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Moisture Clik irrigation controller with SM200 soil moisture sensor (Dynamax, Houston, TX). Irrigation set point control is adjusted by turning the dial.
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Water quality and quantity are increasingly important concerns for agricultural producers and have been recognized by governmental and nongovernmental agencies as focus areas for future regulatory efforts. In horticultural systems, and especially container production of ornamentals, irrigation management is challenging. This is primarily due to the...
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... light levels, humidity) into one measurement. For this reason, researchers over the last decade have initiated studies on the plausibility of using soil-moisture-based irrigation control to improve irrigation efficiency (Burnett and van Iersel, 2008; Garcia- Navarro et al., 2011; Miralles-Crespo and van Iersel, 2011; Warsaw et al., 2009). These studies indicate that using on-site, real-time sensing technology to monitor and control irrigation events serves three valuable purposes: 1) it reduces the number of environmental measures required to control irrigation to one, the vol- umetric water content of the soil or substrate; 2) it reduces the maintenance and calibration of sensors required to calculate an irrigation event to one, the capacitance-based soil moisture probe; 3) it uses on-farm data to determine soil moisture and therefore increases the precision and accuracy of environmental measurements compared with using measurements from off-site locations. Additionally, these data are easily in- tegrated into existing, timer-based, irrigation systems and allows for easy automation (Jones, 2004). Despite this work, no automated irrigation control system based on soil moisture has been widely adopted by the greenhouse and nursery industry. One reason for a lack of adoption of soil moisture-based sensor irrigation systems by the commercial nursery and floriculture industry has been a reluctance to implement any new irrigation technology without signif- icant research, testing, and economic analysis; first in a controlled research setting and subsequently in on-farm settings. However, many soil moisture sensors have been developed in the last two decades (Blonquist et al., 2005) that can be used in specialty crop agriculture systems. This includes the widely adopted Acclima TDT control system (Acclima, Meri- dian, ID) developed for turfgrass applications (Blonquist et al., 2006). Yet, until recently, no soil-moisture-sensor- based control system (hardware) has been matched with a software package targeted to greenhouse and nursery producers. Crops grown using WSNs in controlled research settings have included periwinkle [ Catharanthus roseus (Kim and van Iersel, 2010; van Iersel et al., 2007)], lantana [ Lantana camara (Kim and van Iersel, 2009)], ornamental cabbage [ Brassica oleracea var. capitata (Miralles-Crespo and van Iersel, 2011)], hibiscus [ Hibiscus acetosella (Bayer et al., 2013; Ferrarezi and van Iersel, 2011)], mophead hydrangea [ Hydrangea macrophylla (O’Meara et al., 2011)], petunia [ Petunia · hybrid (Kim et al., 2011; Peter et al., 2011)], and snapdragon [ Antirrhinum majus (Kim et al., 2012)]. These controlled research studies have demonstrated the utility of sensor-controlled irrigation. The subsequent step in facilitating adoption of this technology has been the on-farm implementation of soil- moisture-based irrigation hardware and software developed as part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI) project (Kohanbash et al., 2013; Lea-Cox et al., 2013). The objective of this manuscript is to describe the implementation and use of these WSNs at three commercial nursery and greenhouse operations in Georgia. G ROWER COLLABORATORS . Two grower collaborators in Georgia, McCorkle Nurseries, Inc. (MNI) and Evergreen Nursery, Inc. (ENI) participated in the original USDA- SCRI project (Lea-Cox et al., 2013). These growers were selected based on diversity of plant material produced and container sizes, and their willing- ness to implement prototype systems within commercial production envi- ronments. MNI is a 500-acre production facility located in Dearing, GA, that is primarily a woody shrub and tree container grower of medium- sized containers (3 to 15 gal) and also grows a limited selection of herbaceous perennials and flowering shrubs in smaller container sizes (1 to 2 gal). On-farm trials at MNI were conducted in a 2-acre (2010 to present) and 4-acre (2012 to present) polycovered coldframe. ENI is an 8-acre grower of herbaceous perennials located in Statham, GA. Container sizes at ENI range from 32-cell flats to 1-gal containers, with on-farm trials conducted in seasonally covered 15 · 48-ft coldframes. Garden Design Nursery Ó (GDN) joined the project in 2013 and is a 5-acre specialty propa- gator and grower of japanese maples ( Acer japonicum and Acer palmatum ) located in Danielsville, GA. Container sizes at GDN range from 2 to 65 gal, with on-farm trials conducted on gravel beds with seasonally applied shadecloth. All nurseries are located in USDA hardiness zone 8A, and water for all on-farm trials was sup- plied from groundwater