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Migration rates across exam results deciles: emigration rate (a) and international emigration rates (b), with its components
Source publication
Human-capital migration and its consequences for regional development are among the central issues discussed in migration and regional literature, while a growing interest has been recently observed in student migration as a driver of brain exchange between regions and countries. Furthermore, poor sending areas are often considered to be severely a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the most valuable findings regarding mobility patterns pertained to the exam results, addressing the second research question concerning the degree of emigration selectivity. Emigration rates across exam results deciles (Figure 3a) clearly displayed distinctive positive human capital selection of graduate emigration, as the overall rate for graduates with the top 10% of exam results was three times higher than the rate for the middle deciles and more than 6 times higher compared to the values for graduates in the lowest deciles. The risk of migration remained low for the half of graduates with poorer exam results and gradually increased for higher deciles. ...
Context 2
... selectivity of migration resulted mostly from interregional migration, whereas international mobility is less selective. Referring to the latter (see Figure 3b), the overall migration rates across deciles do not vary substantially. Migrants seemed to be both positively and negatively selected, as graduates from top and bottom deciles were more likely to migrate than those with average results. ...
Context 3
... rates across exam result deciles obtained in this study confirm stronger human capital selectivity of migration relative to the results reported for Italy ( Tosi et al. 2019), where emigration rate for top students was only two times higher than the rates for students with the average or low scores, or Greece, where a negative selection in student migration was observed ( Psycharis et al. 2019). Furthermore, international student migration alone (see Figure 3b) is also more selective than that in the UK as analysed by Findlay et al. (2010). Finally, the estimated logit models prove that strong positive human capital selectivity of migration persists when other available variables (i.e., sex, place of residence, or type of school) are controlled. ...
Context 4
... the most valuable findings regarding mobility patterns pertained to the exam results, addressing the second research question concerning the degree of emigration selectivity. Emigration rates across exam results deciles (Figure 3a) clearly displayed distinctive positive human capital selection of graduate emigration, as the overall rate for graduates with the top 10% of exam results was three times higher than the rate for the middle deciles and more than 6 times higher compared to the values for graduates in the lowest deciles. The risk of migration remained low for the half of graduates with poorer exam results and gradually increased for higher deciles. ...
Context 5
... selectivity of migration resulted mostly from interregional migration, whereas international mobility is less selective. Referring to the latter (see Figure 3b), the overall migration rates across deciles do not vary substantially. Migrants seemed to be both positively and negatively selected, as graduates from top and bottom deciles were more likely to migrate than those with average results. ...
Context 6
... rates across exam result deciles obtained in this study confirm stronger human capital selectivity of migration relative to the results reported for Italy ( Tosi et al. 2019), where emigration rate for top students was only two times higher than the rates for students with the average or low scores, or Greece, where a negative selection in student migration was observed ( Psycharis et al. 2019). Furthermore, international student migration alone (see Figure 3b) is also more selective than that in the UK as analysed by Findlay et al. (2010). Finally, the estimated logit models prove that strong positive human capital selectivity of migration persists when other available variables (i.e., sex, place of residence, or type of school) are controlled. ...
Citations
... The recent pandemic has left a significant imprint on many demographic patterns, accelerating depopulation in many local areas (Szukalski 2021). Nascent empirical research suggests that regional university centers in Poland perform well in attracting youth from their region, while interregional student migration to the largest cities is strongly selective (Herbst, Kaczmarczyk, and Wójcik 2017;Herbst and Rok 2016;Maleszyk 2021). Still, some regions with less prosperous regional capitals and poorer academic recognition are affected by large youth outflows (Kiniorska and Brambert 2021;Rokita-Poskart 2021). ...
