Fig 2 - uploaded by Karol Marhold
Content may be subject to copyright.
Middle involucral bract with selected morphological characters included in morphometric analyses: LB — length of middle involucral bract, LAP — length of appendage, WB — width of middle involucral bract, WAP — width of appendage, LAM — length of apical mucro, LDP — length of the dark part of appendage, LF — length of longest lateral fimbria (see Table 2) (drawings by the first author)
Source publication
The taxomically critical species Centaurea stoebe is represented in Central Europe by a diploid (2n = 18) and a tetraploid (2n = 36) cytotype. Their morphological differentiation and taxonomic treatment is still controversial. Karyological (chromosome
numbers and flow cytometric measurements) and multivariate morphometric analyses were used here to...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... measured or scored are listed in Table 2 and some of them depicted in Fig. 2. They included characters traditionally used for differentiation of the two recognized taxa/cytotypes as can be found in determination keys and floras, as well as several other that appeared as potentially useful for distinction of the two cytotypes. Altogether 15 quantitative characters were measured and four ratios were derived. ...
Context 2
... (parametric) and Spearman (non-parametric) correlation coefficients were computed to reveal pairs of highly correlated characters ( Legendre and Legendre 1998). Table 2 List of characters measured and used in morphometric analyses (see also Fig. 2) Continuous quantitative characters LOF length of outer florets from the base to the apex of the longest tip of the floret LIF length of inner florets from the base to the apex of the corolla tips LB length of middle involucral bracts WB width of middle involucral bracts in its widest part LA length of achenes from the base to the ...
Similar publications
TheAchillea millefolium group is represented in the Czech Republic and Slovakia by six species.Achillea setacea andA. asplenifolia are diploid;A. collina andA. pratensis are tetraploid;A. millefolium is hexaploid; andA. pannonica is octoploid. The populations from Slovakia of theA. distans group, distributed mainly in Central and south-eastern Euro...
Citations
... The increase in genome size caused by polyploidization has important significance for the ecological niche spread of invasive plants [37,38]. For example, Centaurea maculosa Lam. has ploidy-driven geographical divergence in its native Europe, but mainly tetraploid populations have been introduced into North America and its ecological niche has changed compared to the native tetraploids [26,39,40]. There is also a clear geographical differentiation of S. gigantea in its native range, but only tetraploid populations are found in the introduced range of Europe and Asia [8,41,42]. ...
Autopolyploidization has driven the successful invasion of Solidago canadensis in East Asia. However, it was believed that only diploid S. canadensis invaded Europe, whereas polyploids never did. Here, molecular identification, ploidy level, and morphological traits of ten S. canadensis populations collected in Europe were compared with previously identified S. canadensis populations from other continents and S. altissima populations. Furthermore, the ploidy-driven geographical differentiation pattern of S. canadensis in different continents was investigated. All ten European populations were identified as S. canadensis with five diploid and five hexaploid populations. Significant differences in morphological traits existed among diploids and polyploids (tetraploids and hexaploids), rather than between polyploids from different introduced ranges and between S. altissima and polyploidy S. canadensis. The invasive hexaploids and diploids had few differences in latitudinal distributions in Europe, which was similar to the native range but different from a distinct climate-niche differentiation in Asia. This may be attributed to the bigger difference in climate between Asia and Europe and North America. The morphological and molecular evidences proved the invasion of polyploid S. canadensis in Europe and suggest that S. altissima may be merged into a complex of S. canadensis species. Our study may be concluded that geographical and ecological niche differentiation of an invasive plant driven by ploidy depends on the degree of difference in the environmental factors between the introduced and native range, which provides new insight into the invasive mechanism.
... The native range of C. stoebe spreads from westernmost Asia to Western Europe with the highest densities recorded in South-Eastern and Eastern Europe (Meusel and Jäger 1992;Ochsmann 2000). The majority of karyologically/ cytometrically analysed populations are ploidy-uniform, being either diploid or tetraploid (Ochsmann 2000;Španiel et al. 2008;Treier et al. 2009;Mráz et al. 2012b;Otisková et al. 2014). A few mixed-ploidy populations were found mostly in Central Europe, with the highest incidence around Bratislava, Slovakia (Mráz et al. 2012b). ...
