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Microthyrium microscopicum (isotype) a Appearance of ascomata on the host surface. b, c, d Squash mount of ascomata. Note central ostiole and radiating cells of the thyriothecium. e, f Section of ascoma. Note the peridium (F mounted in cotton blue reagent). g-j Asci (H mounted in cotton blue reagent). k, l Ascospores. Scale bars: A= 500 μm, B, C=200 μm, E=20 μm, D, F-J=10 μm, K-L=5 μm
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The family Microthyriaceae sensu Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010 is a poorly known but interesting family comprising 50 genera consisting of foliar epiphytes or saprobes on dead leaves and stems. We re-visited the family based on examinations of generic types where possible. Members are distributed in Aulographaceae, Asterinaceae, Microthyriaceae, Microp...
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... (Doidge 1942;Müller and von Arx 1962;Luttrell 1973;Barr 1987;Hofmann and Piepenbring 2006;Hofmann 2010). In Microthyriaceae this is a typically flattened, dimidiate ascoma, having an upper wall of neatly arranged cells which radiate from the central, darkened, prominent ostiole in a somewhat parallel arrangement, but the wall is thin as the base (Fig. 2b, c). Thyriothecia in Microthyriaceae are relatively small, and some can easily be removed from the host surface; asci and pseudoparaphyses are arranged from a hymenium around the periphery of the ascomata and grow inwards towards the ostiole. The asci are bitunicate, fissitunicate, fusiform, obclavate to cylindro-clavate and ascospores are ...
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... Sequence data suggest that even this restricted treatment may be polyphyletic ( Fig. 1) with several sequences identified as Microthyrium placed in concert with seemingly unrelated species or unresolved, so additional changes to this concept is anticipated. Saprobic mostly on the upper surface of leaves, appearing as very small black spots (Fig. 2a). Mycelium superficial, abundant, comprising almost colourless, branched, septate hyphae, with subcuticular haustoria. Thyriothecia 120-190 μm diam×36-50 μm high, circular, solitary or gregarious, superficial, membranaceous or slightly carbonaceous, light brown to brown, with a poorly developed basal layer, easily separated from host ...
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... septate hyphae, with subcuticular haustoria. Thyriothecia 120-190 μm diam×36-50 μm high, circular, solitary or gregarious, superficial, membranaceous or slightly carbonaceous, light brown to brown, with a poorly developed basal layer, easily separated from host surface, with a prominent darker central 7.5-10 μm diam ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. ...
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... wall comprising cells of textura epidermoidea, radiating outwardly in parallel rows from the darker central ostiole (Fig. 2b, c, d). Peridium 5-15 μm thick, comprising a single stratum of cells, outer cells of small heavily pigmented cells of textura epidermoidea, inner cells light brown textura angularis (Fig. 2f). Hamathecium comprising asci inclined from the base and rim towards the central ostiole, pseudoparaphyses not observed, possibly deliquescing early. ...
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... wall comprising cells of textura epidermoidea, radiating outwardly in parallel rows from the darker central ostiole (Fig. 2b, c, d). Peridium 5-15 μm thick, comprising a single stratum of cells, outer cells of small heavily pigmented cells of textura epidermoidea, inner cells light brown textura angularis (Fig. 2f). Hamathecium comprising asci inclined from the base and rim towards the central ostiole, pseudoparaphyses not observed, possibly deliquescing early. Asci 37-55×5-9 μm (x̄ =43.5×6.8 μm, n=15), numerous, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, narrowly obclavate to long fusiform, with small knob-like pedicel or pedicel lacking, ocular ...
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... from the base and rim towards the central ostiole, pseudoparaphyses not observed, possibly deliquescing early. Asci 37-55×5-9 μm (x̄ =43.5×6.8 μm, n=15), numerous, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, narrowly obclavate to long fusiform, with small knob-like pedicel or pedicel lacking, ocular chamber not apparent, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 2g-j). Ascospores 12-16×2-3 μm (x̄ =14.4×2.5 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-3-seriate, fusiform to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum, cilia not seen in type specimen but reported by others, usually with 1 or 2 guttules, smooth-walled (Fig. 2i, k, l, ...
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... pedicel or pedicel lacking, ocular chamber not apparent, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 2g-j). Ascospores 12-16×2-3 μm (x̄ =14.4×2.5 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-3-seriate, fusiform to ellipsoidal, hyaline, 1-septate, not constricted at the septum, cilia not seen in type specimen but reported by others, usually with 1 or 2 guttules, smooth-walled (Fig. 2i, k, l, ...
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... is a monotypic genus placed in Microthyriaceae ( Batista and Vital 1958;Müller and von Arx 1962;Lumbsch and Huhndorf 2010). The genus is typical of Asterinaceae as there is no distinct ostiolar pore as in Microthyrium, but the ascomata opens by rupturing of the central upper ascomatal wall as in other genera of Asterinaceae. Fig. ...
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... epiphyte on upper surface of leaves, forming crust-like, brown-black rounded spots (Fig. 20a). Mycelium superficial, dark brown, compact, crust-like. Thyriothecia 50-70 μm diam×15-25 μm high, circular, gregarious in blackened masses, superficial, carbonaceous, brown-black, basal peridium poorly developed, rupturing to form a star-like ostiole at maturity. Upper wall comprising irregularly radiating, brown, relatively thick 1.2 ...
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... blackened masses, superficial, carbonaceous, brown-black, basal peridium poorly developed, rupturing to form a star-like ostiole at maturity. Upper wall comprising irregularly radiating, brown, relatively thick 1.2 μm walled, ellipsoidal to hypha-like cells, which branch outwardly, cells 8.3-10.8 μm long, 3.6- 5.1 μm wide; in section lenticular ( Fig. 20b-g, k). Peridium 4-9 μm wide, comprising a single stratum, comprising cells of textura prismatica (Fig. 20e). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 20i). Asci 17-25.5×13-19 μm (x̄ =22×15.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, globose or saccate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ...
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... a star-like ostiole at maturity. Upper wall comprising irregularly radiating, brown, relatively thick 1.2 μm walled, ellipsoidal to hypha-like cells, which branch outwardly, cells 8.3-10.8 μm long, 3.6- 5.1 μm wide; in section lenticular ( Fig. 20b-g, k). Peridium 4-9 μm wide, comprising a single stratum, comprising cells of textura prismatica (Fig. 20e). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 20i). Asci 17-25.5×13-19 μm (x̄ =22×15.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, globose or saccate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, apedicellate, without a distinct ocular chamber, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 20i, l). Ascospores 11-12×5-6 μm ...
