Figure 2 - uploaded by Barkat Ullah
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Pistacia integerrima, is a well known plant among Pakistani indigenous medicinal plants and used very commonly in the management of various diseases. In this research work the pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical and physicochemical parameters of the P. integerrima bark was carried out for standardization, quality, purity and sample identificatio...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
This research represents the first study on the effect of different solvent extractions on the total phenols, tannins, and flavonoids content of indigenous medicinal plant Blumea arnakidophora from Sabah. A total of three solvent types were used in this study: 80% methanol, hot water and distilled water. Determination of phytochemical contents ment...
Diabetes is the most growing disease and becoming the third ‘killer’ of mankind, after cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. According to the Diabetes Prevalence Survey of Pakistan (2017), approximately 21.9 million adult population of Pakistan is suffering from diabetes mellitus. Pakistan’s Nation...
Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade) is an indigenous medicinal plant that has been utilized in traditional medical systems for ages. S. nigrum includes bioactive substances such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins, according to phytochemical research. Extracts and isolated chemicals indicate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,...
Citations
... stem bark at a concentration of 100 mg kg −1 showed strong in vivo anti-GIT motility effect (p < .05) in BALB-c mice, compared with control group receiving atropine sulphate. As atropine exerts its antimotility effect on GIT through blockage of gastric muscarinic cholinergic receptors, P. integerrima extract is thought to act via same mechanism(Almubayedh et al., 2018;Ismail et al., 2011). Another in vivo study in mice animal model evaluated the antidiarrheal activity for P. integerrima plant, where a potent protective activity against castor oil-induced diarrhea was observed. ...
... In the group administrated with the extract mixture prior to CCl 4 administration, the serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP decreased to 310, 105.80 and 571 U L −1 , respectively, whereas the group treated with the mixture following CCl 4 administration revealed a considerable decrease in enzyme levels to 109.2, 79.4 and 225.8 U L −1 , respectively. These results demonstrate that the curative effect of P. integerrima is more potent than its protective effect against CCl 4 -induced injury(Khan et al., 2011). A parallel study conducted on P. integerrima extract alone showed similar results(Khan et al., 2004). ...
Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F. is a valuable medicinal plant used in south Asian communities for the treatment of asthma, diarrhea, diabetes, liver diseases, fever, pain and inflammation. This review critically evaluates the available information on P. integerrima’s ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, and so forth, books and theses were used to find relevant information about P. integerrima using keywords such as “Pistacia integerrima ,” “P. integerrima ,” “Ethnopharmacology,” “Phytochemistry,” “Traditional uses”. A number of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities have been reported; however, the most promising and attractive activity observed was its role in Alzheimer, diabetes, convulsions, cancer, asthma, diabetes, diarrhea and as an immunomodulatory, analgesic and antiinflammatory. In addition, Pistagremic acid exerted anti‐Alzheimer’s activity based on a hitherto unknown mechanism through interference with the amyloidogenic pathway. Most of the pharmacological activities were linked with traditional uses. A range of compounds have been reported from P. integerrima extracts including triterpenes, volatile oils, flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolic, phytosterols, tannins and oligosaccharides as well as unknown triterpenes and flavonoids. Pistagremic acid, a novel triterpene, was attributed to most of the activities. in vivo toxicological studies in animal suggested a toxic dose of 1,500 mg kg⁻¹, for its methanolic extract. All reported pharmacological activities were carried out in vitro and a gap in research, that is, preclinical and clinical investigation exists. Its outstanding activity as an antiglycating agent is the most promising and a so far unique activity and needs further evaluation. In‐depth research and clinical trials on human subjects in order to investigate P. integerrima pharmacological activity, clinical efficacy and safety are crucial next steps.
... The depressant action of P. integerrima on the central nervous system has been reported. Different types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potentials have been isolated from the galls of Pistacia integerrima [12,13]. A number of other bioactive compounds like monoterpenes, triterpenoids, sterol dihydromalvalic acid and flavonoids, have also been reported from the different parts of Pistacia species [14,15,16]. ...
