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For the growing demand of actuation performance, a highly powerful IL-cellulose based biocompatible ionic actuator was developed by the plasticization treatment method. In view of the effects of plasticizing treatment, the electromechanical properties and electrochemical properties of biocompatible ionic actuator were mainly studied in this paper....
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Citations
... 96 In this sense, the displacement of a cellulose-based EAP containing [Bmim]Cl and MWCNTs is increased 2.19 times upon the incorporation of glycerol (maximum displacement of 2.89 mm at 5 V, 0.01 Hz). 385 Concomitantly, the peak to peak displacement improved by 3.93 times given the enhanced mechanical flexibility, the reduced resistance to the ion transfer and the enhanced electron transfer efficiency between the electrolyte and the electrode layers. ...
Ionic conductors (ICs) find widespread applications across different fields, such as smart electronic, ionotronic, sensor, biomedical, and energy harvesting/storage devices, and largely determine the function and performance of these devices. In the pursuit of developing ICs required for better performing and sustainable devices, cellulose appears as an attractive and promising building block due to its high abundance, renewability, striking mechanical strength, and other functional features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary regarding ICs fabricated from cellulose and cellulose-derived materials in terms of fundamental structural features of cellulose, the materials design and fabrication techniques for engineering, main properties and characterization, and diverse applications. Next, the potential of cellulose-based ICs to relieve the increasing concern about electronic waste within the frame of circularity and environmental sustainability and the future directions to be explored for advancing this field are discussed. Overall, we hope this review can provide a comprehensive summary and unique perspectives on the design and application of advanced cellulose-based ICs and thereby encourage the utilization of cellulosic materials toward sustainable devices.
... The specific capacitance of ionogel is obtained at each scan rate and tabulated in Table 3. Table 3 shows the highest specific capacitance value at 10 mV/s, where the specific capacitance ranges from 838.55 mF/g to 45.74 F/g, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the finding in specific capacitance is higher than the particular polymer capacitance electrolytes reported in the literature, which range only from about 1.7 F/g to 2.1 F/g in several studies [54][55][56]. The study reveals a decrease in specific capacitance with an increasing scan rate, possibly due to the charge per unit of time. ...
Ionogels are hybrid materials comprising an ionic liquid confined within a polymer matrix. They have garnered significant interest due to their unique properties, such as high ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, and wide electrochemical stability. These properties make ionogels suitable for various applications, including energy storage devices, sensors, and solar cells. However, optimizing the electrochemical performance of ionogels remains a challenge, as the relationship between specific capacitance, ionic conductivity, and electrolyte solution concentration is yet to be fully understood. In this study, we investigate the impact of electrolyte solution concentration on the electrochemical properties of ionogels to identify the correlation for enhanced performance. Our findings demonstrate a clear relationship between the specific capacitance and ionic conductivity of ionogels, which depends on the availability of mobile ions. The reduced number of ions at low electrolyte solution concentrations leads to decreased ionic conductivity and specific capacitance due to the scarcity of a double layer, constraining charge storage capacity. However, at a 31 vol% electrolyte solution concentration, an ample quantity of ions becomes accessible, resulting in increased ionic conductivity and specific capacitance, reaching maximum values of 58 ± 1.48 μS/cm and 45.74 F/g, respectively. Furthermore, the synthesized ionogel demonstrates a wide electrochemical stability of 3.5 V, enabling diverse practical applications. This study provides valuable insights into determining the optimal electrolyte solution concentration for enhancing ionogel electrochemical performance for energy applications. It highlights the impact of ion pairs and aggregates on ion mobility within ionogels, subsequently affecting their resultant electrochemical properties.