Spatial segregation of cytotypes reduces the negative effect of frequency-dependent mating on the fitness of minority cytotype(s) and thus allows its establishment and coexistence with the majority cytotype in mixed-ploidy populations. Despite its evolutionary importance, the stability of spatial segregation is largely unknown. Furthermore, closely related sympatric cytotypes that differ in their life histories might exhibit contrasting spatial dynamics over time. We studied the temporal stability of spatial structure at a secondary contact zone of co-occurring monocarpic diploids and polycarpic tetraploids of Centaurea stoebe, whose tetraploid cytotype has undergone a rapid range expansion in Europe and became invasive in North America. Eleven years after the initial screening, we reassessed the microspatial distribution of diploids and tetraploids and their affinities to varying vegetation-cover density in three mixed-ploidy populations in Central Europe. Overall, spatial patterns and frequencies of both cytotypes in all sites were very similar over time, with one exception. At one site, in one previously purely 2x patch, diploids completely disappeared due to intensive succession by shrubby vegetation. The remaining spatial patterns, however, showed the same cytotype clumping and higher frequency of 2x despite subtle changes in vegetation-cover densities. In contrast to the expected expansion of polycarpic tetraploids having higher colonization ability when compared to diploids, the tetraploids remained confined to their former microsites and showed no spatial expansion. Spatial patterns of co-existing diploids and tetraploids which exhibit contrasting life histories did not change over more than a decade. Such temporal stability is likely caused by relatively stable habitat conditions and very limited seed dispersal. Our results thus imply that in the absence of a disturbance regime connected with frequent human-or animal-mediated seed dispersal, spatial patterns may be very stable over time, thus contributing to the long-term coexistence of cytotypes.
... This lack of consistent morphological differences points to an autopolyploid origin of C. aspera ssp. gentilii, as occurring with other Centaurea autopolyploids (i.e., C. stoebe L. [41], C. toletana Boiss. & Reut. ...
Hybridization and polyploidy are major drivers of plant evolution. In Centaurea (Asteraceae), both mechanisms are frequent and lead to reticulate evolutions. However, in the Western Mediterranean section, Seridia studies are scarce. In this section, Centaurea aspera forms a complex including four European diploid and one Moroccan autotetraploid subspecies, an allopolyploid, and hybrids among them. Here, we aimed to delimit the different taxa, identify any introgressions, and discuss their evolutionary history. Samples of all taxa were analysed using 1688 SNPs obtained through GBS and were morphologically characterized. Three genetically well-differentiated clusters were observed, corresponding to the allopolyploid C. seridis, the diploid C. aspera and the cryptic autotetraploid C. aspera ssp. gentilii, which is proposed to be considered as a species. Centaurea seridis showed a high isolation by distance, a greater morphological variability, and a lack of interspecific gene flow. Diploid and autotetraploid C. aspera individuals were morphologically similar, and some introgressions were detected in Southern Spain, where new forms may promote diversification. This gene flow might have taken place during the Messinian and before autopolyploidization occurred in Morocco. In the C. aspera complex, current interspecific barriers are strong, while polyploidization may provide a better adaptation to drier environments.
... Many of the phenotypic changes can be explained by increased cell size relative to cell number, leading to increased organ size. However, the morphological differences among cytotypes of the same taxon (species or subspecies) are, in many cases, not very clear, as has been seen previously in the genus Festuca [2,18] and in many other complex taxonomic groups [32,33]. In this study, the morphological differences detected among the ploidy levels (6x, 8x, and 12x) are not sufficiently great to be able to fully distinguish the cytotypes, as a broad overlap among cytotypes was observed, even for the most discriminant morphological characters (e.g., lengths of spikelet, lemma, glumes, anthers, and stomata). ...
