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The paper presents the experimental investigation conducted on Rice Husk Ash (RHA) concrete to evaluate the compressive strength and to study its durability properties. In the preparation of rice husk concrete, cement was replaced at various percentage levels such as 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Besides control concrete was also prepared for comparison pu...
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Citations
... To estimate the CS of CCRHA, three hybrid EL approaches (AdaBoost-TLBO, GBRT-TLBO and RF-TLBO) were proposed. First, a comprehensive database of 42 published papers (Abalaka, 2013;Akkurt et al., 2007;AkshayTandon, 2017;Anwar et al., 2000;Bui et al., 2005, Chao-Lung et al., 2011Chopra & Siddique, 2015;Ferraro & Nanni, 2012;Ganesan et al., 2008;Givi et al., 2010;Habeeb & Fayyadh, 2009;Habeeb & Mahmud, 2010;He, 2018;Hwang & Chandra, 1996;Ikpong & Okpala, 1992;Islam et al., 2012;Ismail & Waliuddin, 1996;Kartini et al., 2006;Khassaf et al., 2014;Kishore et al., 2011;Krishna et al., 2016;Mahmud et al., 2009Mahmud et al., , 2010Mekhilef et al., 2012;Muthadhi, 2010;Nisar & Bhat, 2021;Noaman et al., 2019;Olutoge & Adesina, 2019;Qing-Ge et al., 2004;Ramasamy, 2012;Ramezanianpour et al., 2009;Rodr� ıguez de Sensale, 2006;Sakr, 2006;Saraswathy & Song, 2007;Sata et al., 2007;Siddika et al., 2018;Singh et al., 2016;Singh & Singh, 2019;Soni & Ojha, 2021;Zareei et al., 2017;Zerbino et al., 2011; was collected. There were 1212 records of CS data gathered in total. ...
The use of ensemble learning (EL) has grown due to its ability to enhance precision in predictions compared to typical machine Learning (ML) algorithms. EL-based approaches are expected to be more accurate and efficient in simulating green engineering materials like sustainable concretes. In this study, three novel EL methods predict the compressive strength (CS) of concrete containing rice husk ash (CCRHA) using hybridizations of adaptive boosting (AdaBoost), gradient boosting regression trees (GBRT),
random forests (RF), and teaching-learning-based optimisation algorithms (TLBO). Data for the CS of CCRHA (1212 instances) were collected from 42 published journal papers. Input variables included the amount of water, cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, rice husk ash, superplasticizer, and curing time. Generally, GBRT-TLBO outperformed other approaches in testing with R2, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.976, 3.299, and 2.419 MPa, respectively. GBRT-TLBO models had superior capabilities in the testing phase with interquartile ranges of absolute error boxes equal to 1.0 MPa. A comparison with literature models showed that GBRT-TLBO was correctly tuned. Sensitivity analysis indicated cement and age as the most significant variables, while RHA was the least significant. Surface plots from parametric studies identified the interaction of input variables with concrete CS.
... From 2015-2020, CO₂ released from cement production increased by 1.8% per year [2]. Moreover, the annual production of solid waste from human activities is approximately 2500 million tons per year, including industrial, agricultural, and rural and urban waste [3,4]. Fly ash, coal bottom ash, blast furnace slag, rice husk ash, and silica fume are the most abundant materials among these solid wastes [5]. ...
... In addition to the widely used silica fume, fly ash, metakaolin and ground granulated blast slag, several investigations have demonstrated a significant impact of RHA on the durability of concrete. For instance, based on the rapid chloride permeability test, concrete containing 20% RHA exhibited a reduction of up to 91% in total charge passed compared to concrete without RHA after 28 days of curing [14][15][16][17]. Concerning freeze-thaw resistance, Mirgozar Langaroudi et al. [18] reported that the relative compressive strength (based on corresponding unexposed samples) of concrete containing 15% RHA was around 34% higher than that of concrete without RHA, after 300 freeze-thaw cycles (− 18 • C-4 • C, 5 h per cycle). ...
