to the retrospective analysis, the modern Russian industry has enough experience and resources to establish the synthesis of PEO and PPO block copolymers necessary to produce drugs and to develop innovative delivery systems and drugs. Based on the materials of the systematic review, the most complete register of known brands of PEO and PPO block copolymers synthesized over the past 50 years in our country and in the world was compiled for the first time, with a detailed description of their physicochemical properties.