and delivered via overhead sprinklers. DEPLOYMENT . On-farm trials were initiated at MNI in Spring 2010, at ENI in Summer 2010, and at GDN in Spring 2013. In on-farm trials at MNI, deployment included two phases. In phase one (Spring 2010), irrigation controllers [Moisture Clik IL200-MC; Dynamax, Houston, TX (Fig. 1)] were deployed to compare MNI irrigation practices to soil-moisture-based irrigation control. Moisture Clik irrigation controllers were used initially because Decagon Devices (Pullman, WA) had yet to develop the hardware required to control irrigation. Flow meters (model 40; Badger Meter, Milwaukee, WI) were installed to monitor water use in both plots. In phase two (Summer 2012), nR5 nodes (Fig. 2) with 10HS soil moisture sensors (Decagon Devices) were deployed to both monitor and control irrigation. At ENI, deployment included two phases. In phase 1, EM50R nodes with EC-5 soil moisture sensors (Decagon Devices) were installed to only monitor soil moisture. In phase two, nR5 nodes were added to enable both monitoring and control of irrigation. Using the nR5 node afforded both nurseries the ability to display data using SensorWeb (Kohanbash et al., 2013). Additionally, growers in both nurseries could view environmental conditions (light, temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness, vapor pressure deficit) collected using an EM50R node with ECRN-100 rain gauge, ETH temperature and humidity sensor, LWS leaf wetness sensor, and PYR total radiation sensor (Decagon Devices). INTERFACE . SensorWeb, developed by Carnegie–Melon University as part of this project (Kohanbash et al., 2013), allowed growers to view irrigation and environmental data while in monitoring-mode and send irrigation schedules to the nR5 node(s) when irrigation control was imple- mented. Throughout the entire project, growers and researchers constantly provided feedback on hardware, and more importantly software bugs and strengths, to create a GUI that best served the growers and allowed for software customization based on grower needs (Kohanbash et al., 2013). H ARDWARE INSTALLATION . Installation of nR5 nodes differed at all three nurseries. The 2-acre coldframe at MNI has a total of 54 irrigation valves, all powered using 24-V [alter- nating current (AC)]. The coldframe was initially divided into eight separate irrigation zones, with six to seven valves per zone. The current draw of this many valves exceeded the rating of the relay in the nR5 node (rated for 1 A) that controls the power to the valves, making it impossible for the nR5 node to directly control all 54 valves simultaneously. Instead, the nR5 nodes were wired to the input side of a relay (A2425E rated for 25 A; Crydom, San Diego, CA), whereas solenoid wires were connected to the output side of the relay. This allowed the nR5 nodes to control the relay, which in turn controlled the power to the solenoids. It was necessary to connect a 2000- W resistor (3WR2D0; Radio Shack, Fort Worth, TX) across the input terminals of the relay to prevent the build-up of a large enough voltage to trigger uncontrolled irrigation events that was the result of a leak- ing current from the circuit checking for 24-V (AC). The number of nodes has since been scaled back to seven, with individual nodes controlling 6 to 13 valves, based on the crops that are currently grown in this greenhouse. The current setup provides MNI with much flexibility in how they can configure the system. They can easily change what valves are controlled by what node and are thus able to reconfigure the irrigation setup based on their production needs. Installation of the nR5 nodes in the 4-acre coldframe at MNI and at ENI was simpler; the solenoid wires were connected directly to 24-V (AC) transformers, and the relay in the nR5 nodes was used to interrupt and control the power supply to the existing solenoid valves. In the 4-acre coldframe at MNI, each node controls a solenoid connected to a 4-inch irrigation line, whereas at ENI each node controls one or two irrigation valves. At GDN, 24-V (AC) was not available and irrigation valves with latching 9-V [direct current (DC)] solenoids were used. This required the use of nR5-DC nodes. These nodes were specifically designed for use with latching valves powered by 9 to 12-V (DC), where no 24-V (AC) was available. The two wires from the latching solenoids were connected directly to the power terminals inside the nR5- DC nodes. NETWORKS . Throughout the on-farm implementation of soil-moisture-based WSN, grower behaviors pertaining to the use of WSNs were documented. Included were how quickly the grower switched from monitoring of soil moisture to controlling irrigation, the size of monitored and controlled area over time, the number of crops monitored and controlled over time, grower issues related to troubleshooting over time, changes in whole-farm irrigation practices based on WSN-irrigated sections of the growing operation, and longevity of hardware components. Although not a formal survey, our documenta- tion of these factors has facilitated an understanding of how three unique growers implement, maintain, expand, and rely on WSN monitoring data and control capabilities, and how growers are integrating WSNs into existing irrigation infrastructure. Results are ...