This study investigated the effect of using rice husk ash (RHA) as replacement of cement (i.e., replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) on the durability of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) and recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). We examined the freeze-thaw resistance, chloride penetration resistance, and carbonation resistance of NAC and RAC (with 50% recycled coarse aggregate replacement ratio). It was found that during the freeze-thaw process, both NAC and RAC showed an overall weight increase, which was further enhanced by the addition of RHA. Meanwhile, the compressive strength of NAC was reduced more obviously than that of RAC after 100 freeze-thaw cycles. A replacement of 10% cement with RHA resulted in larger reduction in strength loss for NAC (by 36%) compared to RAC (by 4%). As the RHA replacement ratio increased, the chloride penetration resistance of RACs was improved more rapidly than that of NACs, and the difference in the total charge passed between NACs and RACs also decreased considerably. In addition, an increase in the RHA replacement ratio led to an increase in the carbonation coefficient of NAC. Conversely, in the case of RAC, the carbonation coefficient displayed an initial decrease at a 10% RHA replacement ratio, followed by a subsequent upward trend, indicating a positive impact of RHA on preventing carbonation for RAC.
... To build up predictive models for the CS of RHA concrete, four ML models were established. For the models' development, a total of 348 data points were acquired from 42 published experimental studies [19,31,[114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123]31,[124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133]107,[134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143]108,144,145,[109][110][111][112][113]. The five most influential input parameters, which include fine aggregate (FA), superplasticizer (SP), water-to-cement (W/C), rice husk ash (RHA), and coarse aggregate (CA), were utilized for model development of CS. ...
The construction sector is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Using recycled and waste materials in concrete is a practical solution to address environmental challenges. Currently, agricultural waste is widely used as a substitute for cement in the production of eco-friendly concrete. However, traditional methods for assessing the strength of such materials are both expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, this study uses machine learning techniques to develop prediction models for the compressive strength (CS) of rice husk ash (RHA) concrete. The ML techniques used in the present study include random forest (RF), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), ridge regression, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). A total of 348 values of CS were collected from the experimental studies, and five characteristics of RHA concrete were taken as input variables. For the performance assessment of the models, multiple statistical metrics were used. During the training phase, the correlation coefficients (R) obtained for ridge regression, RF, XGBoost, and LightGBM were 0.943, 0.981, 0.985, and 0.996, respectively. In the testing set, the developed models demonstrated even higher performance, with correlation coefficients of 0.971, 0.993, 0.992, and 0.998 for ridge regression, RF, XGBoost, and LightGBM, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that the LightGBM model outperformed other models, whereas the ridge regression model exhibited comparatively lower accuracy. SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method was employed for the interpretability of the developed model. The SHAP analysis revealed that water-to-cement is a controlling parameter in estimating the CS of RHA concrete. In conclusion, this study provides valuable guidance for builders and researchers to estimate the CS of RHA concrete. However, it is suggested that more input variables be incorporated and hybrid models utilized to further enhance the reliability and precision of the models.
... The strength loss results against alkaline attack are found to be consistent with the earlier studies that utilized agricultural wastes. Ramasamy [68] investigated the loss of compressive strength on alkaline resistance was 4.60% and 5.00% at 60 and 90 days, respectively, for M60 grade concrete with 20% replacement of cement by RHA., when immersed in sodium hydroxide for 60 and 90 days. On comparing the strength loss results with earlier studies [68], it was observed that the strength loss Percentage of strength loss due to NaOH Solution for GGPA concrete mixes. ...
... Ramasamy [68] investigated the loss of compressive strength on alkaline resistance was 4.60% and 5.00% at 60 and 90 days, respectively, for M60 grade concrete with 20% replacement of cement by RHA., when immersed in sodium hydroxide for 60 and 90 days. On comparing the strength loss results with earlier studies [68], it was observed that the strength loss Percentage of strength loss due to NaOH Solution for GGPA concrete mixes. ...
... Islam et al. [63] reported that a 6.3% loss in strength was observed when the concrete sample added with 10% of POFA was immersed in sulphate solution for 56 days. Ramasamy [68] used 10% of RHA as supplementary to cement and 5.9% loss in strength, when immersed in sulphate solution for 60 days. On comparing the strength loss results against sulphate attack with earlier studies [63; 68], it was observed that the strength loss using GGPA in the concrete was found to be less. ...