Mobilność młodzieży jest uznawana za istotny czynnik redystrybucji kapitału ludzkiego między regionami i krajami, przy czym uczelnie odgrywają istotną rolę w zatrzymywaniu i przyciąganiu młodzieży. Migracje związane z podejmowaniem studiów mogą nasilać przepływy kapitału ludzkiego z mniej rozwiniętych obszarów do miast z rozpoznawalnymi uczelniami. Pandemia COVID-19 miała jednak poważny wpływ na przemieszczanie się ludności i mogła wpłynąć również na mobilność młodzieży. Niniejszy artykuł identyfikuje skalę i strukturę emigracji młodzieży (głównie migracji studenckich) z peryferyjnego, dotkniętego depopulacją województwa lubelskiego przed i w czasie pandemii Covid-19. Bazuje na unikalnym zbiorze danych zebranych w pięciu lokalnych badaniach pełnych prowadzonych w latach 2016-2020 ukazujących wyniki rekrutacji na studia i późniejszą mobilność około 17 tysięcy absolwentów szkół średnich z Lublina. W artykule wykorzystano także ustalenia z wywiadów indywidualnych i zogniskowanych wywiadów grupowych przeprowadzonych z młodzieżą w okresie pandemii. W artykule ustalono, że co roku ponad 20% absolwentów szkół średnich opuszcza swój rodzinny region i najczęściej kontynuuje edukację na uczelniach wyższych. Jednak wskaźniki migracji w zależności od wyników egzaminów kończących szkołę są silnie zróżnicowane, co wykazuje silną pozytywną selekcję do migracji. Liczba absolwentów rozpoczynających studia wyższe poza województwem lubelskim podczas pandemii wzrosłą najbardziej od rozpoczęcia badań. Wywiady potwierdziły niewielki wpływ pandemii na decyzje młodych ludzi dotyczące wyboru uczelni wyższej poza regionem. Wnioski z analizy dostarczają nowych ustaleń w toczącej się debacie poświęconej depopulacji i jej regionalnych konsekwencji. W artykule wskazano także szereg rekomendacji dla polityki regionalnej.
... The recent pandemic has left a significant imprint on many demographic patterns, accelerating depopulation in many local areas (Szukalski 2021). Nascent empirical research suggests that regional university centers in Poland perform well in attracting youth from their region, while interregional student migration to the largest cities is strongly selective (Herbst, Kaczmarczyk, and Wójcik 2017;Herbst and Rok 2016;Maleszyk 2021). Still, some regions with less prosperous regional capitals and poorer academic recognition are affected by large youth outflows (Kiniorska and Brambert 2021;Rokita-Poskart 2021). ...
Youth mobility has been recognized as an important driver of human capital redistribution between regions and countries, while universities play a significant role in youth retention and attraction. Student migration might exacerbate human capital redistribution from less developed areas to cities with high-performing universities. However, The Covid-19 pandemic had a severe impact on people's mobility and could possibly affect these trends.
This paper identifies the scale and composition of youth out-migration (mainly student migration) from the peripheral and depopulating Lubelskie region in Poland before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. It builds on a unique dataset collected in five local census surveys conducted in 2016-2020, unveiling student enrolment and subsequent mobility patterns of approximately 17 thousand graduates from Lublin (Poland) secondary schools. The research also benefits from individual and focused in-depth interviews with the youth conducted during the pandemic.
The study revealed that every year more than 20% of graduates of secondary schools in Lublin leave their home region and predominantly continue education at higher education institutions. However, the migration rates across school-leaving exam results differ significantly, demonstrating a strong positive selectivity of out-migration. Youth enrollment at universities outside the Lubelskie region during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed the largest increase since the survey's launch in 2016. Interviews showed little impact of the pandemic on young people’s decisions to enroll at a desirable university outside their home region. By discussing this evidence, the study contributes to the ongoing debate on the depopulation and its regional consequences. Finally, the paper offers some recommendations for regional policy.
... The choice of this type of research may also be supported by the fact that large scale national studies may be costly or may overlook differences in consumer behaviour due to regional differences and consequent consumption choices [45,46]. Therefore, the region of Eastern Poland was selected for the study, with emphasis on the Lubelskie Voivodeship, as this region is one of the 20 poorest regions in the EU [46,47]. It seems that this may be important in the context of the choice of places to purchase food products, as the inhabitants of the Eastern Poland region have relatively lower incomes than inhabitants of central or western Poland, among others, which may result in a higher share of expenditure on food in relation to other types of products or services. ...
Background:
Researchers and marketing specialists study consumer behaviour in the market because it is an important part of economics. There is a growing trend among consumers to buy local products. Consumers know that buying local products is seen to support local producers and entrepreneurs and protect the domestic economy.
Methods:
A diagnostic survey analysis was conducted among 404 respondents from Eastern Poland in 2022 to achieve the research objectives. The aim was to present the specifics of the phenomenon of consumer behaviour in relation to the place of purchase of food products, with particular emphasis on local products, according to the qualitative approach adopted. An attempt was made to identify and evaluate the attitudes and declarations of individual consumers in this area. A questionnaire was used as the research tool, and its distribution was carried out entirely electronically via the Internet.
Results:
The study showed that shopping habits vary by location and age, with hypermarkets and local stores popular among both men and women, while online shopping and wholesale options were also common.