Citations
... Numerous environmental data are measured by sensor nodes positioned all across a field, with soil moisture levels being the main focus. These sensors continuously and instantly offer data that is necessary to make wise irrigation decisions [13]. Sensor node data is wirelessly transferred to a central system for remote access and analysis. ...
With the ever-increasing global population and diverse challenges caused by climate change, horticultural productivity must increase in an ecofriendly and sustainable way. Precision farming, also known as precision agriculture may play an important role to improve this situation by a data-driven farm management system that aims to identify, analyze, and manage variability within fields for optimal profitability, sustainability, and land resource protection. It involves applying the right treatments at the right time and location within a field. In horticulture, precision farming plays a crucial role in resource-efficient management as well as reducing significant labour requirement, including techniques like fertigation, greenhouse cultivation, soil and leaf nutrient-based fertilizer management, and more. This comprehensive review paper explores the application of precision farming in horticulture, emphasizing its potential impact on crop management, environmental health, and economic sustainability.
... onitoring soil water content using soil water sensors is a widely acknowledged and researched approach to efficient irrigation scheduling (Irmak and Irmak, 2005;Chappell et al., 2013;Kukal et al., 2020;Yadav et al., 2020). However, only 12% of farms in the U.S. are currently irrigated based on soil water sensor readings, and this percentage is even smaller in Oklahoma (5%) (USDA-NASS, 2019). ...
Highlights
Among six manufacturer calibrations, the default calibration resulted in the largest errors.
Sensor performance was negatively affected by higher clay content and salinity.
Sensor-based approaches to estimating field capacity were inconsistent and spatially variable.
Abstract. Maintaining the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production requires optimizing irrigation management using advanced technologies such as soil water sensors. In this study, the performance of a commercially available multi-sensor capacitance probe was evaluated under irrigated field conditions across western Oklahoma. The effects of clay content and salinity on sensor performance were investigated too. In addition, the field capacity (FC) of soil cores collected at study sites was determined in the laboratory. These laboratory FC values were used to assess the performance of two sensor-based approaches for estimating FC: the days to reach laboratory FC after major watering events and the percentile of collected sensor readings that represented laboratory FC. The results showed that among the six calibrations provided by the manufacturer, the default and silty clay loam calibrations produced the largest and smallest soil water content errors, respectively. Errors generally increased with clay and salinity, except for the heavy clay calibration, which showed improved performance with increasing clay content. The default and sand calibrations were more sensitive to increases in clay and salinity compared to other calibrations. In the case of sensor-based FC, on average, one to three days were required to reach laboratory FC, with a large range of one to nine days. The percentiles representing laboratory FC had an average of 56% and a range of 3%-97%. Overall, the sensor-based approaches produced inconsistent and highly variable estimates of FC. Keywords: Calibrations, Clay content, Irrigation scheduling, Salinity, Sensor accuracy, Soil water threshold.
... It helps reduce excessive water application while maintaining crop growth and development. Sensors-based irrigation technologies have been tested in different nurseries, including greenhouse, container, potin-pot, and field nurseries [30][31][32][33][34]. A schematic diagram of a smart irrigation system is presented in Figure 2. ...
... It helps reduce excessive water application while maintaining crop growth and development. Sensors-based irrigation technologies have been tested in different nurseries, including greenhouse, container, potin-pot, and field nurseries [30][31][32][33][34]. A schematic diagram of a smart irrigation system is presented in Figure 2. Table 1 presents different sensor applications for automatic irrigation management in different nurseries. ...
... A schematic diagram of a smart irrigation system is presented in Figure 2. Table 1 presents different sensor applications for automatic irrigation management in different nurseries. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) were used to control irrigation water flow in three container-based nurseries [32]. Experiments were conducted in two phases: first, EM50R nodes with EC-5 sensors were used to monitor soil moisture; and second, nR5 nodes were used to monitor and control irrigation. ...