Festuca indigesta subsp. indigesta (Poaceae) is endemic to the southeast of Spain, and until recently, it was considered that its range of distribution was restricted to the siliceous core of Sierra Nevada. However, it has been recently extended in the territory to others calcareous mountains. This study investigates the cytogenetic variability throughout the geographic range of this taxon, the possible edaphic preferences of each cytotype, and the morphological variation of cytotypes. Genome sizes and ploidy levels were estimated using flow cytometry and chromosome count. Soil samples were collected to test the nature of the substrate, i.e., pH, and calcium and magnesium contents. Finally, morphological characters were measured in herbarium specimens. This study provides the first genome size data for the species. Hidden cytogenetic diversity was detected in the taxon, comprising hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42), octoploid (2n = 8x = 56) and dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 84) individuals. No relationship between substrate nature and cytotype was observed. Morphological differences were detected for the size of floral parts and stomata among cytotypes, but these were blurred if the entire morphological variation range was considered. Our results suggest that each mountain range could act as a reservoir of morphologically cryptic genetic diversity regarding this taxon.
... The combination of these two approaches has been repeatedly successfully used for revision of polymorphic plant groups (i.e. Suda and Lysák 2001;Marhold et al. 2005;Koutecký 2007;Ekrt and Štech 2008;Španiel et al. 2008;Olšavská et al. 2011Olšavská et al. , 2015Šingliarová et al. 2011;Budzáková et al. 2014). The following specific questions are addressed: ...
... We focused on the basic diagnostic characters repeatedly appearing in plant identification keys and taxonomic works (e.g. Dostál 1948Dostál -1949Dostál , 1958Dostál , 1989 (Španiel at al. 2008;Mereďa et al. 2011Mereďa et al. , 2016Olšavská et al. 2011Olšavská et al. , 2012Koutecký et al. 2012;Budzáková et al. 2014;Hodálová et al. 2015;Skokanová et al. 2019a, b). ...
... But by combining all studied quantitative characters of stem, leaves, and corymbs, it was possible to correctly classify more than 91% of the plants (Table 4). It is quite common phenomenon, that in taxonomic groups comprising closely related taxa with high morphological variability, combination of several morphological characters has to be used in order to determine particular taxa (Španiel et al. 2008;Olšavská et al. 2011Olšavská et al. , 2012Šingliarová et al. 2011;Koutecký et al. 2012;Budzáková et al. 2014;Hodálová et al. 2015;Mereďa et al. 2011Mereďa et al. , 2016Skokanová et al. 2019a, b). To conclude, the revealed morphological differentiation together with distinct ploidy level differentiation of the T. corymbosum group in the Slovakia allowed the recognition of two groups of populations from this area as two species T. clusii and T. corymbosum. ...
The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of karyological and morphological variability of the Tanacetum corymbosum group in Slovakia. We estimated DNA ploidy level and relative DNA content of 530 individuals (45 populations) using DAPI flow cytometry. The morphological variation was studied by univariate as well as multivariate morphometric based on 10 morphological characters of 351 individuals (39 populations). In addition, two characters were measured on 120 achenes (six populations). Flow cytometry analyses confirmed two predominant cytotypes within T. corymbosum group in Slovakia: diploids corresponding to T. clusii and tetraploids corresponding to T. corymbosum. Further, we recorded rare occurrence (1.3% of the dataset) of minority cytotypes – presumable triploids and pentaploids, probably originating from fusion of reduced and unreduced gamete in single species populations. One triploid plant found at the only one locality with common occurrence of T. clusii and T. corymbosum is most probably of hybrid origin. Morphological analyses showed that T. clusii and T. corymbosum could not be clearly distinguished by either of the studied characters but by combining all studied quantitative characters of stem, leaves, and corymbs, it was possible to correctly classify more than 91% of the plants. Number and size of stem leaves as well as capitula, and coloration of the margin of the involucral bracts were identified as the most useful for their determination. Based on revealed karyological and morphological differentiation of T. clusii and T. corymbosum, we favour to recognize them as two separate species rather than subspecies. A key for identifying native Tanacetum species in Slovakia is presented.
... В цілому, використання класичних методів систематики дозволило описати у складі групи спорідненості C. stoebe s. l. цілу низку широкоареальних та ендемічних таксонів флори Європи, які формально становити складну і дово-лі цілісну систему, але мали низький рівень морфологічної і географічної диференціації (Ochsmann 2000;Španiel et al. 2008), що призводило до постійної плутанини і частої неможливості точної ідентифікації конкретних рослин. Таким чином, в даній групі класичні методи систематики майже вичерпали себе ще в кінці минулого століття. ...
