Microscopic structural and cellular findings of control (A–D), 12 wk TEAR (E–H), and 12 wk ACLT (I–L) left menisci. Coronal cross- section (A, E, and I) stained with FG-Saf-O illustrate intact control menisci with even distribution of sulfated GAG through RW and WW zones, a RW zone longitudinal tear in lateral meniscus of TEAR animal, and fibrillation of articulating surface of medial meniscus of ACLT animal [scale bar 1⁄4 2 mm for A, E, and I]; synovial and meniscal junction (B, F, and J) illustrating high proliferation of cells for TEAR (F) and ACLT (J). Meniscus and synovium indicated with M and S, respectively. Articulating surfaces (C, G, and K) for both TEAR and ACLT compared to control [scale bar 1⁄4 200 m m for B, C, F, G, J, and K]; Fibrochondrocyte distribution (D, H, and L) in control menisci appears even, with noticeable cell clustering and cloning for TEAR menisci, indicated with thick arrows, and cell debris for ACLT menisci, indicated by narrow arrows [scale bar 1⁄4 100 m m for D, H, and L]. (Color version of figure is available online.) 

Microscopic structural and cellular findings of control (A–D), 12 wk TEAR (E–H), and 12 wk ACLT (I–L) left menisci. Coronal cross- section (A, E, and I) stained with FG-Saf-O illustrate intact control menisci with even distribution of sulfated GAG through RW and WW zones, a RW zone longitudinal tear in lateral meniscus of TEAR animal, and fibrillation of articulating surface of medial meniscus of ACLT animal [scale bar 1⁄4 2 mm for A, E, and I]; synovial and meniscal junction (B, F, and J) illustrating high proliferation of cells for TEAR (F) and ACLT (J). Meniscus and synovium indicated with M and S, respectively. Articulating surfaces (C, G, and K) for both TEAR and ACLT compared to control [scale bar 1⁄4 200 m m for B, C, F, G, J, and K]; Fibrochondrocyte distribution (D, H, and L) in control menisci appears even, with noticeable cell clustering and cloning for TEAR menisci, indicated with thick arrows, and cell debris for ACLT menisci, indicated by narrow arrows [scale bar 1⁄4 100 m m for D, H, and L]. (Color version of figure is available online.) 

Contexts in source publication

Context 1
... in morphology between control, 12 wk TEAR, and ACLT menisci were observed at the micro- scopic level. Representative cross-sections of control, 12 wk TEAR, and ACLT left-limb menisci are illustrated in Fig. 3. Positive staining for sulfated GAGs appeared to be equally distributed in RW and WW zones for central regions of control animals (Fig. 3A). However, inconsistent coverage of sulfated GAGs was observed in the central regions for lateral TEAR and medial ACLT menisci (Fig. 3B, C, and D). A distinct longitudi- nal tear is observed in the ...
Context 2
... in morphology between control, 12 wk TEAR, and ACLT menisci were observed at the micro- scopic level. Representative cross-sections of control, 12 wk TEAR, and ACLT left-limb menisci are illustrated in Fig. 3. Positive staining for sulfated GAGs appeared to be equally distributed in RW and WW zones for central regions of control animals (Fig. 3A). However, inconsistent coverage of sulfated GAGs was observed in the central regions for lateral TEAR and medial ACLT menisci (Fig. 3B, C, and D). A distinct longitudi- nal tear is observed in the mid-body region of a lateral TEAR meniscus (Fig. 3E). Fibrillation of the medial ACLT menisci is also highlighted in Fig. 3I (inset), which ...
Context 3
... of control, 12 wk TEAR, and ACLT left-limb menisci are illustrated in Fig. 3. Positive staining for sulfated GAGs appeared to be equally distributed in RW and WW zones for central regions of control animals (Fig. 3A). However, inconsistent coverage of sulfated GAGs was observed in the central regions for lateral TEAR and medial ACLT menisci (Fig. 3B, C, and D). A distinct longitudi- nal tear is observed in the mid-body region of a lateral TEAR meniscus (Fig. 3E). Fibrillation of the medial ACLT menisci is also highlighted in Fig. 3I (inset), which was observed in two of the three ACLT medial menisci. Fibrillation was also observed along the supe- rior surface of lateral menisci for both 12 ...