The ornamental crop industry is an important contributor to the economy in the United States. The industry has been facing challenges due to continuously increasing labor and agricultural input costs. Sensing and automation technologies have been introduced to reduce labor requirements and to ensure efficient management operations. This article reviews current sensing and automation technologies used for ornamental nursery crop production and highlights prospective technologies that can be applied for future applications. Applications of sensors, computer vision, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Internet-of-Things (IoT), and robotic technologies are reviewed. Some advanced technologies, including 3D cameras, enhanced deep learning models, edge computing, radio-frequency identification (RFID), and integrated robotics used for other cropping systems, are also discussed as potential prospects. This review concludes that advanced sensing, AI and robotic technologies are critically needed for the nursery crop industry. Adapting these current and future innovative technologies will benefit growers working towards sustainable ornamental nursery crop production.
... For example, growers using a moisture-sensor automated irrigation system reported labor savings that allowed for more flexibility (Wheeler et al. 2018). A similar system reduced disease incidence on gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, Chappell et al. 2013). Relatively little work has addressed water-efficient propagation systems, and it is unknown whether some of these same benefits would carry over to the propagation stage. ...
Submist aeroponic propagation systems apply mist to the bases of cuttings, rather than from overhead. These systems improve rooting in some plant species and reduce water usage compared to overhead mist systems. Submist systems, which were supplemented with infrequent overhead mist, were used to propagate stem cuttings collected from six plant species: bluestar (Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter), purple smoke false indigo (Baptisia australis x B. alba ‘Purple Smoke'), threadleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L.), panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Siebold), sweetgale (Myrica gale L.), and ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim ‘Diablo'). The submist systems were compared to traditional overhead mist with a solid propagation medium. Rooting was better in overhead mist for cuttings of threadleaf coreopsis and purple smoke false indigo. Rooting was comparable between systems for all other species (bluestar, panicle hydrangea, sweetgale, and ninebark). In the submist systems, water usage was reduced by 67% compared to overhead. This is probably due to reduced evaporative water loss and more targeted application of water directly to cuttings, resulting in less water lost on the ground or benchtops.
Species used in this study: Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter, Baptisia australis x B. alba ‘Purple Smoke', Coreopsis verticillata L., Hydrangea paniculata Siebold, Myrica gale L., Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim ‘Diablo'.
Chemicals used in this study: KIBA (potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid).
... Historically, water conservation has not been a priority in the containerized crop industry. Risk aversion and a desire to prevent plant water stress and associated yield impacts has translated to irrigation methods that optimize water delivery and do not calibrate based on minimum crop requirements, often resulting in overirrigation (Chappell et al., 2013;Lea-Cox et al., 2017). However, increasing pressures on water supplies due to reductions in rainfall and resulting surface water availability, runoff restrictions, and associated increases in water prices are motivating growers to improve water use efficiency. ...
... With this method, controlled set-points irrigate only when soil moisture levels drop below a chosen threshold (Bayer et al., 2015). This can allow growers to fine-tune water inputs to avoid overwatering and can optimize water use reductions without decreasing quality or yields (Bayer et al., 2015;Belayneh et al., 2013;Chappell et al., 2013). However, many studies (Swett 2020) as well as grower observations (C.L. Swett, personal communication) indicate that reduced irrigation regimes that are not harmful physiologically may pose increased risk of diseasedriven losses, creating an adoption barrier for non-users and a production risk to users. ...