The galls of Pistacia integerrima are utilized in folk medicines for the treatment of cough, asthma, dysentery, liver disorders and for snake bite. A number of biological active compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and sterols from leaf, stem, bark, galls and fruit of this plant have been isolated. A number of authors have attempted to evaluate the medicinal potentials of this plant. Owing to the numerous ethno medicinal uses Pistacia integerrima the present study was aimed to isolate bioactive phenolic compounds from this plant and evaluate its antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potentials against acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE). The ethyl acetate fraction was highly potent in scavenging the DPPH and ABTS free radicals (86.07 ± 0.92% and 83.50 ± 1.03% respectively) and inhibiting the selected enzymes (80.80 ± 2.45 and 82.56 ± 0.65 against AChE and BChE respectively). Two compounds, quercetin and pyrogallol were isolated for the first time from this plant. The isolated compounds were characterized by HPLC, FTIR and 1H-NMR. From the results it was concluded that this plant can be useful in releaving the oxidative stress and in the treatment neurological disorders.
... Antimicrobial effects of the gall extracts on Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and filamentous fungi have been proven [41]. The galls of Pistacia integerrima J. L. Stewart (zebrawood), a variety of Pistacia chinensis, are well-investigated [42]. These gall extracts have anti-diarrheal [43], anti-asthmatic, anti-psoriatic, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective attributes [44][45][46]. ...
Galls, the abnormal growths in plants, induced by virus, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods, or even other plants, are akin to cancers in fauna. The galls which occur in a myriad of forms are phytochemically-distinct from the normal plant tissues, for these are the sites of tug-of-war, just like the granuloma in animals. To counter the stressors, in the form of the effector proteins of the invaders, the host plants elaborate a large repertoire of metabolites, which they normally will not produce. Perturbation of the jasmonic acid pathway, and the overexpression of auxin, and cytokinin, promote the tissue proliferation and the resultant galls. Though the plant family characteristics and the attackers determine the gall biochemistry, most of the galls are rich in bioactive phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, anthocyanins, purpurogallin, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenes, alkaloids, lipophilic components (tanshinone) etc. Throughout the long trajectory of evolution, humans have learned to use the galls as therapeutics, much like other plant parts. In diverse cultures, the evidence of folkloric usage of galls abound. Among others, galls from the plant genus like Rhus, Pistacia, Quercus, Terminalia etc. are popular as ethnomedicine. This review mines the literature on galling agents, and the medicinal relevance of galls.
... Pistacia integerrima belongs to family Anacardiacea, commonly known as kakar singhi which is found in Eastern Himalayan range from Indus to Kumaon (Ismail et al., 2011), at height of 12000 to 8000 feet. P. integerrima is a medium sized deciduous tree having medicinal value such as anti-inflammatory, blood purifier, and remedy for gastrointestinal disorders, expectorant, cough, asthma, fever, vomiting and diarrhea according to our former studies (Uddin et al., 2011) (Ahmad et al., 2010). ...
Phytochemical investigation of Pistacia integerrima delighted the isolation of two known compounds naringenin (1) and dihydrokaempferol (2). The crude extract and its isolated compounds naringenin (1) and dihydrokaempferol (2) were evaluated for their effects on the reversion of multidrug resistant (MDR) mediated by P-glycoprotein ((P-gp). The multidrug resistant P-glycoprotein is target for chemotherapeutic drugs from cancer cells. In the present study rhodamine- 123 exclusion screening test on human mdr1 gene transfected mouse gene transfected L5178 and L5178Y mouse T-cell lymphoma which showed excellent MDR reversing effect in a dose dependent manner against mouse T-lymphoma cell line. In the present work, in-silico molecular docking investigation was also carried out to analyzed, a common binding site for Rhodamine123, compounds naringenin (1) and dihydrokaempferol (2). Our results showed that the relative docking energies estimated by docking softwares were in satisfactory correlation with the experimental activities. Preliminary interaction profile of P-gp docked complexes were also analysed in order to understand the nature of binding modes of these compounds. Our computational investigation suggested that the compounds interactions with the hydrophobic pocket of P-gp are mainly related to the inhibitory activity. Moreover this study will provide a platform for the discovery of novel natural compounds from herbal origin, as inhibitor molecules against the P-glycoprotein for the treatment of cancer.