... 15,16 ILs are known as solvents for cellulose dissolution due to their ability to break the cellulose into molecular chains through the disruption of inter-/intra-molecular hydrogen bonds, 17 generating IL-cellulose hydrogen bonds at the same time during the dissolution process, 18 and IL-cellulose interactions have been found to be able to shift with the addition of water; the formation of water-cellulose interactions and self-assembly of cellulose chains could facilitate the fabrication of cellulose ionogels. Such a method is commonly used in the fabrication of cellulose ionogels, 16,[19][20][21] which exhibit special features such as excellent mechanical strength and high conductivity. For example, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) was used to dissolve cellulose, then regenerated into a cellulose ionogel with dynamic mechanical behaviors by controlling the water content of the ionogel, as well as the selfassembly of cellulose network. ...
Cellulose-based ionogels are emerging as one of the most promising sustainable choices for applications including wearable electronics and energy storage devices. Despite their promising properties, the application of cellulose ionogels is hindered by their limited processability that requires complicated multiple steps and operation conditions, and poor mechanical behavior that has limited their applications toward high performance. The development of an easy-to-fabricate cellulose ionogel with excellent mechanical properties and multifunctional capabilities would be highly desirable for a wide range of applications. Herein, we utilized a one-pot method and incorporated partially solvated cellulose nanocrystals (NCCs) (with a rigid crystalline center surrounded by solvated flexible molecular chains) into a stretchable and tough ionogel. The NCC ionogel showed unexpected high performances including self-healing, stiffness transition, shape memory, and conductivity-changing behaviors, which have the potential for advanced applications including grippers, temperature warning sensors, and 3D/4D printing as demonstrated in this work. This type of NCC ionogels might have profound technical implications and open new opportunities for the development of the next generation of sustainable and multifunctional smart materials.
... 3 Plant cellulose-based composite membrane is made by forming process using plant fiber or waste paper as the main raw material, so it also can be called pulp molded product. [4][5][6] In the production process of plant cellulose-based composite membranes, no waste is generated, and its recycling is convenient and cheap. It can even be degraded in the natural environment without causing damage, so it is a green and environmentally friendly material. ...
BACKGROUD
With the development of modern industry, the task of replacing ordinary plastic products with environmentally friendly antibacterial materials is a high priority. In this study, natural cellulose from sugarcane was compounded with glycerin and chitosan to prepare a cellulose/glycerin/chitosan (CGC) degradable composite membrane with antibacterial properties. The physical and chemical structure of the CGC composite film was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and mechanical testing. Then antibacterial properties of CGC composite membranes were measured.
RESULTS
The data showed that the raw materials used in the composite film had interacted showing the compatibility of the three components. The addition of chitosan and glycerin can improve the toughness of cellulose‐based membranes. The samples CGC‐5/2, CGC‐10/2 and CGC‐15/2 showed four‐, three‐ and 2.7‐fold greater elongation at break, respectively, than with the cellulose membrane. Hygroscopic and water solubility test showed that the higher the chitosan content, the greater the water absorption of the composite membrane and the weaker the water solubility. However, the higher the glycerin content, the weaker the hygroscopicity of the CGC composite membrane and the greater its water solubility. Additionally, the antibacterial performance of the CGC composite membrane was significantly improved and the glycerin:chitosan ratio affects its antibacterial ability against different bacteria.
CONCLUSIONS
This research provides a low‐cost and green method for preparing antibacterial film, which can be applied to environmentally friendly packaging films, medical films and electronic product encapsulation films. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
... Although IPMC has such superior performance, the service life of IPMC greatly limits its practical application, such as ionic electrolyte and electrode [14][15][16][17]. At present, most of the research on IPMC stays in the preparation process, the prototype development, and exploration stage [18][19][20]. ...
