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Since the advent of the space age, a primary constraint on military, commercial, and civil space missions has been the cost of launch. Launching objects into space requires substantial investments in launch systems and infrastructure, which has restricted the market to only a handful of national governments and several large private companies. This...
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... missiles also have a higher apogee and thus can be intercepted at a higher altitude, although this increases the risk of orbital debris persisting after the engagement. Implications of Ultra-Low-Cost Access to Space | 37 launched from North Korea to Tokyo on a minimum energy trajectory would have a flight time of just over 8 minutes and reach an apogee of 250 km, while a missile launched from North Korea to Washington, D.C., on a minimum energy trajectory would take more than 33 minutes and reach an apogee of 1,255 km, as shown in Figure 7. A mid-course system able to intercept long-range missiles must also be designed to cover higher latitudes because many long-range ballistic trajectories to the United States transit the arctic region. ...
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... One of them concerns the technical improvements that have taken place over the years, which has led to better capacities at a reduced price when talking about space exploration (Coopersmith, Vis Sustain, 20, 1-22 http://dx.doi.org/10.13135/2384-8677/7874 2012; Harrison et al., 2017). This has allowed a higher number of national initiatives to be present in space in the form of Space Agencies, although not all of them have launch capabilities (ESPI, 2019). ...
Space debris is an unuseful material moving in space. This debris
can be both natural and artificial. This paper focuses on the currently
increasing quantities of artificial debris and the ensuing series of problems.
The main aim is to highlight the importance of one of these issues – the Kessler
Syndrome – from a philosophical perspective. The Kessler Syndrome presents
a situation in which, without a reduction of artificial debris in space and
especially on Earth’s orbit, humans will see their possibilities to keep exploring
the universe reduced. If this Kessler Syndrome becomes a reality, human
knowledge will be predictably self-limited due to the current lack of
responsibility. As well as examining this theoretical hypothesis, this paper
considers ways of promoting a sustainable future for space exploration, and
thereby human knowledge.
... As previously described, reusable space launch systems have reduced launch costs tenfold, potentially reducing some weight trade-offs constraining earlier constellation architectures. 58 Other advancements, particularly in the cost of satellite manufacturing, might also mitigate parts of this challenge. ...
Despite its charter mandate to develop systems for defeating missile threats in all phases of flight, the Missile Defense Agency’s (MDA) program efforts focus almost exclusively on intercepting ballistic missiles in their midcourse and terminal phases. While the United States has attempted to realize several boost-phase defense systems, none have made it past the developmental stage. Yet the post-2017 demonstrations of North Korean intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capability have reinvigorated questions about how the United States can improve its homeland missile defense. Likewise, the growing complexity of North Korean and Iranian missile threats has prompted a renewed interest in such an architecture. Boost-Phase Missile Defense: Interrogating the Assumptions provides a fresh assessment of key issues related to boost-phase defense, including the ways missile threats are evolving and broader technological trends. It examines prior boost-phase programs for lessons learned, reviews prior studies, and analyzes potential pathways towards realizing a boost-phase missile defense layer to defend the U.S. homeland.
... A similar growth of private authority, albeit at a slower rate, seems to be taking place with regard to space technology. As a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Harrison et al. 2017: 1) noted, "commercial companies will likely be the primary driver of any significant reduction of the cost access to space" (emphasis added). We have yet to see complete mergers of cyberspace and space companies, and the development of new and already integrated space and cyberspace industries is still in its infancy. ...
What are the consequences of making cyberspace increasingly reliant on satellites and other types of space infrastructure? And what is the meaning and significance of an interplanetary cyberspace? The chapter addresses these developments specifically concerning infrastructure, militarization, and privatization. The consequences observed are summed up as fragmentation, vulnerability, and uncertainty. Cyberspace in space implies fragmentation in terms of stakeholders and governance, and ultimately in terms of power and accountability. Vulnerability increases as cyberspace becomes satellite-based (space is certainly not a safe environment, and satellites can be attacked by anti-satellite weapons as well as new forms of hacking and denial of service. Uncertainty of is tremendous particularly both in terms of what norms and principles will apply (compare the debate on Internet freedom vs. Internet sovereignty), and whether militarization or civilian and even utopian ideas will prevail.
... The desire to mitigate the impact of this emergent space industry on the environment, while making launches simpler, safer and less costly, calls for the development of innovative solutions to propulsion challenges adapted to small-scale launchers. 4 Recently developed propulsion approaches such as ion thrusters, 5 water-splitting, 6 and solar-powered engines 7 are simpler and safer than chemical propulsion, but are not suitable for all applications. For instance, ground-to-orbit missions as well as rapid-response spacecra orbital manoeuvring and attitude correction require high thrust that these novel propulsion approaches cannot provide (e.g. the International Space Station carries ca. 1 ton of hypergolic hydrazines 8 ). ...
Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popular hypergolic propulsion approaches based on extremely toxic and carcinogenic hydrazines. Here we present the first demonstration for the use of hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs) as additives to trigger hypergolic ignition in conventional paraffin-based hybrid engine fuels. HMOFS are a recently introduced class of stable and safe hypergolic materials, used here as a platform to bring readily tunable ignition and combustion properties to hydrocarbon fuels. We present an experimental investigation of the ignition delay (ID, the time from first contact with an oxidizer to ignition) of blends of HMOFs with paraffin, using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. The majority of measured IDs are under 10 ms, significantly below the upper limit of 50 ms required for functional hypergolic propellant, and within the ultrafast ignition range. A theoretical analysis of the performance of HMOFs-containing fuels in a hybrid launcher engine scenario also reveals the effect of the HMOF mass fraction on the specific impulse (Isp) and density impulse (ρIsp). The use of HMOFs to produce paraffin-based hypergolic fuels results in a slight decrease of the Isp and ρIsp compared to that of pure paraffin, similar to the effect observed with Ammonia Borane (AB), a popular hypergolic additive. HMOFs however have a much higher thermal stability, allowing for convenient mixing with hot liquid paraffin, making the manufacturing processes simpler and safer compared to other hypergolic additives such as AB.
... A similar growth of private authority, albeit at a slower rate, seems to be taking place with regard to space technology. As a report by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (Harrison et al. 2017: 1) noted, "commercial companies will likely be the primary driver of any significant reduction of the cost access to space" (emphasis added). We have yet to see complete mergers of cyberspace and space companies, and the development of new and already integrated space and cyberspace industries is still in its infancy. ...
This chapter addresses the increasing interconnectedness of cyberspace and outer space, a development which opens significant questions for research as well as for strategy. While cyberspace infrastructure is increasingly dependent on space infrastructure, especially satellites, the consequences for politics and security remain uninvestigated. The chapter provides an overview of and introduction to these challenges.
... Reuse has the potential to make space launch more similar to commercial aviation, where payloads (satellites) are launched, and the vehicle (or major vehicle components) is returned and quickly prepared for another launch. However, as has already been proven with the Space Shuttle, significantly reducing launch costs by reusing some components does not necessarily mean a reduction in total launch costs, reuse must be combined with other changes, mainly reductions in operations costs in order to obtain significant savings [3]. ...
... In the same period, India's launch payloads increased from 846 kg per year to 7,432 kg. Esta crescente participação da India no mercado aeroespacial é atribuída em grande parte ao baixo preço dos lançamentos [3] [19]. ...
There is a great need to reduce the costs of accessing space so that both government institutions andprivate companies benefit from it. For that reason, it is necessary that new technologies emerge responsible forcombating the high costs of launching to the Earth's orbit, mainly to the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) where most ofthe artificial objects are located. This article analyzes the state of the art of reusable launch vehicle systems aswell as their benefits in the aerospace market at an economic level.
... 4 The Lunar ISRU 2019 workshop was titled "Developing a New Space Economy Through Lunar Resources and Their utiliza-tion". 5 Harrison et al. reported on the "Implications of Ultra-Low-Cost Access to Space" in 2017. 6 IDA's Corbit et al. studied global trends in on-orbit servicing, assembly and manufacturing (OSAM). 7 Space Foundation's The Space Report found that global space economy reached $447 billion in 2020, with 80% being commercial revenues. ...
New in-space economy fields are emerging. The nascent space industries include human spaceflight, satellite servicing, orbital transfer vehicles, commercial space stations, in-space manufacturing, commercial landers and many others. In-space economy includes cislunar economy and Moon and Mars economies. Factories in Space (www.factoriesinspace.com) is the largest online database of commercial entities in the emerging in-space economy, space resources and microgravity manufacturing fields. The directory was started in 2018 and is growing quickly with 400 entries at this time. First part of the paper will define what new in-space economy is and establish classification for the companies. Literature review will be performed and glossary will be created to define the relatively new terms in a single source. Until the new industry categories are defined and accepted, activities will be named by varying methods, which makes it challenging to determine competitors and estimate market sizes. The count of high-level categories has been limited to the order of 10 for practical purposes. Second part of the paper will present statistical overview of which companies are or aim to be active in the new in-space economy fields. While most of the commercial lander, space resources, habitat and space utilities (energy, oxygen, water, communications) enterprises are focusing on LEO and Moon, many of them will likely add Mars and deep space to their activities once launch opportunities and markets arise. Within the classifications, comparison will be made between capabilities, development status, geographical distribution and funding where available. Goal is to leave a snapshot from 2021 to be able to start discovering trends and next space market booms over the coming decade.