Context 4
... GAGs appeared to be equally distributed in RW and WW zones for central regions of control animals (Fig. 3A). However, inconsistent coverage of sulfated GAGs was observed in the central regions for lateral TEAR and medial ACLT menisci (Fig. 3B, C, and D). A distinct longitudi- nal tear is observed in the mid-body region of a lateral TEAR meniscus (Fig. 3E). Fibrillation of the medial ACLT menisci is also highlighted in Fig. 3I (inset), which was observed in two of the three ACLT medial menisci. Fibrillation was also observed along the supe- rior surface of lateral menisci for both 12 wk TEAR animals. No microscopic fibrillation was observed in any control animals. Compared with healthy ...
Context 5
... of control animals (Fig. 3A). However, inconsistent coverage of sulfated GAGs was observed in the central regions for lateral TEAR and medial ACLT menisci (Fig. 3B, C, and D). A distinct longitudi- nal tear is observed in the mid-body region of a lateral TEAR meniscus (Fig. 3E). Fibrillation of the medial ACLT menisci is also highlighted in Fig. 3I (inset), which was observed in two of the three ACLT medial menisci. Fibrillation was also observed along the supe- rior surface of lateral menisci for both 12 wk TEAR animals. No microscopic fibrillation was observed in any control animals. Compared with healthy control menisci, both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR ani- mals demonstrated ...
Context 6
... menisci. Fibrillation was also observed along the supe- rior surface of lateral menisci for both 12 wk TEAR animals. No microscopic fibrillation was observed in any control animals. Compared with healthy control menisci, both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR ani- mals demonstrated a high proliferation of cells at the synovium-meniscus junction (Fig. 3F), as well as along the periphery of both menisci on deep and superior surfaces (Fig. 3 G). Cell proliferation at the synovium- meniscus junction for ACLT menisci was predomi- nantly demonstrated in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion ...
Context 7
... for both 12 wk TEAR animals. No microscopic fibrillation was observed in any control animals. Compared with healthy control menisci, both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR ani- mals demonstrated a high proliferation of cells at the synovium-meniscus junction (Fig. 3F), as well as along the periphery of both menisci on deep and superior surfaces (Fig. 3 G). Cell proliferation at the synovium- meniscus junction for ACLT menisci was predomi- nantly demonstrated in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion (Fig. 3 K). Cell clustering and chondrocyte cloning was observed in both medial and ...
Context 8
... medial and lateral menisci for TEAR ani- mals demonstrated a high proliferation of cells at the synovium-meniscus junction (Fig. 3F), as well as along the periphery of both menisci on deep and superior surfaces (Fig. 3 G). Cell proliferation at the synovium- meniscus junction for ACLT menisci was predomi- nantly demonstrated in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion (Fig. 3 K). Cell clustering and chondrocyte cloning was observed in both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR animals (Fig. 3H). Cellular debris was observed in both ACLT medial and lateral menisci (Fig. ...
Context 9
... (Fig. 3F), as well as along the periphery of both menisci on deep and superior surfaces (Fig. 3 G). Cell proliferation at the synovium- meniscus junction for ACLT menisci was predomi- nantly demonstrated in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion (Fig. 3 K). Cell clustering and chondrocyte cloning was observed in both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR animals (Fig. 3H). Cellular debris was observed in both ACLT medial and lateral menisci (Fig. ...
Context 10
... at the synovium- meniscus junction for ACLT menisci was predomi- nantly demonstrated in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion (Fig. 3 K). Cell clustering and chondrocyte cloning was observed in both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR animals (Fig. 3H). Cellular debris was observed in both ACLT medial and lateral menisci (Fig. ...
Context 11
... in medial menisci (Fig. 3 J), however, both medial and lateral menisci of ACLT ani- mals experienced superior and deep cellular prolifera- tion (Fig. 3 K). Cell clustering and chondrocyte cloning was observed in both medial and lateral menisci for TEAR animals (Fig. 3H). Cellular debris was observed in both ACLT medial and lateral menisci (Fig. ...

Similar publications

Article
Full-text available
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a common treatment for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, after ACLR, a significant proportion of patients do not return to pre-injury levels. Research on muscle function during movement has important implications in rehabilitation. Methods: Sixty patients with unilatera...