... micranthos, який мав полікарпічний життєвий цикл і походив із Південно-Східної Європи. Крім того, було підтверджено самостійність кількох ендемічних гірських таксонів у ранзі підвидів C. stoebe (Ochsmann 2000;Španiel et al. 2008). На основі нових відомостей про диференціацію S. stoebe s. l. за плоїдністю було встановлено, що в Північній Америці інвазійне поширення набула саме тетраплоїдний підвид, а в значно меншій кількості відмічені також C. diffusa та гібридогенний вид Centaurea × varnensis Velen. ...
... stoebe. Таким чином, для тетраплоїдного підвиду нині відсутня легітимна назва і її вибір залежить від зразка, який у майбутньому буде типіфіковано (Španiel et al. 2008;Mráz et al. 2011). Для розрізнення обох таксонів у публікаціях чи гербарних зразках нині фахівці, які займаються даною проблемою, використовують позначення плоїдності, наприклад: C. stoebe 2x і C. stoebe 4x. ...
Nowadays, many biological terms receive new interpretations, especially the concept of species. The species is the main structural unit of living things. It emerges, develops, and, when living conditions change either disappear or transforms into other species. There is no clear and unified definition of species. The achievements of contemporary molecular genetic studies indicate that the majority of microorganisms exist mainly not in a free-floating condition, but in formed associations or consortia. Microbial interactions occur by transferring molecular and genetic information, and various mechanisms such as secondary metabolites, siderophores, quorum-sensing system, biofilm formation, and cell transduction signals can be involved in this exchange. Therefore, for a deeper understanding of the concept of "species" in biology, it is necessary to take into account not only morphological and physiological criteria, but also to consider species from the viewpoint of systems biology, and to bear in mind factors of horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the concept of "species" can be considered in a broader context, in particular within ecosystems with all assimilation relations.
... The use of FCM has uncovered an overlooked heterogeneity of cytotypes at an intraspecific level in many genera of vascular plants [22,[27][28][29]. It has, therefore, been used as an exploratory tool in studies focused on resolving or identifying taxonomically challenging plant groups [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Data on the amounts of nuclear DNA in plants are growing rapidly [39]. ...
... lagascae as regards culm, leaf and panicle lengths should, therefore, be examined under the same garden growing conditions. Several studies focused on unravelling the taxonomic relationships among cytotypes have experienced difficulties in separating them morphologically and recognising them as entities owing to the lack of reliable diagnostic characters, their heterogeneity and the overlap in the range of variation, especially in groups with complex chromosomal diversity [13,34,66], as has also been detected in the subspecies studied. ...
Polyploidy has played an important evolutionary role in the genus Festuca (Poaceae), and several ploidy levels (ranging from 2n = 2x = 14 to 2n = 12x = 84) have been detected to date. This study aimed to estimate the genome size and ploidy level of two subspecies belonging to the F. yvesii polyploid complex by flow cytometry and chromosome counting. The phenotypic variation of the cytotypes was also explored, based on herbarium material. The genome size of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae has been estimated for the first time. Nuclear 2C DNA content of F. yvesii subsp. summilusitana ranged from 21.44 to 31.91 pg, while that of F. yvesii subsp. lagascae was from 13.60 to 22.31 pg. We report the highest ploidy level detected for Festuca (2n = 14x = 98) and previously unknown cytotypes. A positive correlation between holoploid genome size and chromosome number counts shown herein was confirmed. The morphometric approach showed a slight trend towards an increase in the size of some organs consistent with the variation in the ploidy level. Differences in characters were usually significant only among the most extreme cytotypes of each subspecies, but, even in this case, the high overlapping ranges prevent their distinction.
... To enhance readability, in the following, we refer to the latter two species by their cytotype. In contrast to the majority of heteroploid taxa, the S. carniolicus species group does not form a single or a few contact zones containing otherwise geographically well-separated cytotypes (Husband and Schemske 1998;Hardy et al. 2000;Mandáková and Münzbergová 2006;Španiel et al. 2008); instead, various combinations of species of different ploidy occur throughout major parts of the Eastern Alps Sonnleitner et al. 2010). ...