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... ellipsoidal to hypha-like cells, which branch outwardly, cells 8.3-10.8 μm long, 3.6- 5.1 μm wide; in section lenticular ( Fig. 20b-g, k). Peridium 4-9 μm wide, comprising a single stratum, comprising cells of textura prismatica (Fig. 20e). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 20i). Asci 17-25.5×13-19 μm (x̄ =22×15.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, globose or saccate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, apedicellate, without a distinct ocular chamber, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 20i, l). Ascospores 11-12×5-6 μm (x̄ =11.3× 5.5 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, ellipsoidal, hyaline when young, light brown when mature, two-celled, slightly ...
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... comprising cells of textura prismatica (Fig. 20e). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 20i). Asci 17-25.5×13-19 μm (x̄ =22×15.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, globose or saccate, bitunicate, fissitunicate, apedicellate, without a distinct ocular chamber, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 20i, l). Ascospores 11-12×5-6 μm (x̄ =11.3× 5.5 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, ellipsoidal, hyaline when young, light brown when mature, two-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, upper cell broader and longer than lower cell, smooth-walled (Fig. 20h, ...
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... bitunicate, fissitunicate, apedicellate, without a distinct ocular chamber, not staining blue in IKI (Fig. 20i, l). Ascospores 11-12×5-6 μm (x̄ =11.3× 5.5 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, ellipsoidal, hyaline when young, light brown when mature, two-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, upper cell broader and longer than lower cell, smooth-walled (Fig. 20h, ...
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... None reported. Asterinaceae. The bluing of the mucilage remnants on the asci in IKI is not distinct and it is not clear if this is an important character of Asterinaceae. This is very similar to Polycyclinopsis (see above), however the arrangement of cells in the upper wall differ. (Fig. 22g). Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate or broadly fusiform, with short pedicel, ocular chamber not apparent, not bluing in IKI. Ascospores overlapping 3-4-seriate, hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, 2-celled, clavate to fusiform, upper cells wider than lower cell, lower cells tapering to rounded base, wall ...
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... on upper surface of leaves causing brown-black spots. Mycelium superficial, hyphae pigmented, light brown, anastomosing, and sparsely septate, with lateral alternate, ellipsoidal, ovate or globose, 11.5-7×6-9.5 μm (x̄ =8.7-7.3 μm, n=10), light brown hyphopodia from which hyaline, multicellular haustoria penetrate the epidermis of the leaf (Fig. 22d, f). Thyriothecia 220-440 μm diam, 50-75 μm high, circular, gregarious, superficial, carbonaceous, brown to black, basal layer poorly developed, with a dissolving central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 22a-c, e, g). Upper wall composed of irregularly interwoven cells (Fig. 22c). Peridium 6-8 μm thick, brown, comprising a single ...
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... μm (x̄ =8.7-7.3 μm, n=10), light brown hyphopodia from which hyaline, multicellular haustoria penetrate the epidermis of the leaf (Fig. 22d, f). Thyriothecia 220-440 μm diam, 50-75 μm high, circular, gregarious, superficial, carbonaceous, brown to black, basal layer poorly developed, with a dissolving central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 22a-c, e, g). Upper wall composed of irregularly interwoven cells (Fig. 22c). Peridium 6-8 μm thick, brown, comprising a single stratum, comprising 4-5 layers of cells of textura angularis (Fig. 22h). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses sparse and only apparent in section (Fig. 22g). Asci ...
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... multicellular haustoria penetrate the epidermis of the leaf (Fig. 22d, f). Thyriothecia 220-440 μm diam, 50-75 μm high, circular, gregarious, superficial, carbonaceous, brown to black, basal layer poorly developed, with a dissolving central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 22a-c, e, g). Upper wall composed of irregularly interwoven cells (Fig. 22c). Peridium 6-8 μm thick, brown, comprising a single stratum, comprising 4-5 layers of cells of textura angularis (Fig. 22h). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses sparse and only apparent in section (Fig. 22g). Asci 35-81 μm×23-32.5 μm (x̄ =59.4×27 μm, n=20), 8- spored, ...
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... circular, gregarious, superficial, carbonaceous, brown to black, basal layer poorly developed, with a dissolving central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 22a-c, e, g). Upper wall composed of irregularly interwoven cells (Fig. 22c). Peridium 6-8 μm thick, brown, comprising a single stratum, comprising 4-5 layers of cells of textura angularis (Fig. 22h). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses sparse and only apparent in section (Fig. 22g). Asci 35-81 μm×23-32.5 μm (x̄ =59.4×27 μm, n=20), 8- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate or broadly fusiform, with short pedicel, ocular chamber not apparent, not bluing in IKI (Fig. ...
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... lenticular (Fig. 22a-c, e, g). Upper wall composed of irregularly interwoven cells (Fig. 22c). Peridium 6-8 μm thick, brown, comprising a single stratum, comprising 4-5 layers of cells of textura angularis (Fig. 22h). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses sparse and only apparent in section (Fig. 22g). Asci 35-81 μm×23-32.5 μm (x̄ =59.4×27 μm, n=20), 8- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate or broadly fusiform, with short pedicel, ocular chamber not apparent, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 22i, l, m). Ascospores 16.5-21 μm×6-9 μm (x̄ =18.5×7.2 μm, n=25), overlapping 3-4-seriate, hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, 2- celled, ...
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... (Fig. 22h). Hamathecium comprising asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses sparse and only apparent in section (Fig. 22g). Asci 35-81 μm×23-32.5 μm (x̄ =59.4×27 μm, n=20), 8- spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate or broadly fusiform, with short pedicel, ocular chamber not apparent, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 22i, l, m). Ascospores 16.5-21 μm×6-9 μm (x̄ =18.5×7.2 μm, n=25), overlapping 3-4-seriate, hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, 2- celled, slightly constricted at the septum, clavate to fusiform, upper cells wider than lower cell, lower cells tapering to rounded base, wall smooth (Fig. 22j, ...