... Additionally, the concrete produced with RHA has been shown to have improved compressive properties, due to the filling effect and high pozzolanic activity of RHA. As summarised from the existing studies, with a replacement of up to 20 wt.% of cement by RHA, the concrete compressive strength and E-modulus can be improved by up to 16% and 14% at 28 days, respectively [6][7][8][9]. A few studies also indicated that by replacing 15-20 wt.% cement with RHA in RAC, where 100% coarse aggregates were RAs, the compressive strength increased by up to 13% at 90 days [10,11]. ...
Rice husk ash (RHA), an agricultural by-product, has been added as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete mixture to improve the compressive properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) in recent years. This study aimed to optimise the mixture design of RAC considering two variables: the replacement ratio (wt.%) of recycled aggregate (RA) to natural aggregate (NA) with three levels (0%, 50% and 100%) and the replacement ratio (wt.%) of RHA to cement with three levels (0%, 10% and 20%). Compression test was implemented at concrete age of 28 days based on the full factorial experiment. By means of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimised RA replacement ratio and RHA replacement ratio can be calculated with respect to the compressive strength and E-modulus at 28 days, and vice versa the compressive strength and E-modulus at 28 days of RAC containing RHA can also be predicted. According to response surface modelling, the compressive strength reaches the maximum value when the RA replacement ratio is 0% and the RHA replacement ratio is 7%, and the E-modulus would reach the maximum when the RA replacement ratio is 17% and the RHA replacement ratio is 7%. The determination coefficient (R2) and adjusted coefficient (R2adj) for the compressive strength model are 0.9632 and 0.9544 respectively, and for the E-modulus model are 0.9319 and 0.9157 respectively, showing that the models developed by RSM are relatively well correlated with the experimental results.
... A high porosity indicates a high capillary volume in the mortar, which degrades the quality of the mortar. The results of porosity and water absorption in the study, which increased but not substantially, were also consistent with some of the results of previous studies, which indicated that the use of agricultural waste of up to 30% as a substitute for cement in the production of mortar or concrete was acceptable [24,83,[88][89][90][91][92]. However, previous investigation indicates that the porosity and water absorption values decrease substantially when large amounts of waste (up to 60 percent) are utilized. ...
Rapid urbanization and industrialization result in increased demand for infrastructures and housing worldwide. Therefore, the consumption of construction materials continues to rise. Cement is a common component used in the manufacture of concrete and mortar. However, the cement manufacturing process severely influences the environment, which causes the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In addition, the agriculture and plantation industries are primary economic pillars in many countries, particularly developing countries, including Indonesia, India, and China. However, it cannot be denied that this industry severely impacts the environment, as it generates biomass waste that cannot be efficiently managed. This study investigates and examines alternative materials for cement replacement in mortar production. This research evaluated the fresh and hardened properties of mortar on the laboratory scale. In addition to destructive tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and rebound hammer tests were also conducted. The fresh properties test consisted of a slump flow, while the hardened properties test included compressive strength, porosity, water absorption, and mass loss. It can be concluded that each waste has characteristics that make it a suitable replacement for cement in mortar production. The results indicate that 10% of agricultural waste can be substituted for cement to generate a mortar with comparable compressive strength to normal concrete, thereby reducing cement consumption by 10%. In terms of hardened properties, the increasing amount of waste results in a lower mass density hardened mortar compared to normal mortar, so the use of this waste has the potential to produce a lightweight material. Thus, employing sufficient amounts of agricultural waste as a cement substitute produces mortar with beneficial characteristics and reduces the use of cement to produce sustainable construction materials.
... The addition of agrowaste materials (bagasse ash + cork) as fine aggregate replacement in mortar tends to increase the resistance of chloride penetration and improved the cyclic performance of mortar specimens with agro-waste [6]. The utilization of RHA in concrete leads to a reduction in the volume of pores at all ages and decreases the chloride ion penetration [7]. Implementation of ground RHA in concrete with recycled aggregate increased compressive strength, however the modulus of elasticity of concrete declined to that of conventional concrete as RHA concentration increased [8]. ...