In order to investigate the mechanical properties of Ag-IPMC artificial muscles, establishing the mathematical model of Ag-IPMC under non-electrically actuated conditions by superelastic large deformation equation. The mechanical simulation and experimental comparison of Ag-IPMC with different moisture contents were carried out. The piezoelectric coefficient from the bimorph piezoelectric model was equivalently analogized to the calculating of the Ag-IPMC model so that the model was more suitable for the characteristics of nonlinear large deformation of Ag-IPMC. According to the data from the analysis, a conclusion can be drawn: when the moisture content of Ag-IPMC was within a certain range, with the decrease of moisture content of Ag-IPMC, the strain was small under low voltage or low moisture content conditions. Meanwhile, the smaller the strain, the smaller the extrusion of the root where the place was clamped causing by the Ag-IPMC deformation. The mechanical properties of Ag-IPMC were the coupling result of comprehensive factors. Simply improving the performance of any single item would affect the overall mechanical properties.
... To realize the functional deformation properties, many kinds of methods were adopted to prepare intelligent hydrogels (17,18). In situ free radical polymerization was the main method to realize the polymerization of intelligent hydrogels. ...
The intelligent poly N , N -dimethylacrylamide hydrogel material system with high mechanical strength and the 3D printable property was prepared via in situ free radical polymerization under vacuum successfully. With the increase in nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) content, stress and strain of hydrogels increased gradually. As the effective reinforcement, NFC enhanced the crosslinking density, which realized the controllable regulation of rheology behaviors including viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus of hydrogels. Combined with the swelling rate and the existence of the gel–sol transition point, a hydrogel with 10 mg/mL NFC was treated as the 3D printing ink of hydrogel actuators. Variation of printing parameters significantly affected self-driven deformations. The hydrogel actuators with 90°/0° and 45°/135° configurations owned bending and spiral deformations, respectively. Actuators with a larger length–width ratio owned a lower pitch value. The precise anisotropic swelling property of the printed bilayer structure was the self-driven deformation mechanism of hydrogel actuators, which provided material candidates for the preparation of soft robots and actuators.
... In addition, with the rise of the concept of environmental protection, there is an urgent need to develop a green ionic biopolymer actuator. At present, there are plenty of biomaterials such as chitosan and cellulose in many natural vegetations and organisms, which are widely used in the manufacture of nano biopolymer actuators [15][16][17]. ...
To enhance the performance of ionic actuators, the electrochemical and electromechanical properties of green ionic actuators with the electrolyte layer after doping with MWCNT was investigated in this paper. The surface morphology, elemental composition, corresponding content and functional group of the mixed electrolyte layer were observed and characterized by SEM–EDS, FT-IR and XRD. The CV test showed that when the doping amount was 0.8 wt%, the specific capacitance increases 187.6% and 205.3% compared with undoped electrolyte layer at the sweep speed of 20 mV s⁻¹,500 mV s⁻¹, respectively. The GCD test showed that the energy density increased to 144.3% at the current density of 1 A g⁻¹. and the cycle life is correspondingly increased. At 5 V DC, the deflection displacement of actuators was 10.12 mm when the doping amount was 0.8 wt%, which was 238.1% higher than when the doping amount was 1.5 wt%. And the output force of actuators was 3.10 mN, which was 147.2% higher than when the doping amount was 0 wt%. At 5 V/0.05 Hz voltage, the peak displacement of the actuator was 2.871 mm, which was 238.1% higher than when the doping amount was 1.5 wt%.
... Lu et al [21][22][23] provided an air working actuator with a graphene-stabilized silver nanoparticle electrode and graphene nanosheet/carbon nanotube hybrid electrode, which could significantly improve the electromechanical properties. Sun et al [16,17,24] discovered a naturally crosslinked chitosan and ionic liquidbased actuator with MCNTs and a MnO 2 composite electrode was investigated. Recent studies have found that the formation of pore structures in electrode layers contributed to promote the electromechanical properties. ...