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... short pedicel, ocular chamber not apparent, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 22i, l, m). Ascospores 16.5-21 μm×6-9 μm (x̄ =18.5×7.2 μm, n=25), overlapping 3-4-seriate, hyaline, becoming brown at maturity, 2- celled, slightly constricted at the septum, clavate to fusiform, upper cells wider than lower cell, lower cells tapering to rounded base, wall smooth (Fig. 22j, ...
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... cracking or slimy dehiscence and clavate as compared to saccate asci and it is not clear if these differences would stand up to phylogenetic analysis. Eriksson (1981) also points out that the asci of Aulographaceae are IKI-unlike the IKI+asci of Asterinaceae. Fresh collections are needed to establish if this family holds up to molecular analysis. (Fig. 23a-c). Upper wall comprising parallel radiating lines of ellipsoid cells from the central ostiole to the outer rim. Peridium a single stratum composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of sparse asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudo-paraphyses not observed. Asci (20-) ...
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... Peridium a single stratum composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of sparse asci embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudo-paraphyses not observed. Asci (20-) 25-35×(10-) 15-17.5 μm (x̄ =29×20 μm, n=15, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, globose to subglobose, without pedicel ( Fig. 23e-h). Ascospores (10-) 15- 17×2.5 μm (x̄ =15× 2.5 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-4-seriate, narrowly obovoid to narrowly clavate, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, the upper cell often broader than the lower cell, smooth-walled, with remnants of mucilage ( Fig. ...
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... bitunicate, fissitunicate, globose to subglobose, without pedicel ( Fig. 23e-h). Ascospores (10-) 15- 17×2.5 μm (x̄ =15× 2.5 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-4-seriate, narrowly obovoid to narrowly clavate, hyaline, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, the upper cell often broader than the lower cell, smooth-walled, with remnants of mucilage ( Fig. ...
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... None reported. (Fig. 24a, b, c, d). Peridium 5-10 μm wide, a single stratum composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of sparse asci, embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 24e). Asci 30-42×11-26 μm (x̄ =40.6×21.5 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, spherical, ...
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... None reported. (Fig. 24a, b, c, d). Peridium 5-10 μm wide, a single stratum composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of sparse asci, embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 24e). Asci 30-42×11-26 μm (x̄ =40.6×21.5 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, spherical, broadly oblong, sessile (Fig. 24f-h). Ascospores 16-21×6-9.5 μm (x̄ =18.3× 7.9 μm, n=20), rounded at the ends, at first hyaline and then brown when mature, two-celled, slightly constricted at septa with the upper cell wider than lower cell, ...
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... μm wide, a single stratum composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of sparse asci, embedded in mucilage inclined towards the center, pseudoparaphyses not observed (Fig. 24e). Asci 30-42×11-26 μm (x̄ =40.6×21.5 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, spherical, broadly oblong, sessile (Fig. 24f-h). Ascospores 16-21×6-9.5 μm (x̄ =18.3× 7.9 μm, n=20), rounded at the ends, at first hyaline and then brown when mature, two-celled, slightly constricted at septa with the upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, smooth walled ( Fig. ...
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... μm (x̄ =40.6×21.5 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, spherical, broadly oblong, sessile (Fig. 24f-h). Ascospores 16-21×6-9.5 μm (x̄ =18.3× 7.9 μm, n=20), rounded at the ends, at first hyaline and then brown when mature, two-celled, slightly constricted at septa with the upper cell wider than lower cell, guttulate, smooth walled ( Fig. ...
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... peristomalis and Trichothyriopsis densa which are generic types are analogous to Trichothyrium and are redescribed, combined and illustrated here. Since this genus has numerous synonyms and species it needs to be monographed and fresh collections are required for sequence analysis and family placement. Fig. ...
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... on other fungi on the upper surface of leaves, not causing leaf spots (Fig. 25a). Superficial mycelium black, with 23-15×10-13 μm hyphopodia, forming lobed thalli (Fig. 25l). Thyriothecia 30-65 μm high×110-130 μm diam, circular, solitary or gregarious, superficial, membranaceous, brown to black, basal layer well developed, with a depressed ostiole in the centre which is 8.9-12 μm diam; in section lenticular. Upper ...
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... on other fungi on the upper surface of leaves, not causing leaf spots (Fig. 25a). Superficial mycelium black, with 23-15×10-13 μm hyphopodia, forming lobed thalli (Fig. 25l). Thyriothecia 30-65 μm high×110-130 μm diam, circular, solitary or gregarious, superficial, membranaceous, brown to black, basal layer well developed, with a depressed ostiole in the centre which is 8.9-12 μm diam; in section lenticular. Upper wall composed of 2.8-3.1 μm wide ellipsoid cells which form parallel radiating lines from the ...
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... high×110-130 μm diam, circular, solitary or gregarious, superficial, membranaceous, brown to black, basal layer well developed, with a depressed ostiole in the centre which is 8.9-12 μm diam; in section lenticular. Upper wall composed of 2.8-3.1 μm wide ellipsoid cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 25b, c, d). Peridium 7-20 μm thick, one-layered, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis (Fig. 25e). Hamathecium of sparse, 2.1- 3.9 μm broad pseudoparaphyses, which are longer than and surround asci (Fig. 25h, k). Asci 35-55×15-26 μm (x̄ = 45.7×17.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, ...
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... with a depressed ostiole in the centre which is 8.9-12 μm diam; in section lenticular. Upper wall composed of 2.8-3.1 μm wide ellipsoid cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 25b, c, d). Peridium 7-20 μm thick, one-layered, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis (Fig. 25e). Hamathecium of sparse, 2.1- 3.9 μm broad pseudoparaphyses, which are longer than and surround asci (Fig. 25h, k). Asci 35-55×15-26 μm (x̄ = 45.7×17.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, apedicellate, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. 25f, i, j, m). Ascospores 14.5-17.5×5-7.5 μm (x̄ = 16.5×5.8 μm, n=20), ...
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... of 2.8-3.1 μm wide ellipsoid cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 25b, c, d). Peridium 7-20 μm thick, one-layered, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis (Fig. 25e). Hamathecium of sparse, 2.1- 3.9 μm broad pseudoparaphyses, which are longer than and surround asci (Fig. 25h, k). Asci 35-55×15-26 μm (x̄ = 45.7×17.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, apedicellate, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. 25f, i, j, m). Ascospores 14.5-17.5×5-7.5 μm (x̄ = 16.5×5.8 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, obclavate, hyaline, two-celled, lower cells longer than upper cells, slightly constricted at the septum, with ...