... Saponins were identified by formation of froth upon simple shaking (Shaking test). Tannins and phenols were identified on addition of ferric chloride to the extract solution; the appearance of blue or green ppt indicated the presence of tannins [16]. The existence of glycoside in the sample was identified by performing Salkowski"s test as well as Libermann-burchard"s test; Orange-reddish color at the junction of 2 layers confirms the presence of glycosides. ...
ABSTRACT
The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanolic extract of Flemingia macrophylla (FM) were evaluated. In the analgesic test, formaldehyde induced writhing test in mice, the extract of FM was found to have significant (p < 0.0001) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 400 mg/kg and 200mg/kg b. wt. respectively in compared to the standard drug of diclofenac-Na at the dose of 25mg/kg. The plant possesses antipyretic activity which was evident that it had started to reduce body temperature starting from the 2nd hr of administration of sample to yeast induced mice. This was happened only the higher dose (500 mg/kg) of the FM extract which was showed significant (p < 0.05) reduction of pyrexia. In in-vitro anti-inflammatory test, the doses of 200μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 50μg/ml, 25μg/ml and 12.5μg/ml of the crude ethanol FM extract showed significant (p < 0.001) mean inhibition of protein denaturation.
Keywords-Flemingia macrophylla, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory
... The presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins and anthraquinonein galls-extracts was established; flavonoids were present in fourextract, whereas saponins absent in all extracts; alkaloids were present in three extracts, obtained with ethyl acetate, methanol and water, in this study. As reported, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, reducing sugar, soluble starch, and tannins were found in P. integerrima galls-extracts obtained with various fraction (Uddin G, et al., 2012);and alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and sterols were recorded with P. integerrima stem bark chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions (Muhammad I, et al., 2011). Monoterpenes triterpenoids sterols, dihydromalvalic acid and flavonoids have been isolated from the different parts of Pistacia species (Ahmad NS, et al., 2010 andAhmad NS, et al., 2008). ...
... The pharmacognostic profile of the plant was reported using our previous reported method (Muhammad et al., 2012;Ismail et al., 2011). Vein islet number, vein termination number, palisade ratio, stomatal number and stomatal indices were calculated from 1 mm 2 pieces of leaf of A. aspera boiled in concentrated chloral hydrate solution under high power compound microscope. ...
... There are several plants within the same genus with similar structure and with different microscopic characteristics, however the medicinal value of these morphological similar plants vary from each other. Pharmacognostic studies help in the identification of specific plants possessing organoleptic and microscopic characteristics (Ismail et al., 2011). Glibenclamide is a sulfonylurea derivative and commonly used in the management of diabetes mellitus type II; it causes hypoglycemia by stimulating beta cells of pancreas and increasing release of insulin and inhibiting glucagon secretion. ...
In the present study, the ethanolic extract of Achyranthus aspera L. Leaves (EEA) were investigated for their pharmacognostic characteristics and hypoglycemic effects. The pharmacognosy of the plant was carried out using microscopic and macroscopic tools. Macroscopic studies revealed that the leaves were cauline, ramel, opposite, exstipulate, simple, sub-sessile, ovate, entire, acute, unicostate, reticulate, rough, coriaceous and hairy. The stem was erect, herbaceous, quadrangular, branched, solid, green and pubescent, while various internal parts were observed using powder drug for microscopic study. The hypoglycemic effect of the plant was studied in healthy normoglycemic rabbits. The EEA was tested in three doses (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg), and a dose dependent hypoglycemic effect was observed. The most significant hypoglycemic effect was observed against higher dose (200 mg/kg) which remained for 5 h while the hypoglycemic effect remained significant for 3 h against the lower dose. It was concluded that EEA has hypoglycemic properties and it is recommended for the treatment of diabetes mellitus II.