Containerized crop production faces increasing sustainability challenges with both soilless substrate and water use. To facilitate use of sustainable practices, we evaluated plant health impacts of two substrates, bark and wood fiber, which we contrasted with peat, a substrate that is slower to renew; this was overlaid with an analysis of the effects of water-saving–targeted irrigation reductions, compared with typical well-watered conditions. Health impacts were evaluated in two crops, considering both physiological and disease impacts for tomato with and without Phytophthora capsici, and chrysanthemum with and without Phytopythium helicoides . Substrate type was a strong determinant of plant health, wherein crops grown in a HydraFiber-peat mix (“fiber”) performed worse than those in bark and peat, with up to a 50% and 45% reduction in shoot biomass in tomato and chrysanthemum, respectively ( P < 0.001). Tomato decline incidence from P. capsici was 3–6 times higher in fiber than other substrates, and fiber was the only substrate where the effect of P. capsici enhanced decline and rot development compared with noninoculated plants ( P < 0.05). In bark, reduced irrigation consistently inhibited tomato and chrysanthemum growth and shoot water content (typically P < 0.001). In peat, whereas tomato growth was inhibited under reduced irrigation ( P = 0.012–0.013), chrysanthemum growth was often unaffected. Growth in fiber was uniformly poor regardless of irrigation regime for both crops, and an irrigation treatment effect was not typically apparent. Reduced irrigation enhanced pathogen effects in fiber and peat for tomato and fiber and bark for chrysanthemum ( P < 0.05). This is perhaps the first study to evaluate HydraFiber interactions with disease and reduced irrigation and suggests that this product consistently incurs costs to crop productivity. However, the peat-replacing bark substrate has strong potential to optimize plant growth physiologically and via disease suppression and can be used under reduced irrigation without compromising economic productivity of the system.
... Irrigation best management practices include cyclic irrigation, grouping plants by water requirements, and assessing irrigation system uniformity [4]. More recently, technologies such as soil moisture sensors have been used to monitor and control irrigation in greenhouse and nursery settings [5]. Soil moisture sensors have provided the ability to easily grow plants at different substrate volumetric water contents (VWC). ...
Improved irrigation and fertilization practices, such as reduced applications, are needed to improve the sustainability of container plant production. The objective of this study was to assess growth of Visions astilbe (Astilbe chinensis ‘Visions’) and Mellow Yellow coneflower (Echinacea purpurea ‘Mellow Yellow’) grown at two controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) rates (100% or 50% of the medium bag rate) and two volumetric water contents (VWC; 40% and 18%). For coneflower, there were no significant treatment effects for height, growth index, shoot dry weight, or leaf size. There was a significant VWC effect on number of flowers with the 40% treatment having more flowers (5.6) per plant than the 18% treatment (2.7). Shoot dry weight, growth index, and leaf size of astilbe were greater for the 40% VWC treatment than the 18% VWC treatment with no fertilizer rate effect. Astilbe height and number of flowers was not significant. These results indicate that there is a species-specific effect of VWC on growth whereas reduced fertilizer applications are possible for both species without impacting growth. Although a substrate VWC of 18% is likely too low to produce salable plants, a VWC below 40% can potentially be used to support adequate growth.
... Volumetric soil water content measurements have long been used for irrigation management [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Capacitance sensors linked with data-logger systems can be used to provide continuous measurements of volumetric water contents in real-time and facilitate accurate irrigation times and volumes to irrigate crops according to their water demands [23][24][25][26]. The sensors can inform growers when to provide irrigation and monitor the real-time soil moisture contents [27]. ...
... Although increasing the planting density from 717 to 897 trees per ha reduced the water application on average by 37%, the 81% irrigation rate effectively maintains water relation parameters, including soil moisture content, salinity, and stem water potential, in the optimum range. Thus, the application of an 81% ETc irrigation rate in citrus is more efficient than the conventional 100% ETc treatments under the southwest Florida environments and supported the finding of [19,22,23] for appropriate water requirements for young citrus trees at around 80% of the daily ETo. Hence, the useful and reliable data revealed in this work could be used to improve water management under commercial applications during the first three years of young citrus tree growth under grove conditions. ...