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... thick, one-layered, composed of brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis (Fig. 25e). Hamathecium of sparse, 2.1- 3.9 μm broad pseudoparaphyses, which are longer than and surround asci (Fig. 25h, k). Asci 35-55×15-26 μm (x̄ = 45.7×17.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, apedicellate, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. 25f, i, j, m). Ascospores 14.5-17.5×5-7.5 μm (x̄ = 16.5×5.8 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, obclavate, hyaline, two-celled, lower cells longer than upper cells, slightly constricted at the septum, with guttulate ornamentation (Fig. 25g, ...
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... μm (x̄ = 45.7×17.2 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, apedicellate, ocular chamber not observed (Fig. 25f, i, j, m). Ascospores 14.5-17.5×5-7.5 μm (x̄ = 16.5×5.8 μm, n=20), 2-3-seriate, obclavate, hyaline, two-celled, lower cells longer than upper cells, slightly constricted at the septum, with guttulate ornamentation (Fig. 25g, ...
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... we have not seen Trichothyrium reptans the account of this species in Müller and von Arx (1962) is identical to that of Actinopeltis peristomalis and therefore the latter genus and the species must be considered a synonym. The type species of Trichothyrium is T. asterophorum (= T. sarciniferum Speg.). MycoBank 563440 Fig. 26a-o Hyperparasitic on other fungi on the upper surface of leaves, not causing leaf spots. Superficial mycelium black, with hyphopodia and forming lobed thalli (Fig. 26d). Thyriothecia 30-40 μm high×90-140 μm diam, circular, gregarious, superficial, submembranaceous, slightly carbonaceous, reddish-brown, basal peridium developed, with a ...
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... and therefore the latter genus and the species must be considered a synonym. The type species of Trichothyrium is T. asterophorum (= T. sarciniferum Speg.). MycoBank 563440 Fig. 26a-o Hyperparasitic on other fungi on the upper surface of leaves, not causing leaf spots. Superficial mycelium black, with hyphopodia and forming lobed thalli (Fig. 26d). Thyriothecia 30-40 μm high×90-140 μm diam, circular, gregarious, superficial, submembranaceous, slightly carbonaceous, reddish-brown, basal peridium developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 26a-c, e, f). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer ...
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... fungi on the upper surface of leaves, not causing leaf spots. Superficial mycelium black, with hyphopodia and forming lobed thalli (Fig. 26d). Thyriothecia 30-40 μm high×90-140 μm diam, circular, gregarious, superficial, submembranaceous, slightly carbonaceous, reddish-brown, basal peridium developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 26a-c, e, f). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 26b, c). Peridium 5-15 μm wide, a single stratum, composed of brown-black pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery and sparse pseudoparaphyses, embedded ...
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... 26d). Thyriothecia 30-40 μm high×90-140 μm diam, circular, gregarious, superficial, submembranaceous, slightly carbonaceous, reddish-brown, basal peridium developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 26a-c, e, f). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 26b, c). Peridium 5-15 μm wide, a single stratum, composed of brown-black pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery and sparse pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage (Fig. 26f, h). Asci 27-49×14-16.5 μm (x̄ =40.2×14.9 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a ...
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... Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 26b, c). Peridium 5-15 μm wide, a single stratum, composed of brown-black pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery and sparse pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage (Fig. 26f, h). Asci 27-49×14-16.5 μm (x̄ =40.2×14.9 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short pedicel 5 μm wide×4 μm long, ocular chamber not apparent (Fig. 26g, i). Ascospores 15-17×5-6 μm (x̄ =16×5.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-3-seriate, clavate, hyaline to pale coloured, two-celled, slightly constricted at septum, ...
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... of brown-black pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact textura angularis. Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery and sparse pseudoparaphyses, embedded in mucilage (Fig. 26f, h). Asci 27-49×14-16.5 μm (x̄ =40.2×14.9 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short pedicel 5 μm wide×4 μm long, ocular chamber not apparent (Fig. 26g, i). Ascospores 15-17×5-6 μm (x̄ =16×5.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-3-seriate, clavate, hyaline to pale coloured, two-celled, slightly constricted at septum, upper cell wider and shorter than lower cell, guttulate, wall smooth ( Fig. ...
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... bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short pedicel 5 μm wide×4 μm long, ocular chamber not apparent (Fig. 26g, i). Ascospores 15-17×5-6 μm (x̄ =16×5.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 2-3-seriate, clavate, hyaline to pale coloured, two-celled, slightly constricted at septum, upper cell wider and shorter than lower cell, guttulate, wall smooth ( Fig. ...
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... maculans (Zopf) Höhn. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 128(7-8): 553 (1919) Fig. 27a-g ≡ Microthyrium maculans Zopf, Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. ...
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... on lichens, forming black spots. Thyriothecia 60-170 μm diam, 35-60 μm high, circular, coniform or subglobose, numerous, gregarious, superficial, 1-2 loculate, membranaceous or slightly carbonaceous, black, basal peridium well developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular, hyphae penetrating lichen (Fig. 27a-c). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 27b). Peridium 8-13 μm wide, a single stratum comprising several layers of compressed cells (Fig. 27c). Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci ...
Context 48
... or subglobose, numerous, gregarious, superficial, 1-2 loculate, membranaceous or slightly carbonaceous, black, basal peridium well developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular, hyphae penetrating lichen (Fig. 27a-c). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 27b). Peridium 8-13 μm wide, a single stratum comprising several layers of compressed cells (Fig. 27c). Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci 47-65×10-14 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short rounded pedicel, apical structure inconspicuous in Congo ...
Context 49
... black, basal peridium well developed, with a central ostiole; in section lenticular, hyphae penetrating lichen (Fig. 27a-c). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 27b). Peridium 8-13 μm wide, a single stratum comprising several layers of compressed cells (Fig. 27c). Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci 47-65×10-14 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short rounded pedicel, apical structure inconspicuous in Congo red (Fig. 27f, g). Ascospores 12-15×4-5 μm, 2-3-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 2-celled, slightly ...
