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This article represents an interworking architecture between Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and WiMAX where Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and Mobile IPv4 are applied together to maintain the continuity of an on-going session and for that to keep the Internet Protocol (IP) address to be...
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... coupling is a type of coupling where the subsystems can work independently and connects each other through a third medium. It is also being used for handover between WLAN and UMTS. The typical use for loose coupling is when the WLAN is operated by some private operators other than a cellular operator. Hence, the data transmitted through WLAN will not go through a cellular network like UMTS. In loose coupling method used in (Varma et al., 2003), the networks are inde- pendent to each other and the data flow directly through the IP network. But in this method the performance of handover is very poor and latency is high. As mentioned previously, in Mobile IP each user is assigned a permanent home address and a temporary address, CoA when associated with a visiting network. As shown in Figure 1, Mobile IP introduces two new entities which are HA that stores information about users’ perma- nent home address and FA that stores information about visiting users and also advertises CoA. The permanent home address is used as the destination address for the user trying to communicate with a node and the IP routers forwards all the packets to HA even if the user’s current location is away from the home network visiting a different network. The HA redirects the packets towards the FA for the users at the visiting network. The HA gets the CoA from binding table to tunnel the packets appending a new IP header and finally the packets are delivered to the user through the FA by expanding them at the end of the tunnel. Alternatively, on receiving these packets from the user, the FA encapsulates them and tunnels them towards the HA. The HA then expands the packets and sends them to the appropriate destination. This process is known as Triangular Routing that causes some extra delay. IMS was introduced in (3GPP TS 23.228, 2005) to control the IP multimedia services in the application layer. Typical components of IMS are shown in Figure 2. The connection to IMS network can be in various ways using IPv6 (also IPv4 in early IMS) and SIP user agents. The essential parts of IMS are described below: The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is the master database to store information about IP Multimedia Public Identity (IMPU), IP Multimedia Private Identity (IMPI), Internet Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), Mobile Sub- scriber ISDN Number (MSISDN), physical location of the user and performs authentication and authorization for the user. Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) is a SIP proxy that can be considered as the first entrance to the IMS terminal preferably located either in each visited network. Session Border Controller (SBC) is used for this function. The user device discovers its P-CSCF with either Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or it is assigned in the Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context during registration and it appears on the path of all signalling messages compressing and decompressing to authenticate the user and to establish an IPSec security association when necessary. A Serving Call Session Control Function (S-CSCF) located at the home network, able to perform session control is the central node of the signalling plane, appears on the path of all signalling messages and is the main entrance to SIP services that uses Diameter Cx and Dx interfaces to get information about user profile from the HSS. An Interrogating Call Session Control Function (I- CSCF) is another SIP server located at the home network and its IP address is known to the Domain Name System (DNS) of the domain to make it available for remote servers to use it as a forwarding point (e.g. registering) for SIP packets to this domain. It uses the Diameter Cx interface to retrieve the user location and then routes ...
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Citations
... The ascension in the user request for knowledge access actuated the employees too looked for improved Radio Access Technologies for delivering services to the consumers additional expeditiously at higher speed. The well-established Third Generation network like Universal Mobile Telecommunications System created it attainable to supply elevated quality level with giant coverage however might supported solely low to medium rate that is insufficient to accomplish applications that desires continuous internet connection [3]. ...
In mobile systems, handoff is a vital process, referring to a process of allocating an ongoing call from one BS to another BS. The handover technique is very important to maintain the Quality of service. Handover algorithms, based on neural networks, fuzzy logic etc. can be used for the same purpose to keep Quality of service as high as possible. In this paper, it is proposed that back propagation networks and radial basis functions may be used for taking handover decision in wireless communication networks. The performance of these classifiers is evaluated on the basis of neurons in hidden layer, training time and classification accuracy. The proposed approach shows that radial basis function neural network give better results for making handover decisions in wireless heterogeneous networks with classification accuracy of 90%.
... A comparison between existing methods grouped as general, IMS based, and WLAN/WiMAX solutions is presented by Alhazmi and Akkari [7]. A hypothetical idea for an interworking architecture between WiMAX and UMTS with IMS and Mobile IP is presented by Khan et al. [8]. Munasinghe and Jamalipour [9] exploit the use of IMS for sessions negotiations and management in an architecture integrating WiMAX and 3G cellular networks. ...