... The cost of developing and using engines based on such propellants is an obstacle for the burgeonning companies aiming to democratize access to space and serve the burgeoning microsatellite industry. The desire to mitigate the impact of this emergent space industry on the environment, while making launches simpler, safer and less costly, calls for the development of innovative solutions to propulsion challenges adapted to small-scale launchers [4]. ...
Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popular hypergolic propulsion approaches based on extremely toxic and carcinogenic hydrazines. Here we present the first demonstration for the use of hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs) as additives to trigger hypergolic ignition in conventional paraffin-based hybrid engine fuels. HMOFS are a recently introduced class of stable and safe hypergolic materials, used here as a platform to bring readily tunable ignition and combustion properties to hydrocarbon fuels. We present an experimental investigation of the ignition delay (ID, the time from first contact with an oxidizer to ignition) of blends of HMOFs with paraffin, using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. The majority of measured IDs are under 10 ms, significantly below the upper limit of 50 ms required for functional hypergolic propellant, and within the ultrafast ignition range. A theoretical analysis of the performance of HMOFs-containing fuels in a hybrid launcher engine scenario also reveals the effect of the HMOF mass fraction on the specific impulse (Isp) and density impulse (ρIsp). The use of HMOFs to produce paraffin-based hypergolic fuels results in a slight decrease of the Isp and ρIsp compared to that of pure paraffin, similar to the effect observed with Ammonia Borane (AB), a popular hypergolic additive. HMOFs however have a much higher thermal stability, allowing for convenient mixing with hot liquid paraffin, making the manufacturing processes simpler and safer compared to other hypergolic additives such as AB.
... The cost of developing and using engines based on such propellants is an obstacle for the burgeonning companies aiming to democratize access to space and serve the burgeoning microsatellite industry. The desire to mitigate the impact of this emergent space industry on the environment, while making launches simpler, safer and less costly, calls for the development of innovative solutions to propulsion challenges adapted to small-scale launchers [4]. ...
Hybrid rocket propulsion can contribute to reduce launch costs by simplifying engine design and operation. Hypergolic propellants, i.e. igniting spontaneously and immediately upon contact between fuel and oxidizer, further simplify system integration by removing the need for an ignition system. Such hybrid engines could also replace currently popular hypergolic propulsion approaches based on extremely toxic and carcinogenic hydrazines. Here we present the first demonstration for the use of hypergolic metal-organic frameworks (HMOFs) as additives to trigger hypergolic ignition in conventional paraffin-based hybrid engine fuels. HMOFS are a recently introduced class of stable and safe hypergolic materials, used here as a platform to bring readily tunable ignition and combustion properties to hydrocarbon fuels. We present an experimental investigation of the ignition delay (ID, the time from first contact with an oxidizer to ignition) of blends of HMOFs with paraffin, using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as the oxidizer. The majority of measured IDs are under 10 ms, significantly below the upper limit of 50 ms required for functional hypergolic propellant, and within the ultrafast ignition range. A theoretical analysis of the performance of HMOFs-containing fuels in a hybrid launcher engine scenario also reveals the effect of the HMOF mass fraction on the specific impulse (Isp) and density impulse (ρIsp). The use of HMOFs to produce paraffin-based hypergolic fuels results in a slight decrease of the Isp and ρIsp compared to that of pure paraffin, similar to the effect observed with Ammonia Borane (AB), a popular hypergolic additive. HMOFs however have a much higher thermal stability, allowing for convenient mixing with hot liquid paraffin, making the manufacturing processes simpler and safer compared to other hypergolic additives such as AB.
... As a point of comparison, the International Space Station's mass is approximately 420 t [39]. It is projected that innovations in space transportation could reduce launch costs significantly, but these have yet to fully materialize [40] [41]. For orbits lower than GEO, this cost would likely be reduced somewhat. ...
This study report extends previous efforts exploring the concept of providing power to military and remote installations via solar power
satellites. The goal of the study was to determine the feasibility of a coordinated development effort for this capability. Included are key findings
of opportunities and challenges, as well as recommendations for advancing the development of technologies applicable to space solar for
remote installations. The study team determined that there remain signifcant unresolved technological, economic, legal/political, operational/
organizational, and schedule challenges inherent in the development of the capability. Important questions regarding the most promising
approaches and prospective utility for operationally relevant contexts have yet to be definitively answered because of technological immaturity
and uncertainties in non-technical areas. Because of the potential game-changing nature of space solar, investments in several critical areas are
recommended, the foremost of which is power beaming technology.