Context 50
... penetrating lichen (Fig. 27a-c). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. 27b). Peridium 8-13 μm wide, a single stratum comprising several layers of compressed cells (Fig. 27c). Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci 47-65×10-14 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short rounded pedicel, apical structure inconspicuous in Congo red (Fig. 27f, g). Ascospores 12-15×4-5 μm, 2-3-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, 1-2 guttulate when mature, smooth- walled (Fig. ...
Context 51
... 27b). Peridium 8-13 μm wide, a single stratum comprising several layers of compressed cells (Fig. 27c). Hamathecium of asci arranged at the periphery, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci 47-65×10-14 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short rounded pedicel, apical structure inconspicuous in Congo red (Fig. 27f, g). Ascospores 12-15×4-5 μm, 2-3-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, 1-2 guttulate when mature, smooth- walled (Fig. ...
Context 52
... not observed or lacking (Fig. 27d). Asci 47-65×10-14 μm, 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, obclavate, with a short rounded pedicel, apical structure inconspicuous in Congo red (Fig. 27f, g). Ascospores 12-15×4-5 μm, 2-3-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoid, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, 1-2 guttulate when mature, smooth- walled (Fig. ...
Context 53
... thought this was a distinct genus and thus validated it. A collection from the UK was examined by Ellis (1977) and is described and illustrated. The thyriothecia are not typical of Microthyrium and therefore placement in Trichothyriaceae may be warranted. Hyperparasitic on fungi, forming black spots on fungi on the lower surface on leaves (Fig. 28a, b). Mycelium superficial, hyphae forming thalli (Fig. 28d). Thyriothecia 230-320 μm diam, 20-40 μm high, gregarious, circular, solitary or clustered, superficial, subcarbonaceous, brown to black, basal peridium relatively well-developed, with a central rounded ostiole, in section lenticular (Fig. 28b, c, e-g). Upper wall composed of ...
Context 54
... it. A collection from the UK was examined by Ellis (1977) and is described and illustrated. The thyriothecia are not typical of Microthyrium and therefore placement in Trichothyriaceae may be warranted. Hyperparasitic on fungi, forming black spots on fungi on the lower surface on leaves (Fig. 28a, b). Mycelium superficial, hyphae forming thalli (Fig. 28d). Thyriothecia 230-320 μm diam, 20-40 μm high, gregarious, circular, solitary or clustered, superficial, subcarbonaceous, brown to black, basal peridium relatively well-developed, with a central rounded ostiole, in section lenticular (Fig. 28b, c, e-g). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the ...
Context 55
... spots on fungi on the lower surface on leaves (Fig. 28a, b). Mycelium superficial, hyphae forming thalli (Fig. 28d). Thyriothecia 230-320 μm diam, 20-40 μm high, gregarious, circular, solitary or clustered, superficial, subcarbonaceous, brown to black, basal peridium relatively well-developed, with a central rounded ostiole, in section lenticular (Fig. 28b, c, e-g). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. ...
Context 56
... μm diam, 20-40 μm high, gregarious, circular, solitary or clustered, superficial, subcarbonaceous, brown to black, basal peridium relatively well-developed, with a central rounded ostiole, in section lenticular (Fig. 28b, c, e-g). Upper wall composed of cuboids cells which form parallel radiating lines from the central ostiole to the outer rim (Fig. ...
Context 57
... 5-10 μm wide, brown-black, comprising a single stratum of closely packed cells of textura angularis (Fig. 28e, f). Hamathecium comprising asci immersed in mucilage, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking. Asci 26-40×14-21 μm (x̄ =31.3-16.7 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, saccate or obovate, apedicellate (Fig. 28i, l). Ascospores 5-8×2.5-4 μm (x̄ =6.5-3.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 4-5-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, 2-celled, slightly ...
Context 58
... 5-10 μm wide, brown-black, comprising a single stratum of closely packed cells of textura angularis (Fig. 28e, f). Hamathecium comprising asci immersed in mucilage, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking. Asci 26-40×14-21 μm (x̄ =31.3-16.7 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, saccate or obovate, apedicellate (Fig. 28i, l). Ascospores 5-8×2.5-4 μm (x̄ =6.5-3.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 4-5-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled (Fig. 28j, ...
Context 59
... in mucilage, pseudoparaphyses not observed or lacking. Asci 26-40×14-21 μm (x̄ =31.3-16.7 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, saccate or obovate, apedicellate (Fig. 28i, l). Ascospores 5-8×2.5-4 μm (x̄ =6.5-3.1 μm, n=20), overlapping 4-5-seriate, hyaline, ellipsoidal, 2-celled, slightly constricted at the septum, smooth-walled (Fig. 28j, ...
Context 60
... corrientinum Speg., Anal. Soc. cient. argent. 12(3): 113 (1881) Fig. 29a-l Saprobic on the surface of leaves or stems, as small black spots, superficial mycelium absent. Thyriothecia 77-108 μm high×270-370 μm diam, circular, scattered rarely coalescing, superficial, subcarbonaceous and brittle, black, flattened, basal layer slightly developed, with a central irregular ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. ...
Context 61
... 113 (1881) Fig. 29a-l Saprobic on the surface of leaves or stems, as small black spots, superficial mycelium absent. Thyriothecia 77-108 μm high×270-370 μm diam, circular, scattered rarely coalescing, superficial, subcarbonaceous and brittle, black, flattened, basal layer slightly developed, with a central irregular ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 29a-c, e, g). Upper wall comprising radiating parallel cells, cells at margin branching ( Fig. 29c, d). Peridium 19-30 μm wide, comprising two-strata, an outer layer composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact thick-walled textura epidermoidea, an inner layer comprised of light brown cells of textura angularis (Fig. 29f, g). ...
Context 62
... mycelium absent. Thyriothecia 77-108 μm high×270-370 μm diam, circular, scattered rarely coalescing, superficial, subcarbonaceous and brittle, black, flattened, basal layer slightly developed, with a central irregular ostiole; in section lenticular (Fig. 29a-c, e, g). Upper wall comprising radiating parallel cells, cells at margin branching ( Fig. 29c, d). Peridium 19-30 μm wide, comprising two-strata, an outer layer composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact thick-walled textura epidermoidea, an inner layer comprised of light brown cells of textura angularis (Fig. 29f, g). Hamathecium of dense pseudoparaphyses which are longer than asci and immersed in mucilage and ...