In this paper, a framework is proposed for interworking LTE, WiMAX and WLAN using IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) on top of the three technologies. The aim is to provide high quality real-time multimedia services during handoff. The proposed mobility management technique uses Mobile IP (MIP) and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) together with IMS, which proves to maintain the continuity of an on-going session and data access during roaming between the different radio access technologies. A comparison between the proposed tight coupled architecture using MIP-SIP and the same tight coupled networks using SIP-based mobility management is presented. OPNET Modeler 17.1 is used to simulate the networks. Results show that the total average packet loss is reduced considerably during VoIP sessions using MIP-SIP in the proposed network.
... For each combination of two from these three networks, one scenario in the OPNET environment was built to analyse the performance of the architecture. The interworking architecture are explained in detailed in previous researches [1][2][3]. This paper describes how the OPNET Modeler [4] was used to analyze the handovers between these three networks. ...
This article represents an interworking architecture model built by OPNET Modeler for intersystem handover between Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 3GPP IMS-Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Mobile IP-General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The interworking model implements IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as a common platform at the application layer for session continuity and Mobile IP at the network layer for maintaining Internet Protocol (IP) mobility. A mobile device with three interfaces and having intelligence of initiating intersystem handover was designed which is capable of maintaining radio links simultaneously with the three access technologies mentioned above. The paper ends with some suggestions of further possible enhancements of the interworking architecture by OPNET Modeller.
... In [19] ...
The scarce availability of spectrum and the proliferation of smartphones, social networking applications, online gaming etc., mobile network operators (MNOs) are faced with an exponential growth in packet switched data requirements on their networks. Haven invested in legacy systems (such as HSPA, WCDMA, WiMAX, Cdma2000, LTE, etc.) that have hitherto withstood the current and imminent data usage demand, future and projected usage surpass the capabilities of the evolution of these individual technologies. Hence, a more critical, cost-effective and flexible approach to provide ubiquitous coverage for the user using available spectrum is of high demand. Heterogeneous Networks make use of these legacy systems by allowing users to connect to the best network available and most importantly seamlessly handover active sessions amidst them. This paper presents a survey of interworking architectures between IMT 2000 candidate networks that employ the use of IEFT protocols such as MIP, mSCTP, HIP, MOBIKE, IKEV2 and SIP etc. to bring about this much needed capacity.
... This introduces additional delay. Khan et al. (2010) presented architecture for improving QoS between WiMAX and UMTS. The architecture was aimed at providing seamless service for heterogeneous traffics especially at handover time where no interruption is experienced between the wireless networks. ...
Call admission control and packet scheduling are two important issues that are considered in ensuring quality of service (QoS) requirement in a wireless network. Due to robust wireless channel and heterogeneous behavior of traffics, there is a need to consider QoS parameters in admitting and scheduling packets in wireless network such as WiMAX. To ensure quality of service requirements are achieved, a combined link aware call admission control and scheduling algorithm is presented in this paper. We proposed dual partition of the bandwidth for call admission control and priority earliest deadline for packet scheduling. Simulation results showed that link aware dual partitioning call admission control (LADP CAC) outperformed the link aware conventional call admission control (LAC CAC) with about 46% increase in flow acceptance, low blocking probability at high acceptance flows and the link scheduling aware achieved high throughput with maximum link utilization.
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Fault tolerance is critical for various situations where robotic manipulators are applied, such as for hazardous waste disposal, exploring remote environments, or medical procedures. Metrics that are frequently applied to measure the degree of fault tolerance that a manipulator possesses have been focused on local kinematic properties of the Jacobian matrix, e.g., the worst-case manipulability (or relative manipulability) following a locked joint failure. These measures are useful for characterizing the manipulator's dexterity at a given configuration, however, they do not provide a measure for completion of a task within a specified workspace. This paper extends the use of local fault tolerance measures by using them to compute a global measure using a probabilistic analysis. Specifically, we compute cumulative density functions (CDF) that can be used to specify a desired fault tolerance threshold for completion of a task within a specified workspace region. We further show how this CDF can be improved by utilizing redundancy to optimize manipulator configurations throughout this region, using a modified nine degree of freedom Mitsubishi PA10-7C.
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