... The pharmacognostic study of crude drug is very essential for the identification of medicinal plants and prevention of adulteration ( Ismail et al., 2011). Medicinal plants have acquired increasing significance in development of cooperation among various organizations in the recent years. ...
This study was performed to conduct the pharmacognostic study of Coleus forskohlii Linn. and Rosmarinus officinalis and find larvicidal and phytotoxic effects of these plants. The pharmacognostic parameters for both plants were set out using macroscopic and microscopic methods and the larvicidal and phytotoxic potential was determined using recommended methods. Various pharmacognostic parameters such as stomatal index, palisade ratio, vein islet number and vein termination number were determined for both plants. In the powder drug of both plants, various fragments were detected such as epidermal cells, non-glandular trichomes, and glandular sessile and stalked trichomes, epidermal cells with stomata. Biological activity of ethanolic extract of C. forskohlii and R. officinalis showed that R. officinalis extract is more effective than C. forskohlii against Culex quinquefasciantus larvae. In case of phytotoxic effect, the effect of R. officinalis was better than C. forskohlii. Both tested plants were found to be phytotoxic and larvicidal.
... actions is the part of our research work on Pakistani medicinal plants ( Barkatullah et al., 2011;Ismail M et al., 2011;Muhammad and Saeed, 2011;Rahman et al., 2011a;Rahman et al., 2011b;Raziq et al., 2011). ...
... actions is the part of our research work on Pakistani medicinal plants ( Barkatullah et al., 2011;Ismail M et al., 2011;Muhammad and Saeed, 2011;Rahman et al., 2011a;Rahman et al., 2011b;Raziq et al., 2011). ...
... Saponins were identified by formation of froth upon simple shaking (frothing test). Tannins and phenols were identified on addition of ferric chloride to the extract solution; the appearance of blue or green ppt indicated the presence of tannins [16]. Sterols and triterpenoids were identified on addition of few drops of acetic anhydride to the extract solution, boiled, cooled and then add concentrated sulphuric acid, producing brown ring at the junction of two layers, the turning of upper layer to green indicated sterols and deep red color indicated triterpenoids [17]. ...
Pyrexia, algesia and inflammation are associated with several pathological conditions. Synthetic drugs available for the treatment of these conditions cause multiple unwanted effects. Several studies are ongoing worldwide to find natural healing agents with better safety profile. The current study was thus aimed at evaluating antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of whole plant of V. betonicifolia (VBME).
VBME was employed to assess antipyretic activity in yeast induced hyperthermia. Analgesic profile was ascertained in acetic acid induced writhing, hot plat and tail immersion test. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory activity was tested in carrageenan induced paw edema and histamine induced inflammatory tests. BALB/c mice were used at test doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight intra peritoneally (i.p).
In yeast induced pyrexia, VBME demonstrated dose dependently (78.23%) protection at 300 mg/kg, similar to standard drug, paracetamol (90%) at 150 mg/kg i.p. VBME showed a dose dependent analgesia in various pain models i.e. acetic acid, hot plat and tail immersion having 78.90%, 69.96% and 68.58% protection respectively at 300 mg/kg. However, the analgesic action of VBME was completely antagonized by the injection of naloxone like opiate antagonists. Similarly carrageenan and histamine induces inflammation was significantly antagonized by VBME, 66.30% and 60.80% respectively at 300 mg/kg.
It is concluded that VBME has marked antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in various animal models and this strongly supports the ethnopharmacological uses of Viola betonicifolia as antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory plant.