Context 63
... lenticular (Fig. 29a-c, e, g). Upper wall comprising radiating parallel cells, cells at margin branching ( Fig. 29c, d). Peridium 19-30 μm wide, comprising two-strata, an outer layer composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact thick-walled textura epidermoidea, an inner layer comprised of light brown cells of textura angularis (Fig. 29f, g). Hamathecium of dense pseudoparaphyses which are longer than asci and immersed in mucilage and inclined towards the center (Fig. 29i, l). Asci 55-60×18-26 μm (x̄ =56.6×21.3 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ellipsoidal to wide fusiform, with a short 6-4×4-3 μm pedicel and lacking an ocular chamber, not bluing in IKI ...
Context 64
... μm wide, comprising two-strata, an outer layer composed of black-brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of compact thick-walled textura epidermoidea, an inner layer comprised of light brown cells of textura angularis (Fig. 29f, g). Hamathecium of dense pseudoparaphyses which are longer than asci and immersed in mucilage and inclined towards the center (Fig. 29i, l). Asci 55-60×18-26 μm (x̄ =56.6×21.3 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ellipsoidal to wide fusiform, with a short 6-4×4-3 μm pedicel and lacking an ocular chamber, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 29h, i). Ascospores 18-15.5×8.5-6 μm (x̄ =16.8×7.5 μm, n=20), irregularly arranged in asci, ellipsoidal to ovate with obtuse ends, ...
Context 65
... (Fig. 29f, g). Hamathecium of dense pseudoparaphyses which are longer than asci and immersed in mucilage and inclined towards the center (Fig. 29i, l). Asci 55-60×18-26 μm (x̄ =56.6×21.3 μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ellipsoidal to wide fusiform, with a short 6-4×4-3 μm pedicel and lacking an ocular chamber, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 29h, i). Ascospores 18-15.5×8.5-6 μm (x̄ =16.8×7.5 μm, n=20), irregularly arranged in asci, ellipsoidal to ovate with obtuse ends, hyaline, one celled, with granular appearance (Fig. 29j, ...
Context 66
... μm, n=15), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ellipsoidal to wide fusiform, with a short 6-4×4-3 μm pedicel and lacking an ocular chamber, not bluing in IKI (Fig. 29h, i). Ascospores 18-15.5×8.5-6 μm (x̄ =16.8×7.5 μm, n=20), irregularly arranged in asci, ellipsoidal to ovate with obtuse ends, hyaline, one celled, with granular appearance (Fig. 29j, ...
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... These NPP exhibited very similar trends throughout the entire diagram, indicating a potential relationship between them. Microthyrium, a genus of saprophytic fungi that thrives on leaf litter [36], and Pinus stomata, which signal the presence of leaf tissue fragments of local origin in sediments [37], can both serve as indicators of sedimentary leaf litter accumulation, particularly from Pinus. ...
Ecological records from before and after the creation of natural parks are valuable for informing conservation and management but are often unavailable. High-resolution paleoecological studies may bridge the gap and provide the required information. This paper presents a 20th-century subdecadal reconstruction of vegetation and landscape dynamics in a national park of the Pyrenean highlands. The park lands had traditionally been used for cultivation, extensive grazing, forest exploitation, and hydroelectricity generation following the damming of numerous glacial lakes. A significant finding is that forests have dominated the landscape, with negligible changes in composition, and only experienced fluctuations in forest cover, influenced by both climatic and anthropogenic factors. The creation of the park (1955) and the initial restrictions on forest exploitation did not significantly affect vegetation cover or composition. Major forest expansion did not occur until several decades later, 1980, when the park was enlarged and forest exploitation was further restricted. This expansion peaked in the 1990s, coinciding with a warming trend and a decrease in fire incidence, before declining due to warmer and drier climates. This decline was coeval with the ongoing global forest dieback and may be exacerbated by the predicted global warming in this century, which could also increase fire incidence due to dead-wood accumulation. Currently, the main threats are global warming/drying, fire, and tourism intensification. Similar high-resolution paleoecological records in protected areas are globally scarce and would be capable in providing the long-term ecological scope required to properly understand forest dynamics and optimize conservation measures.
... In MrBayes on XSEDE (3.2.7a), four simultaneous Markov chains were run for 2,000,000 generations; trees were sampled and printed every 2,000 generations. The first 25% of all trees were submitted to the burn-in phase and discarded, while the remaining trees were used to compute posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree (Cai et al. 2006(Cai et al. , 2008Wu et al. 2011;Zeng et al. 2019). ...
The genus Ciliochorella is a group of pestalotioid fungi, which typically occurs in subtropical and tropical areas. Species from the Ciliochorella genus play important roles in the decomposition of litter. In this study, we introduce two new species ( Ciliochorella chinensis sp. nov. and C. savannica sp. nov. ) that were found on leaf litter collected from savanna-like vegetation in hot dry valleys of southwestern China. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS and tub2 sequence datasets indicated that C. chinensis and C. savannica respectively form a distinct clade within the Ciliochorella genus. The comparison of the morphological characteristics indicated that the two new species are well differentiated within this genus species. Analysis of the evolutionary history suggests that Ciliochorella originated from the Eurasian continent during the Paleogene (38 Mya). Further, we find that both new species can produce cellulase and laccase, playing a decomposer role.
... Some exist as infections that affect humans, animals, and plants. Others live as parasites, such as endophytes or fungicolous or parasitic fungi [5][6][7]. The fungal genus Clonostachys (teleomorph Bionectria) belongs to the suborder Sordariomycetes of the Bionectriaceae family in Ascomycota. ...
During an investigation of micro-fungi in soil, two fungal isolates belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, namely KNUF-20-NI011 and KNUF-20-NI006, were collected from Gyeongbuk Province and Dokdo Island in Korea and identified as Clonostachys divergens and Chrysosporium merdarium, respectively. The fungal isolates were confirmed through molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions, 28S rDNA large subunit, and β-tubulin sequences. Cultural and morphological characteristics were observed and determined using different media. These species were identified based on phylogenetic relationships along with their cultural and morphological characteristics. To our knowledge, this is the first report on Clonostachys divergens and Chrysosporium merdarium in Korea.