Preprint
Full-text available
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear is one of the most common knee injuries. The ACL reconstruction surgery aims to restore healthy knee function by replacing the injured ligament with a graft. Proper selection of the optimal surgery parameters is a complex task. To this end, we developed an automated modeling framework that accepts subject-speci...
Article
Full-text available
MOURIÑO-CABALEIRO, A.; VILA, H.; SAAVEDRA-GARCÍA, M. A. & FERNÁNDEZ-ROMERO, J. J. Los músculos isquiosurales y su capacidad profiláctica sobre la translación tibial anterior en lesión de ligamento cruzado anterior: Una revisión siste-mática. Int. J. Morphol., 41(4):1009-1014, 2023. RESUMEN: La ruptura de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) es la lesió...
Article
Full-text available
Background: The location and severity of tibiofemoral bone contusions in magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with acute non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries can reflect the primary mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. There has been limited investigation to subdividing the bone contusion model in the medial and la...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: To evaluate the degree of graft healing after "tension suspension" reconstruction of "Sherman II" anterior cruciate ligament injuries versus non-remnant preserving anatomical reconstruction and to compare the clinical outcomes of the two procedures. Method: The clinical data of 64 patients were retrospectively included. There were 31 ca...

Citations

... These results agree with values obtained for contact pressures in this study because it remains almost constant regardless the flexion angle. On the other hand, peak force was the parameter having more significant differences between flexion angles, and healthy and injured knees, perhaps because of the primary role stabilizer that ACL fulfills and because of its rupture, the loads cannot be properly distributed which is the primary reason of the subsequent wounds that affect the knee [6, 17,25,29]. Although, PF values did not change drastically, they vary proportionally to the flexion angle. It is possible that as flexion angle increases femoral condyle moves on the posterior side of the knee loading the menisci and their posterior horns. ...
... On the other hand, it is common that ACL induced rupture, due to abnormal anterior tibial translations, cause collateral damages over soft tissue in the knee joint. Tear of lateral meniscus occurs almost immediately after the ACL rupture [29] and it was corroborated by the morphological analysis of the porcine knees used in this study. This study was made on porcine knees because of the difficulty on obtaining human knees. ...
... The primary healing capacity of ACL tissue is limited compared to other ligaments such as the medial collateral ligament (MCL) due to differences in vascularity, biological environment, and mechanical processes [1][2][3][4][5]. These influences on these factors and potential interventions can be effectively studied with animal injury models [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] . The central defect type partial ACL injury model described by Murray et al is thought to be a mechanically stable model, which enables concentration on healing and repair processes [6, 10, 11]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The mid-substance central defect injury has been used to investigate the primary healing capacity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a goat model. The sagittal plane stability on this model has not been confirmed, and possible effects of fat pad excision on healing have not been evaluated. We hypothesize that excising the fat pad tissue results in poorer ligament healing as assessed histologically and decreased tensile strength of the healing ligament. We further hypothesize that the creation of a central defect does not affect sagittal plane knee stability. A mid-substance central defect was created with a 4-mm arthroscopic punch in the ACLs of right knees of all the subjects through a medial mini-arthrotomy. Goats were assigned to groups based on whether the fat pad was preserved (group 1, n = 5) or excised completely (group 2, n = 5). The left knees served as controls in each goat. Histopathology of the defect area along with measurement of type I collagen in one goat from each group were performed at 10th week postoperatively. The remaining knees were evaluated biomechanically at the 12th week, by measuring anterior tibial translation (ATT) of the knee joints at 90° of flexion and testing tensile properties (ultimate tensile load (UTL), ultimate elongation (UE), stiffness (S), failure mode (FM)) of the femur-ACL-tibia complex. Histopathology analysis revealed that the central defect area was fully filled macroscopically and microscopically. However, myxoid degeneration and fibrosis were observed in group 2 and increased collagen type I content was noted in group 2. There were no significant differences within and between groups in terms of ATT values (p = 0.715 and p = 0.149, respectively). There were no significance between or within groups in terms of ultimate tensile load and ultimate elongation; however, group 2 demonstrated greater stiffness than group 1 that was correlated with the fibrotic changes detected microscopically (p = 0.043). The central defect type injury model was confirmed to be biomechanically stable in a goat model. Resection of the fat pad was noted to negatively affect defect healing and increase ligament stiffness in the central defect injury model.