The availability and proper irrigation scheduling of water are some of the most significant
limitations on citrus production in Florida. The proper volume of citrus water demand is vital in
evaluating sustainable irrigation approaches. The current study aims to determine the amount of
irrigation required to grow citrus trees at higher planting densities without detrimental impacts on
trees’ water relation parameters. The study was conducted between November 2017 and September
2020 on young sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees budded on the ‘US-897’ (Cleopatra mandarin x
Flying Dragon trifoliate orange) citrus rootstock transplanted in sandy soil at the Southwest Florida
Research and Education Center (SWFREC) demonstration grove, near Immokalee, Florida. The
experiment contained six planting densities, including 447, 598, and 745 trees per ha replicated four
times, and 512, 717, and 897 trees per ha replicated six times. Each density treatment was irrigated at
62% or 100% during the first 15 months between 2017 and 2019 or one of the four irrigation rates
(26.5, 40.5, 53, or 81%) based on the calculated crop water supplied (ETc) during the last 17 months of
2019–2020. Tree water relations, including soil moisture, stem water potential, and water supplied,
were collected periodically. In addition, soil salinity was determined. During the first year (2018),
a higher irrigation rate (100% ETc) represented higher soil water contents; however, the soil water
content for the lower irrigation rate (62% ETc) did not represent biological stress. One emitter per
tree regardless of planting density supported stem water potential (Ψstem) values between −0.80
and −0.79 MPa for lower and full irrigation rates, respectively. However, when treatments were
adjusted from April 2019 through September 2020, the results substantially changed. The higher
irrigation rate (81% ETc) represented higher soil water contents during the remainder of the study, the
lower irrigation rate (26.5% ETc) represents biological stress as a result of stem water potential (Ψstem)
values between −1.05 and −0.91 MPa for lower and higher irrigation rates, respectively. Besides this,
increasing the irrigation rate from 26.5% to 81%ETc decreased the soil salinity by 33%. Although
increasing the planting density from 717 to 897 trees per hectare reduced the water supplied on
average by 37% when one irrigation emitter was used to irrigate two trees instead of one, applying
an 81% ETc irrigation rate in citrus is more efficient and could be managed in commercial groves.
... The authors of this project studied the path loss of different radio frequencies and proposed an energyefficient communication protocol suited to the hostile underground environment. In [14], the authors presented the implementation of WSNs that can be used for agricultural irrigation monitoring and control. The paper focused on the system implementation in terms of the used sensors, communication scheme, user interface, etc. ...
... The authors of this project studied the path loss of different radio frequencies and proposed an energyefficient communication protocol suited to the hostile underground environment. In [14], the authors presented the implementation of WSNs that can be used for agricultural irrigation monitoring and control. The paper focused on the system implementation in terms of the used sensors, communication scheme, user interface, etc. ...
The advent of various wireless technologies has paved the way for the realization of new infrastructures and applications for smart cities. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most important among these technologies. WSNs are widely used in various applications in our daily lives. Due to their cost effectiveness and rapid deployment, WSNs can be used for securing smart cities by providing remote monitoring and sensing for many critical scenarios including hostile environments, battlefields, or areas subject to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcano eruptions, and floods or to large-scale accidents such as nuclear plants explosions or chemical plumes. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new framework where WSNs are adopted for remote sensing and monitoring in smart city applications. We propose using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to act as a data mule to offload the sensor nodes and transfer the monitoring data securely to the remote control center for further analysis and decision making. Furthermore, the paper provides insight about implementation challenges in the realization of the proposed framework. In addition, the paper provides an experimental evaluation of the proposed design in outdoor environments, in the presence of different types of obstacles, common to typical outdoor fields. The experimental evaluation revealed several inconsistencies between the performance metrics advertised in the hardware-specific data-sheets. In particular, we found mismatches between the advertised coverage distance and signal strength with our experimental measurements. Therefore, it is crucial that network designers and developers conduct field tests and device performance assessment before designing and implementing the WSN for application in a real field setting.
... Their systems mainly focused on monitoring pepper crop field, rose and palm oil plantation. (Chappell, Dove, van Iersel, Thomas, & Ruter, 2013) proposed a WSNs based platform for the irrigation control implemented to the greenhouse (Chappell et al., 2013). Their study presents the evaluation of soil and environmental parameters which are visible form a web based application and the generated information can be shared in the form of CSV files. ...
... Their systems mainly focused on monitoring pepper crop field, rose and palm oil plantation. (Chappell, Dove, van Iersel, Thomas, & Ruter, 2013) proposed a WSNs based platform for the irrigation control implemented to the greenhouse (Chappell et al., 2013). Their study presents the evaluation of soil and environmental parameters which are visible form a web based application and the generated information can be shared in the form of CSV files. ...
In order to solve the problems of high cost and difficult management of traditional agricultural planting, internet of things (IoT) technology was applied to realize real-time detection and intelligent management of crop growth and remote control of equipment, and change the traditional agricultural planting mode. The research results show that in MyEclipse development environment, using B/S (Browser/Server) architecture, Java and JavaScript language to design, Tomcat built server to publish information and complete the function of data storage and query, users can access the monitoring center in the local area network (LAN). When the detected data exceed the set threshold range, the control instructions issued by the monitoring center are transmitted to the main control chip through ethernet, and then the switching operation of the relay is controlled. The real-time monitoring of crop growth environment can be realized.