... The improvement in the performance of agro-waste concrete can be due to the micro-filling effect of RHA within the cement particles [19]. The hydration products get distributed in a homogenous manner and make the concrete matrix denser with the addition of RHA [7]. Thus, the addition of agro-waste resulted in improved performance in terms of micro-filling ability. ...
Concrete is the predominant material that is commonly used for all construction engineering practices and the demand for concrete ingredients has increased nowadays. Utilization of agricultural waste helps in meeting the demand and the present study focused on replacement of fine aggregate with agro-waste. Agro-wastes such as Rice Husk Ash, Saw Dust, and Coconut Shell powder were utilized as a replacement for fine aggregate. An experimental investigation was carried out on concrete specimens with varying proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of agro-waste to the weight of fine aggregate. Agro-waste was equally proportioned for the replaced weight of fine aggregate. Agro-waste concrete was compared with conventional concrete (100% - M sand) for the improvement in mechanical properties by examining the results of compressive strength test and split tensile strength test. Also, the performance of concrete specimens was also determined by non-destructive testing. The optimization of the concrete mix for the addition of agro-waste was obtained based on the strength characteristics. The effectiveness of utilizing agricultural waste in concrete with rebars was studied using the chloride ingress test and Open Circuit Potential test. The experimental findings show that 2 to 4% of agro-waste can be utilized efficiently as fine aggregate replacement.
... Prior studies have shown that blended concrete containing RHA, POFA, and SBA, regardless of whether those materials are thermally treated, exhibits a lower reduction in compressive strength when exposed to acid solutions in comparison to control concrete [63,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. The improved acid resistance is caused by creating secondary C-S-H gels through the pozzolanic reaction, resulting in a denser microstructure that reduces permeability and prevents acid ions from penetrating the concrete [31]. ...
... The reduction of Ca (OH) 2 that reacts with acid ions is another contributing factor to the enhanced acid resistance of blended concrete [31]. When comparing the effect of RHA, POFA, and SBA on the increase in acid resistance of blended concrete, it was observed that RHA yielded a considerably greater enhancement of acid resistance in blended concrete compared to POFA and SBA [63,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. This can be attributed to the higher content of amorphous SiO 2 and lower LOI in RHA, as compared to SBA and POFA, leading to reduced porosity in the concrete and an increase in the formation of C-S-H. ...
... This can be attributed to the higher content of amorphous SiO 2 and lower LOI in RHA, as compared to SBA and POFA, leading to reduced porosity in the concrete and an increase in the formation of C-S-H. Fig. 21 illustrates the reduction in compressive strength of 0-30% of thermal and non-thermal treatment RHA, POFA, and SBA blended concrete when soaked in an acid solution [63,[99][100][101][102][103][104][105]. ...
... In the study of Isberto et al. (2019), concrete containing up to 10% rice RHA replacement is optimal in maximizing the strength of cement mortar. Ramasamy (2012), Rahim et al. (2015), Habeeb and Hamud (2010) and Ephraim et al. (2012) have validated that the optimum percentage of RHA cement replacement is at 10%. Tuleun et al. (2019) conducted a study on the performance of concrete containing RHA and calcium carbide waste, and the results showed that maximum strength was attained at 10% replacement. ...
Rice husk ash (RHA) is a renewable agricultural by-product from rice milling that is abundantly available in rice-producing countries like the Philippines. It has the highest proportion of silica content among all plant residues. This study utilized RHA as a cement replacement with the addition of chemical admixture. An investigation of the influence of RHA and accelerating admixture on the compressive strength of concrete was conducted. A volumetric method concrete mix design was used with a 0.56 water-cement ratio. A 10% RHA partial cement replacement with chemical admixture variations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% was utilized. Cylindrical samples measuring 150 x 300 mm were tested for compressive strength at curing ages of 7, 14 and 28 days. The results of the study revealed that the optimum increase of compressive strength of 9.8% against the control concrete mix was achieved when a concrete mix of 10% RHA partial cement replacement was added with 1.5% of admixture. With a compression test result of 2,353 psi, the said mixture could be used for secondary applications such as flooring according to the American Concrete Institute M-15 code and for non-structural concrete such as concrete for sidewalks, borders and filling.