Article
Objective To clarify and improve a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient stifle stabilization technique using a semitendinosus tendon (ST) autograft fixed with an interference fit screw (IFS) in a closed‐joint trauma lapine osteoarthritis (OA) model. Study Design Experimental OA model. Animals Forty‐one Flemish Giant rabbits. Methods Following arthrotomy of traumatized lapine stifles, the ST insertion on the tibial plateau was exposed and the ST was transected near its origin. The graft was passed through tibial and femoral tunnels, manually tensioned and then secured in place with a custom IFS and periosteal sutures. Drawer was manually assessed during and immediately after surgery intraoperatively. Upon euthanasia, joint laxity was measured at 2, 10, or 22 weeks postoperatively and compared to that of the contralateral, intact stifles and stifles with a surgically transected CrCL. Results Minimal postoperative drawer was present in 34% of the rabbits and potentially correlated with meniscal injury and subsequent meniscectomy. CrCL reconstruction significantly reduced joint laxity to a level (3.6 ± 1.6 mm) similar to that (2.7 ± 0.8 mm) in contralateral intact stifles. Conclusion Surgical replacement of a traumatically injured CrCL using a ST autograft fixed with an IFS replicated a common human surgical technique and effectively restored joint stability in the short, medium, and long terms of the study. Clinical Significance The study provides researchers a useful, clinically relevant, post‐traumatic CrCL deficient rabbit model for the study of OA and investigations of interventions to mitigate or prevent long‐term joint degeneration.
Chapter
This chapter demonstrates the continued high use of rabbits in the areas of atherosclerosis, ophthalmic disease, infectious disease, orthopedic research, and experimental neoplastic research. The chapter provides an overview of these conditions. The total number of rabbits used for research and testing in the United States has declined from a peak value of approximately 550,000 per year in the late 1980s to the current level of approximately 230,000. Several factors contribute to this decline and the most important being the rapid expansion of genetically engineered rodent models, which largely replace rabbits for investigation of many diseases such as candidiasis and variola. Even for conditions such as herpes simplex keratitis in which rabbits are still a classic and frequently used model, murine models have been developed to replace rabbits. These tests were developed in the 1960s and adopted by the Environmental Protection Agency to meet the testing requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The albino rabbit remains the preferred species for both of these tests.
Article
Full-text available
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most frequently injured structures during high-impact sporting activities. Gene expression analysis may be a useful tool for understanding ACL tears and healing failure. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has emerged as an effective method for such studies. However, this technique requires the use of suitable reference genes for data normalization. Here, we evaluated the suitability of six reference genes (18S, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, HPRT1, and TBP) by using ACL samples of 39 individuals with ACL tears (20 with isolated ACL tears and 19 with ACL tear and combined meniscal injury) and of 13 controls. The stability of the candidate reference genes was determined by using the NormFinder, geNorm, BestKeeper DataAssist, and RefFinder software packages and the comparative ΔCt method. ACTB was the best single reference gene and ACTB+TBP was the best gene pair. The GenEx software showed that the accumulated standard deviation is reduced when a larger number of reference genes is used for gene expression normalization. However, the use of a single reference gene may not be suitable. To identify the optimal combination of reference genes, we evaluated the expression of FN1 and PLOD1. We observed that at least 3 reference genes should be used. ACTB+HPRT1+18S is the best trio for the analyses involving isolated ACL tears and controls. Conversely, ACTB+TBP+18S is the best trio for the analyses involving (1) injured ACL tears and controls, and (2) ACL tears of patients with meniscal tears and controls. Therefore, if the gene expression study aims to compare non-injured ACL, isolated ACL tears and ACL tears from patients with meniscal tear as three independent groups ACTB+TBP+18S+HPRT1 should be used. In conclusion, 3 or more genes should be used as reference genes for analysis of ACL samples of individuals with and without ACL tears.