Polyploids with odd-ploidy levels may play an important evolutionary role as they enable backcrosses with their parental cytotypes. We chose the ploidy-variable Senecio carniolicus species group to address the overarching question if pentaploid individuals, which occur at high frequencies in immediate contact zones of parental tetraploids and hexaploids, mediate effective interploidy gene flow. We employed a set of approaches including relative genome size (RGS) determination and viability tests of pollen, RGS of the embryo, viability tests and germination experiments of seeds, and RGS and survival experiments of seedlings to tackle the following specific questions. Is pollen of pentaploid individuals viable suggesting regular meiosis in spite of the odd-ploidy level? Are the five sets of chromosomes split into 2.5 compliments, or rather into two and three compliments? Do crossings between pentaploid individuals produce viable seeds and seedlings, suggesting that pentaploids are an independent evolutionary unit? We found that pollen stainability is not strongly reduced in pentaploids and that the five chromosome complements are most often split into 2.5 complements. Seeds originating from homoploid crossings of pentaploids show a very low viability whereas backcrosses with tetraploids or hexaploids were more successful. No significant difference in seedling survival was observed among the different crossings but seedlings emerging from 5 x 5 x crosses were significantly smaller than both, seedlings from backcrosses and from homoploid parental crosses. Altogether, our results indicate that pentaploids may play an important evolutionary role as mediators of gene flow but that they rather do not form an independent evolutionary unit.
... In the present study, the morphological variations can be attributed to the variation in chromosome number and are inconsistent with the earlier reports of Soltis et al., Španiel et al.,and Cires et al. 17,18,19 . The fruit size diversity in S. cumini is attributed to intra-specific polyploidy 20 . ...
Syzygium cumini, is a medicinally important plant and exhibits a wide range of cytomorphological diversity. The present attempt was made to study the detailed meiotic course in five different populations from North India. The meiotic analysis depicts the presence of three cytotypes with 2n = 22, 44, and 66. These cytotypes were further subjected to the chemical analysis of the content and composition of leaf essential oil by GC-MS. All three-leaf samples (SLS-1, SLS-2, and SLS-3) collected from the same study area (Patiala, Punjab) were reported to be different in the content and composition of their essential oil components. The extraction yields of oils from leaves were 0.37 % (SLS-1), 0.42 % (SLS-2), and 0.39 % (SLS-3), respectively. The essential oil constituents identified were 38, 39, and 39 out of total 40 constituents for each oil sample representing 99.08 %, 99.52 %, and 99.39 % of the compositions, respectively. The major constituents of leaf essential oil of sample SLS-1 were: Iso-dihydrocarveol (14.61 %); (Z)-β-ocimene (12.02 %). From sample SLS-2 were (Z)-β-ocimene (19.45 %); α-pinene (14.80 %). From the sample, SLS-3 was: (Z)-β-ocimene (13.75 %); α-pinene (9.08 %), respectively. The present study identifies the best cytotype which can be preferably cultivated commercially for their use in the preparation of medicines and other formulations.
... In several plant species, autotetraploids show a tendency to occupy ruderal and more disturbed habitats, whereas diploids are not so restricted (e.g. Španiel et al., 2008;Rivero-Guerra, 2008;Kolář et al., 2016;Castro et al., 2019). The narrower variance shown by tetraploid populations of A. herba-alba for the two studied soil variables, particularly for the organic content, could indicate this specialization in disturbed habitats. ...
Artemisia herba-alba is an important component of Mediterranean dry steppe floras, being widely distributed in arid areas of the Iberian Peninsula and North-West Africa. In this study, we use genetic, cytogenetic and niche modelling tools to investigate the natural history of the species, focusing particularly on the role played by polyploidization to explain current diversity patterns throughout the main distribution range of the plant. Our sequencing data indicate a complex phylogeographical structure showing similar haplotype diversity patterns on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and no clear signals of genetic refugia. According to our cytogeographical results, we inferred multiple polyploidization events, which probably took place on the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa independently. Environmental niche modelling suggested stable potential distributions of A. herba-alba on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea under present and past Last Glacial Maximum conditions, which could be related to the intricate spatial genetic and cytogenetic patterns shown by the species. Finally, environmental modelling comparison among cytotypes revealed that the niche of tetraploids is narrower and nested in that of diploids, a result that could indicate environmental specialization and could potentially explain recurrent establishment success of tetraploids.