In this work, high-performance biocompatible nano-biocomposite artificial muscles were developed via various thicknesses of renewable microporous ionic electrolytes (ICEs) made of natural biopolymer cellulose dissolved in ionic liquid with excellent ionic conductivity and flexibility. The changing thickness experiments illustrated that 0.7 mm thick ICEs could deliver outstanding areal capacitance of 44.708 mF cm-2 and ionic conductivity of 79.7 μS cm-1, as well as minimum resistance of 1.61 Ω. The current density changed from 1 to 10 Ag-1, and improvements were achieved in energy density (from 3.88 to 21.25 Wh kg-1) and power density (from 2.63 to 5.51 KW kg-1). The voltage window widened from 0.5 to 1 V, and improvements were gained in energy density (from 4.13 to 22.01 Wh kg-1) and power density (from 1.25 to 2.81 KW kg-1). Moreover, good flexibility of 0.7 mm thick ICE with porosity of 89.61% and elastic modulus of 74.38 MPa was discovered. Electromechanical experiments demonstrated from the above results that the maximum peak displacement with 0.3 mm ICE was 5.33 mm at 5 V 0.02 Hz sine wave voltage, and the maximum displacement and force with 0.7 mm ICE was 17.44 mm and 5.93 mN at 5 V DC voltages. These findings suggest that the explored excellent ionic conductivity and flexibility of ICEs holds great promise for the further study of high-performance green actuators.
... Besides studying the effect of the plasticizer content upon the electromechanical and electrochemical performances of the cellulose-based actuators, Song et al. studied the influence of the plasticizing process parameters (plasticizing time and plasticizing bath temperature) [36]. For treating an IL-cellulose film, they used an aqueous glycerol solution as a plasticizer and BMIMC1 as the ionic liquid. ...
... Increasing the concentration of the plasticizer component and keeping the actuator in the plasticizing bath for a long time led to an improvement in the flexibility of the obtained actuator. It happened due to better electron transfer between the two layers of the obtained actuator (electrode and electrolyte) [36]. ...
Cellulose and chitosan are naturally abundant biopolymers which can be used as ion exchange polymers in various applications. Due to their useful characteristics, a lot of research has been done on using these materials as a base for obtaining ionic polymer metal composite actuators. The present chapter discusses numerous ways of combination between polysaccharide and various electrically conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene in the presence or absence of different ionic liquids, and subsequent use of these materials to improve the actuation performance of the polysaccharide-based actuators. Though a lot of studies have been performed for obtaining optimal compositions and suitable methods in respect of polysaccharide-based ionic polymer metal composite actuators. There is still a niche to find the best composition structure and the most efficient and low-cost method of obtaining actuators in order to meet the needs of various industries. The search continues for actuators with enhanced mechanical, electrical and electroactive performance, with good durability and flexibility in processing.
... With the development of green manufacturing as a trend in the future, it is urgent to develop a kind of green and environmentally friendly nano-biopolymer actuator. Although the natural abundance of chitosan and cellulose existed in forest, shell, straw resources, seaweeds, etc, which was also widely applied to the manufacture of nano-biopolymer actuators currently, [14][15][16] research on the preparation of green biopolymer based ionic actuator was still rarely discovered. Therefore, under the current research background, it is of great significance to develop green nano-biopolymer actuator based on natural biopolymer based substances. ...
In this paper, we report all-hydrogel-state nano-biopolymer actuator based on nanocomposite ionic electrolyte layer with GO / MCNTs fibers and poly (Chitosan/glycerin/acetic acid), which revealed excellent flexibility, water retention, as well as superior electrochemical properties under different doping rates of MCNTs and GO. Our microporous ionic electrolyte membrane showed the uniform interconnectivity, high conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties due to the strong intermolecular interaction of Cs-MCNTs-GO, which efficiently reduced aggregation during the fabrication process. The proposed device can achieve large peak to peak deformation displacement (up to 4.08 mm) and bending force (up to 12 mN), and deliver remarkable specific capacitance (from 44.6 to 106.1 F/cm²), quick response speed (approximately 20s), high ionic conductivity (17.5 uS/cm), small impedance (1.136 ), and excellent power density (from 0.18 to 0.25 W/g), outperforming than many gel-based actuators reported before. These findings suggest that the explored excellent ionic conductivity and flexibility of ionic polymer electrolyte holds great promise in the further study of high-performance actuators.