Conclusions:
Understanding how consumers make decisions is a complex task, as it involves various factors such as thoughts, emotions and actions that lead to product selection and purchase. These factors can vary based on demographic characteristics, such as gender, age, and location. Studies have shown that Polish consumers are more likely to buy local products from large chain stores than from smaller manufacturer-owned stores, and prefer domestically produced goods, which is reflected in an ethnocentric attitude toward the local market.
... Peripheral regions are prone to scarce financial resources. In many cases, they have to cope with the consequences of out-migration, especially of young and highly qualified people, and the resulting ageing of the region and human capital flight (Maleszyk, 2021). Concerning the unequal development of central and peripheral regions, the government is faced with a particular challenge to create equivalent living conditions in Germany (Götzky, 2012;Küpper et al., 2013). ...
Non-formal cultural education (NCE) infrastructure has recently been at the centre of discussion regarding the promotion of equal opportunities as well as social cohesion and resilience. The German government strives to ensure equivalent living conditions, including access to education throughout the country. Although NCE infrastructure is considered a service of general interest, it is a voluntary service that districts are not obliged to provide. Research shows that NCE infrastructure provision and funding vary significantly between regions and that qualitative case analyses are needed to adequately contextualise key factors for the provision of NCE infrastructure. These developments and findings raise many questions against the background of spatially differentiated socioeconomic landscapes. The article analyses two peripheral regions in Germany by examining key factors for the local provision of NCE infrastructure based on content analysis of qualitative interviews. This article aims to understand how NCE infrastructure is provided in peripheral regions to discuss the effect of these dynamics on the development of equivalent living conditions in Germany. The results show that citizens in peripheral areas have found alternative ways of providing NCE infrastructure due to the lack of financial resources available from the public sector. Self-responsibilisation, civic engagement, and individual commitment provide and sustain large parts of NCE infrastructure in rural areas. These developments impede the provision of equivalent living conditions in Germany while enabling a more resilient community through civic engagement. This article, therefore, provides an important contribution to the discourse on social and regional inequality.
... Migracje młodzieży najczęściej są powiązane z przejściami w ramach systemu edukacji oraz przejściem z edukacji do rynku pracy (Hoare i Corver, 2010;Maleszyk, 2021b). Z perspektywy regionu można zidentyfikować następujące strumienie migracji edukacyjnych: ...
Celem opracowania jest przybliżenie skali migracji młodzieży związanych z przejściami między szkołą średnią, uczelniami wyższymi oraz rynkiem pracy. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwala ocenić, w jakim stopniu funkcje akademickie Lublina przyczyniają się do łagodzenia zjawiska depopulacji zarówno samego miasta, jak i województwa lubelskiego. Tym, co wyróżnia prezentowane opracowanie jest koncentracja na danych strumieniowych (flow approach), które – choć niedoskonałe pod względem uchwycenia całkowitej liczebności zdarzeń demograficznych, dobrze obrazują trendy w zakresie ruchu wędrówkowego i efektów „wymywania”, mających duże znaczenie dla procesów rozwoju lokalnego. Specyfiką tego opracowania jest także próba usystematyzowania i porównania informacji o migracjach młodzieży pochodzących z różnych źródeł – w tym z badań własnych i zasobów informacyjnych Urzędu Miasta Lublin, a także próba bilansu migracji różnych strumieni migracji młodzieży dla jednego obszaru
... However, only a few of those studies have considered the entire native population-at-risk and followed individuals over a relatively long period of time (for an exception, see Borjas et al., 2019). In addition, very few studies have included information on individual attributes that can serve as efficient proxies of unobserved individual abilities (for exceptions, see Gibson & Mckenzie, 2011;Maleszyk, 2021). ...
... However, to the extent that individuals' motivation and aptitudes are assessed by standardized tests, we believe that they can serve as a proxy for a set of abilities and motivations. 8 In a recent paper, Maleszyk (2021) used a survey that included information on school exam results to assess migrants' youth selectivity levels from a peripheral region in Poland. He showed that youths' international migration could be described as having a U-shaped selectivity pattern in terms of their exam grades. ...
... He showed that youths' international migration could be described as having a U-shaped selectivity pattern in terms of their exam grades. The U-shaped pattern was explained by positive self-selection to continue higher education abroad by the most talented individuals and negative self-selection due to economic migration of those with low grades, who are more prone to move overseas to seek employment (Maleszyk, 2021). 5 For example, by restricting the sample to individuals with strong labour market attachment, Borjas et al. (2019) focused on 25-39 per cent only of migrant men and women, respectively. ...