... Trichothyriella quercigena (Berk. ex Cooke) Theiss., which is the type of species of the monotypic genus Trichothyriella, was reported on the leaves of the Quercus species in Sikkim [108] and is a hyperparasite on topical folicolous microfungi [149,150] . Eudarluca caricis (Fr.) ...
Fungi play a critical role in plant pathology, and impacts human economy and food security. This study focuses on compiling a checklist of phytopathogenic fungi and their plant hosts reported from Sikkim, India and examines the association between those fungi and plant hosts through Cramer's V test and dplyr based data mining in R program with aim to aid in disease management. The study compiled a checklist of 90 phytopathogenic fungal species under 23 orders, 38 families and 60 genera and 82 species of plant hosts under 38 families and 68 genera and found significant affinities (p < 0.05) between fungal taxa and host families. However, associations between fungal taxa with host species was not significant. Jaccard Index of Similarity showed preference towards host family was most common (0.11) between Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, while preference towards host genus was least common (0.00) between Basidiomycota and Oomycota. The study emphasizes the potential of data mining as a tool for identifying patterns of association between phytopathogenic fungi and their plant hosts, identifying alternative hosts, and the significance of phytopathogenic fungi as a source of bioactive compounds like antibiotics and enzymes, as well as their potential to produce mycotoxins and allergenic contaminants that pose a threat to human health. The study suggests further evaluation of the role of endophytes and saprophytes (facultative parasites) in disease development, documention of disease incidence locations, and identification of fungal phytopathogens at the strain, pathotype, or forma specialis level towards effective disease monitoring and management.
... Genera in the family were reappraised several times by Wu et al. [4][5][6]. They conducted the first phylogenetic analysis of Microthyriaceae using the LSU and SSU dataset and remained seven sexual genera from 50 in the family [7]. Wijayawardene et al. [8,9] accepted nine genera in the family, including two asexual genera, Hamatispora [10] and Neoanungitea [11]. ...
... However, its taxonomic studies have greatly advanced with molecular data resulting in a rapid increase of genera numbers. Formerly, only seven genera were accepted in the family by Wu et al. [7], nine were accepted by Wijayawardene et al. [8,9], 11 were accepted by Hongsanan et al. [12], and 18 were accepted at present (this study). However, most genera contained fewer species, such as eight monotypic genera, Chaetothyriothecium, Hamatispora, Keqinzhangia, Paramicrothyrium, Pseudomicrothyrium, Pseudocoronospora, Tumidispora, and the new genus Pseudocorniculariella, and four genera with two or three species. ...
Microthyriaceae is typified by the sexual genus Microthyrium, with eight asexual genera. Three interesting isolates were collected during our investigation of freshwater fungi from the wetlands in Guizhou Province, southwest China. Three new asexual morphs are identified. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS and LSU gene regions revealed the placement of these isolates in Microthyriaceae (Microthyriales, Dothideomycetes). Based on the morphology and phylogenetic evidence, two new asexual genera, Paramirandina and Pseudocorniculariella, and three new species, Pa. aquatica, Pa. cymbiformis, and Ps. guizhouensis, are introduced. Descriptions and illustrations of the new taxa are provided, with a phylogenetic tree of Microthyriales and related taxa.
... Fungal foliar epiphytes are an enthralling group of species that mainly occur on the surface of plant leaves (Wu et al. 2011, Hyde et al. 2013, Hongsanan et al. 2016, Chethana et al. 2021, Marasinghe et al. 2022a. They are polyphyletic and ubiquitous, and most belong to Ascomycetes , Hongsanan et al. 2016, Marasinghe et al. 2022a. ...
... The nutritional modes of foliar epiphytes vary and include saprobes, plant parasites, fungal parasites, and lichens (Carroll 1991, Gilbert & Reynolds 2002, 2005, Hongsanan et al. 2016, Chethana et al. 2021. However, most foliar epiphytes are obligate parasites that can harm host plants by invading host cells for nutrition intake (Wu et al. 2011, Chethana et al. 2021, Marasinghe et al. 2022b. In some species, the covering of hyphae on the surface of the plant might cause marketability issues , Hyde et al. 2018. ...
... In some species, the covering of hyphae on the surface of the plant might cause marketability issues , Hyde et al. 2018. Even though the taxonomic history of foliar epiphytes is vast and has been studied extensively for decades, there are still countless unidentified species (Dickinson & Preece 1976, Blakeman 1981, Fokkema & van den Heuvel 1986, Carroll 1991, Wu et al. 2011, Hyde et al. 2013, 2017, Marasinghe et al. 2022b). In addition, there are still many taxonomic ambiguities in foliar epiphytes because many ACCCGCTGAACTTAAGC-3') (Vilgalys andHester, 1990, Rehner andSamuels, 1994) and nuclear ITS was amplified using the primers ITS5 (5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3') and ITS4 (5'-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') (White et al. 1990). ...
During our ongoing studies of fungal diversity on leaf litter, two exciting species were collected from Thailand. Morphological examination coupled with phylogenetic analyses revealed that our species belongs to Paramicrothyrium and Tumidispora in Microthyriaceae. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian analyses of combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large nuclear subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequence data were performed to clarify the phylogenetic affinities of the species. Based on their distinctive morphological traits and phylogenetic support, the new species Paramicrothyrium bambusae and Tumidispora thailandica were introduced. In addition, the new species were compared with phylogenetically and morphologically closely related species, and detailed descriptions, micrographs, and phylogenetic trees of the new species are provided.
... R8 were observed (Ajitomi et al. 2017). It is unclear whether the SBFS Stomiopeltis-like fungi belong in the Micropeltidaceae (Zeng et al. 2019) or Phaeothecoidiellaceae (Zeng et al. 2018) and whether Stomiopeltis is polyphyletic (Hongsanan et al. 2017;Wijayawardene et al. 2018;Wu et al. 2011). Reproductive structures of these fungi on apple and, perhaps, additional regions of the DNA are required to clarify the taxonomic placement of this widely distributed and important member of the SBFS assemblage. ...