Article
To examine whether the T1 rho value reflects histological changes in menisci we analyzed the relationship between T1 rho value and histological findings in intact and radially incised menisci of pigs. Seven microminipigs were used for this experiment. A radial incision was created and repaired in the medial meniscus, which was evaluated 4 weeks after surgery. Sagittal T1 rho mapping images were taken by 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The region of interest was set by dividing the meniscus into six zones (from zone 1 to zone 6). For histological evaluation of intact menisci, characteristics of each zone were determined. In incised menisci, a histological score was used to evaluate pathological change. In intact lateral menisci, the zone where histological findings indicated fibrocartilage showed a lower T1 rho value (34.2 ± 2.3 msec) than hyaline-like cartilage (38.2 ± 2.5 msec) or fibrous tissue (37.2 ± 2.0 msec). In incised medial menisci, T1 rho values increased (about 50-90 msec) in the zone where histological findings indicated that synovial ingrowth, scar tissue formation, and degenerative changes had occurred. There were correlations between T1 rho values and histological scores in all zones (r = 0.62-0.92, P = 0.001-0.026). Zonal variations of the T1 rho value were observed in intact menisci due to varying structure in each zone. T1 rho values were correlated with histological changes such as collagen fiber organization and safranin-o stainability in incised menisci. This study supports T1 rho mapping as useful for evaluating ultrastructural composition in menisci. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Article
Animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) are essential tools for investigating the development of the disease on a more rapid timeline than human OA. Mice are particularly useful due to the plethora of genetically modified or inbred mouse strains available. The majority of available mouse models of OA use a joint injury or other acute insult to initiate joint degeneration, representing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). However, no consensus exists on which injury methods are most translatable to human OA. Currently, surgical injury methods are most commonly used for studies of OA in mice; however, these methods may have confounding effects due to the surgical/invasive injury procedure itself, rather than the targeted joint injury. Non-invasive injury methods avoid this complication by mechanically inducing a joint injury externally, without breaking the skin or disrupting the joint. In this regard, non-invasive injury models may be crucial for investigating early adaptive processes initiated at the time of injury, and may be more representative of human OA in which injury is induced mechanically. A small number of non-invasive mouse models of PTOA have been described within the last few years, including intra-articular fracture of tibial subchondral bone, cyclic tibial compression loading of articular cartilage, and anterior cruciate ligament rupture via tibial compression overload. This review describes the methods used to induce joint injury in each of these non-invasive models, and presents the findings of studies utilizing these models. Altogether, these non-invasive mouse models represent a unique and important spectrum of animal models for studying different aspects of PTOA. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Article
Full-text available
Inverse finite element (FE) analysis is an effective method to predict material behavior, evaluate mechanical properties, and study differences in biological tissue function. The meniscus plays a key role in load distribution within the knee joint and meniscal degradation is commonly associated with the onset of osteoarthritis. In the current study, a novel transversely isotropic hyper-poro-viscoelastic constitutive formulation was incorporated in a FE model to evaluate changes in meniscal material properties following tibiofemoral joint impact. A non-linear optimization scheme was used to fit the model output to indentation relaxation experimental data. This study is the first to investigate rate of relaxation in healthy versus impacted menisci. Stiffness was found to be decreased (p=0.003), while the rate of tissue relaxation increased (p=0.010) at twelve weeks post impact. Total amount of relaxation, however, did not change in the impacted tissue (p=0.513). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Article
Full-text available
Background Traumatic impaction is known to cause acute cell death and macroscopic damage to cartilage and menisci in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate cell viability and macroscopic damage of the medial and lateral menisci using an in situ model of traumatic loading. Furthermore, the release of nitric oxide from meniscus, synovium, cartilage, and subchondral bone was also documented. Methods The left limbs of five rabbits were subjected to tibiofemoral impaction resulting in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture and meniscal damage. Meniscal tear morphology was assessed immediately after trauma and cell viability of the lateral and medial menisci was assessed 24 hrs post-injury. Nitric oxide (NO) released from joint tissues to the media was assayed at 12 and 24 hrs post injury. Results ACL and meniscal tearing resulted from the traumatic closed joint impact. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed in the lateral menisci following traumatic impaction compared to the medial menisci and control limbs. While NO release was greater in the impacted joints, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion This is the first study to investigate acute meniscal viability following an in situ traumatic loading event that results in rupture of the ACL. The change in cell viability of the lateral menisci may play a role in the advancement of joint degeneration following traumatic knee joint injury.