Unlabelled:
A standard proposition in the migration literature is that emigrants are not drawn randomly from their source population, but rather compose a self-selected group in terms of labour market characteristics. Such self-selection refers to observed characteristics, such as education, or occupation, as well as unobserved characteristics such as cognitive abilities. However, due to data limitations, most previous studies on selectivity have analysed immigrants' characteristics at destinations rather than using data from their source countries. This paper assesses emigrants' selectivity patterns by following the full-risk population of natives over a long period of time (over 20 years). It also includes an innovative measure of selectivity on unobserved characteristics-namely, school performance-as a proxy for individual motivation and cognitive abilities, and it compares it to the widely used measure of income residuals. We use Swedish register data and assess the probabilities of leaving Sweden between 1993 and 2014 among men and women born in Sweden between 1975 and 1978. We further look for differences among Swedish emigrants who chose different countries of destination. The findings suggest that emigrants are positively self-selected in terms of their observed characteristics, whereas selectivity patterns in terms of unobserved characteristics are more complex. When we assess unobservable characteristics using compulsory school grades as a proxy, emigrants are found to be positively self-selected, while when using income residuals, we find that the effect is U-shaped. Individuals leaving to non-Nordic countries are also found to be more positively self-selected than those heading to neighbouring countries. We discuss these findings and their implications in light of economic and sociological theories.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10680-022-09634-3.
... On the other hand, the sending regions, particularly rural and peripheral areas, are often considered to be affected by youth out-migration and its adverse consequences such as accelerating population ageing or labour supply shortages [10,11]. The abovementioned trends are also applicable to Poland where less developed, rural areas have been suffering from significant out-migration and population decline [12], many regional university centers perform well in attracting youth from the region [13,14], while student migration from medium-sized urban areas to the largest cities is moderate, though strongly selective [15]. With regard to international mobility, student emigration of talented young people has been steadily growing, while youth labour migration has lost its momentum and, overall, turns out to be adversely selective [15][16][17]. ...
... The abovementioned trends are also applicable to Poland where less developed, rural areas have been suffering from significant out-migration and population decline [12], many regional university centers perform well in attracting youth from the region [13,14], while student migration from medium-sized urban areas to the largest cities is moderate, though strongly selective [15]. With regard to international mobility, student emigration of talented young people has been steadily growing, while youth labour migration has lost its momentum and, overall, turns out to be adversely selective [15][16][17]. ...
The Covid-19 outbreak has severely disrupted social life and economic activi-ty, while also significantly affecting migration patterns. Specifically, interre-gional and international youth mobility has been influenced by factors such as, among others, health anxiety, the rise of distant learning, increasing un-certainty regarding household income, or movement restrictions introduced to limit the spread of pandemic. This paper aims to shed some light on youth out-migration patterns (predominantly student migration) from the Lubel-skie Region (Poland) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data were collected in five cross-sectional census surveys tracking student enrol-ment and subsequent mobility patterns, conducted annually, each autumn from 2016 to 2020. We present our evidence in a broader context by summa-rizing the course of Covid-19 pandemic in Poland and the key preventive measures taken. Our study reveals that youth out-migration during the Covid-19 pandemic saw the largest increase since the launch of the research in 2016. This unexpected change was the outcome of a moderate increase in interregional student mobility and a decrease in labour migration (both in-ternal and international), while the rate of international student out-migration showed no significant change compared to previous years. In the discussion, we refer our evidence to the ongoing debate on Covid-19 and its impact on mobility with a view to offering potential explanations.
... В рамках МТМ она представлена в виде процессов привлечения и удержания талантов, являющихся важными составляющими управления талантами на макроуровне [Khilji, Tarique, Schuler, 2015;Sparrow et al., 2018]. Неоднородность процессов мобильности талантливых специалистов в зависимости от их навыков [Maleszyk, 2021], различия в направленности миграции [Baruffaldi, Landoni, 2016] и ее продолжительности [Cerdeira et al., 2016] ведут к необходимости стимулировать данные процессы [Wright, Constantin, 2021], находящиеся под влиянием культурных, экономических и политических факторов. Поскольку мобильность связана с индивидуальными факторами, данный уровень также должен рассматриваться при исследовании вопросов МТМ. ...