Fungi in the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) complex blemish fruit and reduce the market value of fresh-market apples. In 2010, apples were collected from 16 orchards in northern Spain that had received few to no fungicide sprays. SBFS colonies with the subtending cuticle were excised, pressed, and shipped to Ames, Iowa, United States, for isolation. A total of 213 sequences were aligned after a portion of the rRNA was amplified with primer pair VG9/LR5, and two regions were sequenced with primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 and LROR/LR5. Distance and parsimony analyses of the 28S gene sequences were used to compare the collection with previously isolated SBFS species. Most isolates (89%) were within the subclass Dothideomycetes, order Capnodiales. Within this order, the predominant genus was Schizothyrium (anamorph Zygophiala) (86 isolates), including S. pomi, Z. cryptogama, Z. cylindrica, and two previously undescribed putative species. Also widely prevalent were Microcyclosporella mali (45 isolates), four Microcyclospora spp. (36 isolates), and four Stomiopeltis-like putative species (34 isolates). Seven isolates were within the Eurotiomycetes. Twenty-five putative species were delineated using the ITS sequences and morphological characterization. These included 11 species previously named and reported as members of the SBFS complex, two putative SBFS species that were previously reported but have not yet been described, and 12 newly detected putative SBFS species. The findings add substantially to knowledge of the taxonomic diversity of this ectophytic fungal assemblage in Europe.
[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
... They are characterized by the presence of catathecia, i.e., flattened perithecia with a well-developed upper and lower peridial wall, and densely packed hyphae that form bands covering hyphae of the host fungus. The delimitation of species in this genus is ambiguous, as only a few morphological characteristics are used, such as the size of ascospores (Wu et al., 2011;Hongsanan et al., 2020). ...
... As a result, the total number of records has increased much more rapidly than the total number of known species since the 1980s. A plateau of the curves of records and species indicates that hyperparasites on Meliolales were not investigated during the last 20 years, except for one new species combination, Trichothyrium peristomale, proposed by Wu et al. (2011). Most current studies on hyperparasitic fungi have focused on their use in biocontrol experiments, which are directed toward reducing the damage caused by a plant pathogen (Day, 2002). ...
Hyperparasitism on plant-parasitic fungi is a widespread but rarely studied phenomenon. Here, for the first time, we compile in a checklist information provided by peer-reviewed literature for fungi growing on colonies of black mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota), a species-rich group of tropical and subtropical plant-parasitic microfungi. The checklist contains information on 189 species of contact-biotrophic microfungi in 82 genera. They belong to seven morphological groups: dematiaceous hyphomycetes, moniliaceous hyphomycetes, pycnidioid, perithecioid, catathecioid, and apothecioid fungi. By the fact that species accumulation curves do not reach saturation for any tropical country, it is evident that the knowledge of the diversity of hyperparasitic fungi on Meliolales is incomplete. A network analysis of records of hyperparasitic fungi, their host fungi and host plants shows that genera of hyperparasitic fungi are generalists concerning genera of Meliolales. However, most species of hyperparasitic fungi are restricted to meliolalean hosts. In addition to hyperparasitic fungi, diverse further microorganisms use meliolalean colonies as ecological niche. Systematic positions of most species are unknown because DNA sequence data are lacking for species of fungi hyperparasitic on Meliolales. We discuss the specific challenges of obtaining DNA sequence data from hyperparasitic fungi. In order to better understand the diversity, evolution and biology of hyperparasitic fungi, it is necessary to increase sampling efforts and to undertake further morphological, molecular, and ecological studies.
... In MrBayes v.3.2 [37], six simultaneous Markov chains were run for 2,000,000 generations; trees were sampled and printed every 100 generations. The first 5000 trees were submitted to the burn-in phase and discarded, while the remaining trees were used for calculating posterior probabilities in the majority rule consensus tree [38][39][40][41]. ...
The members of Phyllachora are biotrophic, obligate plant parasitic fungi featuring a high degree of host specificity. This genus also features a high degree of species richness and worldwide distribution. In this study, four species occurring on leaf and stem of two different species of grass were collected from Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces, China. Based on morphological analysis, multigene (combined data set of LSU, SSU, and ITS) phylogenetic analyses (maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis), and host relationship, we introduce herein four new taxa of Phyllachora. Ancestral area reconstruction analysis showed that the ancestral area of Phyllachora occurred in Latin America about 194 Mya. Novel taxa are compared with the related Phyllachora species. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each species.
... The fossil specimens are housed in the W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences (Kraków) as collection Adamów 2017. The terminology for the morphology of fungal remains follows Korf (1958), Kirk et al. (2008), and Wu et al. (2011). The taxonomy of fungi follows Wijayawardene et al. (2018), Hyde et al. (2020) andMycoBank (2020). ...
... The poor state of preservation of the discussed fungal fossils prevents a reliable assessment of their taxonomical relationships. Similar sporocarps with roundish, central ostiole are usually found among members of the Microthyriaceae family (Wu et al. 2011). Up to now 14 fossilspecies of fossil-genus Trichothyrites have been described from Cenozoic deposits (Kalgutkar and Jansonius 2000;MycoBank 2020). ...
... The poor state of preservation, however, prevents from unequivocal classification to the fossil-species. Sporocarps of the fossil-genus Stomiopeltis Theissen differ in having a non-radiate structure of the scutellum, which is common in modern representatives of the Micropeltidaceae family (Kalgutkar and Jansonius 2000;Wu et al. 2011). From Poland remains of Plochmopeltinites (as Plochmopeltinites sp.) were reported only from Miocene lignite deposits from Legnica (Worobiec 2003a). ...
The remains of fungi from a wetland environment have been found during palynological investigations of the middle Miocene lignite seam of the Adamów Lignite Mine (central Poland). One new fossil-genus Pleosporomyces and five new fossil-species (Canalisporium lignitum, Dictyosporites muriformis, Dictyosporites zeaformis, Microthyriacites radiatus, and Pleosporomyces adamowensis) are described. Fungal biota accompanying middle Miocene wetland plant associations from Adamów are represented by remains of ascomycetes and anamorphic fungi (hyphomycetes) saprophytic on decaying wood and on fallen leaves in a very humid, periodically flooded environment. These fungi most probably represent remains of fungal taxa of pocosin-like wetland communities, as suggested by the results of the palynological investigations and have grown during the accumulation of peat deposits from which the discussed lignite seam was formed. Epiphyllous taxa along with ascospores of Potamomyces sp. indicate a warm and humid climate with a high mean annual precipitation in central Poland during the formation of the 1st mid-Polish lignite seam.
