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Two new precursors, produced by modification of zirconium t-butoxide with 1-dimethylamino-propanol-2 (HDMAP), solid Zr2(DMAP)3(OtBu)5 (1), and liquid Zr2(DMAP)4(OtBu)4 (2), were obtained by reaction of 1.5 and 2 equivalents of HDMAP, respectively, in toluene on Zr(OtBu)4. The produced compounds were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spect...
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Citations
... − 1 has been reported by utilize zirconium t-butoxide in sol-gel method, higher than that of obtained by the precipitation method with value at around 60-80 m 2 .g − 1 [57,60]. Other various methods such as hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solvothermal method also their intensified procedure for creating higher porosity and surface area by addition of ultrasound and microwave-irradiations were attempted [61][62][63]. ...
ZrO2-based catalysts are remarkable catalyst with unique advantageous in transesterification and esterification for biodiesel production. Various modifications have been conducted refer to a specified surface properties consist of surface acidity/basicity, specific surface area and porosity, hydrophobicity, and catalysts stability. Summary on the basic concept on catalyst synthesis, applicability for various feedstocks along with their reusability aspect in biodiesel production are discussed in this review. Even though the activity of the catalyst is depending on many factors including the oil feedstocks, reaction temperature, molar ratio of oil to methanol, and other conditions, the controllable surface properties of catalyst is a benefit of ZrO2-based catalysts. The recyclability and reusability of the catalyst become important aspect for developing a sustainable biodiesel production in the perspective of green chemistry. In addition, future perspective to make sure the applicability of the catalyst for a sustainable process by life cycle assessment is highlighted in this review.
In this article, a new hierarchical porous zirconia material with adjustable pore size is fabricated by using biomass materials of acacia mangium tannin extract (AMTE) and amphiphilic triblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-blockpoly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (P123) as a dual-template for the first time. All the raw materials we used are non-toxic and the synthesis process is relatively simple, low-cost, eco-friendly, and reproducible, which is suitable for large-scale production. A serious characterization of SEM, N2 sorption isotherm, and Mercury intrusion porosimetry indicate that hierarchical porous ZrO2 combining abundant mesopores and macropores was synthesized successfully by P123 and AMTE as a dual template. Intriguing, dual-templated ZrO2 with hierarchical porosity has an advantage over single-templated samples in protein adsorption, especially for the large-sized proteins. Furthermore, the real sample test shows the synthesized material with a multidimensional porous structure displays the application potential in practical protein wastewater.