This literature review is devoted to the analysis of the existing empirical studies in areas related to Macro Talent Management and its research directions. The study presents a systematic literature review of 150 empirical papers in peer-reviewed journals for the period from 2011 to 2021. Macro Talent Management is a complex phenomenon that combines different interrelated processes at country and organization levels. Socio-economic and cultural macro factors have a significant impact on human capital mobility, which can be represented as talent attraction and retention processes and, therefore, as a component of Macro Talent Management. At the same time, human capital mobility itself influences the indicators of countries and regions’ development at macro level. At country level, talent development requires joint actions of state institutions and organizations, while Macro Talent Management system can affect the countries’ economic indicators. However, it can be concluded that the literature lacks a sufficiently detailed consideration of the implementation of Macro Talent Management system; the impact of characteristics of political regimes and cultural characteristics on formation of Macro Talent Management in different countries is not fully described, as well as the influence of Macro Talent Management on innovative development at macro level is studied generally. This review allows researchers to clarify issues related to the subject of Macro Talent Management and the existing gaps in the literature. As a result of the analysis, we identified several areas for further research. First, it is important to study the mechanisms of inter-level interaction in talent management both in terms of human capital mobility and talent development within a country. It is also necessary to study in detail the influence of political and cultural characteristics in countries as conditions for the implementation of these activities by agents. Finally, the impact of talent management on innovation development at macro level has been studied rather generally, without considering the impact of specific processes on innovation activity of particular countries.
... There are some common factors, which stimulate emigration at regional leveldepopulation, low population density or high dispersion of population, accessibility of territory, availability of daily services, and possibilities to be mobile (Camarero & Oliva, 2019), income inequality and low level of monthly wages (Laskiene, Zykiene, & Verdnikovaite, 2020), brain drain and brain exchange (Maleszyk, 2021), homeownership (Palomares-Linares & van Ham, 2020). The most of these characteristics may be addressed and improved through regional development policies (e.g., Davies & Michie, 2011). ...
... Moreover, Staniscia and Benassi (2018) in their research indicate that personal income and factors, which affect quality of life, are more relevant for explaining emigration than regional GDP. There are several factors, which encourage emigration: depopulation, population density, population dispersion, accessibility, mobility, rurality (Camarero & Oliva, 2019), employment, minimal monthly wages, income inequality (Laskiene, Zykiene, & Verdnikovaite, 2020), brain drain (Maleszyk, 2021), homeownership (Palomares-Linares & van Ham, 2020). Effects of emigration for peripheral regions mostly are negative as far as such areas lost human capital and thus strengthen their peripheral characteristics. ...
... Effects of emigration for peripheral regions mostly are negative as far as such areas lost human capital and thus strengthen their peripheral characteristics. These effects are: continuing depopulation, demographic imbalance, territorial disadvantage (Camarero & Oliva, 2019), "brain waste" (Laskiene, Zykiene, & Verdnikovaite, 2020;Maleszyk, 2021), low economic development level. Special attention scientists pay to emigration of the young population (Camarero & Oliva, 2019). ...
Sustainable decision-making and policies for regional development need clear understanding of future trends in population change. Emigration as one of the core factors of population change causes the greatest uncertainty in the demographic forecasts. Population change due to emigration is bright especially in peripheral regions what strengthens their unfavourable socio-economic conditions. Within the present study, the authors forecast population change due to emigration in peripheral region with high emigration rates. The authors offer three scenarios – current, half of current, and zero emigration, which demonstrate how differentiated population change due to emigration may be in case of different suppositions. Such approach focuses on the issue at local level. For numerical expression of population change, the authors apply simulation model based on system dynamics methods. Forecast results of future population change due to emigration in each scenario may be as a basis for timely inclusion of issues in regional development policies.
Conspiracy theories are particularly prevalent in times of crisis and pose a major threat to democracy. Young people are especially susceptible to conspiracy theories, as this period is characterized by high social vulnerability and constant reflection on one's position in society. However, to date little is known about the determinants of young people's belief in conspiracy theories in general and in times of crisis in particular. In this study, we address this research gap by investigating the belief of young people in Germany ( N = 2437, aged 16 to 29) in conspiracy theories about the war in Ukraine. Drawing on Douglas and colleagues’ (2017) taxonomy, we find that epistemic (e.g., political self‐efficacy), existential (e.g., political trust), and social (e.g., social exclusion) motives influence belief in conspiracies about the war among young people. However, while the taxonomy suggests equal influence of the three motives, the effects of feelings of social exclusion on war‐related conspiracy beliefs among youth are mainly mediated by a strong influence of political distrust. In this way, our findings contribute to a better understanding of conspiracy beliefs among young people and highlight the importance of increasing young people's political trust to prevent the spread of conspiracy theories.
