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Microscopic morphological features of Xylaria vasconica (specimen JF 09263, holotype). a Ascospores in asci in Melzer's reagent (×400). b Ascospores in water (×1,000). c Ascospores in water showing germ slits (×1,000). d Ascal tip, showing amyloid ascal apical apparatus in Melzer's reagent (×1,000). Scale bars (a 20 µm, b-d 10 µm)
Source publication
Three undescribed European species of Xylaria are recognized from new combinations of anamorphic and teleomorphic characters. Their phylogenetic affinities are revealed by a 5.8S/ITS nrDNA analysis. Two of them (X. karsticola and X. vasconica) appear closely related to X. hypoxylon sensu stricto. Xylaria cinerea is distributed in western Europe (Fr...
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Context 1
... black, conical-papillate, 60-80 µm diam, often inconspicuous. Asci (Fig. 8a) cylindrical, 8-spored, long stipitate, 120-170 µm total length, the spore-bearing parts 85-95 µm long × 5.5-7 µm broad, the stipes 40-85 µm long, with apical apparatus ( Fig. 8d) bluing in Melzer's reagent, tubular with a slightly flared apex, 2.5-3 µm high × 1.7-2 µm diam. Paraphyses copious, filiform, filled with large oily guttules ...
Context 2
... black, conical-papillate, 60-80 µm diam, often inconspicuous. Asci (Fig. 8a) cylindrical, 8-spored, long stipitate, 120-170 µm total length, the spore-bearing parts 85-95 µm long × 5.5-7 µm broad, the stipes 40-85 µm long, with apical apparatus ( Fig. 8d) bluing in Melzer's reagent, tubular with a slightly flared apex, 2.5-3 µm high × 1.7-2 µm diam. Paraphyses copious, filiform, filled with large oily guttules best seen on fresh material. Ascospores (Fig. 8c, d) 11-13.5 × 4.2-5 µm (M=12.1 × 4.8 µm, n=30), uniseriate overlapping in the ascus, ellipsoid-inequilateral with narrowly ...
Context 3
... stipitate, 120-170 µm total length, the spore-bearing parts 85-95 µm long × 5.5-7 µm broad, the stipes 40-85 µm long, with apical apparatus ( Fig. 8d) bluing in Melzer's reagent, tubular with a slightly flared apex, 2.5-3 µm high × 1.7-2 µm diam. Paraphyses copious, filiform, filled with large oily guttules best seen on fresh material. Ascospores (Fig. 8c, d) 11-13.5 × 4.2-5 µm (M=12.1 × 4.8 µm, n=30), uniseriate overlapping in the ascus, ellipsoid-inequilateral with narrowly rounded ends and an inconspicuous hyaline cellular appendage visible on fresh material, disappearing at maturity, dark olive brown to dark brown, smooth, biguttulate, with a conspicuous straight germ slit 3/4 to ...
Citations
... accessed on 22 November 2023), was currently the largest genus in the family Xylariaceae (Hsieh et al. 2010;Fournier et al. 2018a). The members of Xylaria have a worldwide distribution, but they are highly diverse in the tropics and subtropics (Dennis 1956;Ju and Rogers 1999;Lodge et al. 2008;Fournier et al. 2011;Wangsawat et al. 2021). Species of Xylaria are saprobic, pathogenic, or endophytic and associated with a wide range of host (Rogers 1979a;Vannini et al. 1996;Whalley 1996;Crozier et al. 2006; Thomas et al. 2008;U'Ren et al. 2009;de Vega et al. 2010). ...
Morphological and phylogenetic analyses on samples of Xylaria species associated with fallen fruits from China were carried out, and two new species were described, namely X. aleuriticola and X. microcarpa. Xylaria aleuriticola is found on fallen fruits of Aleurites moluccana, and characterized by stromata dichotomously branched several times with long acute sterile apices, fertile parts roughened with perithecia and tomentose, and ellipsoid to fusiform ascospores. Xylaria microcarpa differs in its very small stromata with dark brown tomentum, light brown ascospores with an inconspicuous straight germ slit, and grows on leguminous pods. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar species are discussed. Phylogenetic analyses on ITS-RPB2-TUB sequences confirmed that the two species are clearly separated from other species of the genus Xylaria. Xylaria liquidambaris is reported as a new record from China. A key to the Xylaria species associated with fallen fruits and seeds reported from China is provided to facilitate future studies of the genus.
... Modern taxonomists have been studying Xylariaceae fungi by combining both chemotaxonomic and molecular profiles, such as multigene profiles (ITS, RPB2, LSU, SSU, etc.) (Stadler et al., 2011;Kunhert et al., 2017). Molecular studies have predominated since the 20th century, and contemporary taxonomists now incorporate both morphology and molecular data into their research (Persoh, 2009;Stadler, 2011;Fournier et al., 2011;Hashemi et al., 2015;Li et al., 2015;Maharachchikumbura et al., 2016;Wendt et al., 2018). Moreover, Xylariaceae fungi have exhibited medicinal properties in their metabolites and demonstrate antibacterial and antifungal activities (de Carvalho Ribeiro et al., 2011;Canli et al., 2016). ...
The families, Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae, constitute a well-known group of fungi, with a distribution that is dominant throughout the world. This article reviews available literature, books, and doctoral theses on this group of fungi, producing a checklist of Hypoxylaceae and Xylariaceae species. A total of 206 species has been identified, including both newly introduced and previously recorded species from India. These species belong to 23 different genera across the two distinct families. Among these, the genus, Xylaria, stands out with the highest number of species (76 spp.), making it the most species-rich genus within the two families. The genus Hypoxylon comes next, as the second most species-bearing genus (36 spp.), followed by the genus Rosellinia, which is the third most species-bearing genus (20 spp.).
... Xylaria Hill ex Schrank is the most common and diverse genus of Xylariaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes) family of Ascomycota phylum and includes about 819 accepted name records listed in Index Fungorum [1][2][3][4][5]. There are no evidences of this genus to have been monographed by polythetic methodology and because of that it is possible to comprise much more unrecognized and formally undescribed species [5]. ...
... When conidia are observed on the mature stromata, they are usually remains of an earlier occurred asexual stage [7]. The tropical and subtropical regions of the Earth seem to be the preferred habitat for many Xylaria species [2,3,8,9]. The most representatives of genus Xylaria are considered saprophytes, sometimes from slight to strongly parasites most often found in association with the stem and leaves and rarely on fruits [4]. ...
... basidiomata specimens about fifteen species of xylariaceous fungi were isolated and identified by rDNA ITS sequencing [28]. The Xylaria fungi are significant part of natural ecosystems and play important ecological role due to their co-evolution with vascular plants as well as production of specific enzyme systems enabling them to decay wood causing soft-rot type of decomposition [2,11,29]. Due to the vast range of synthesized bioactive compounds xylariaceous endophytes could help their hosts to resist external biotic and abiotic stress factors and benefit its survival [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. ...
The present study is the first to report Xylaria karsticola isolated from the basidiocarp of Macrolepiota procera (Basidiomycota), from Stara Planina Mountain, Bulgaria and second report for such species found in Europe. The fungal isolate was in vitro cultivated and the morphology was observed. It was primarily determined as a xylariaceous morphotype at the intragenus level, based on the evaluation of colony growth rate, color, and stromatic structure formation and was confirmed by unique conidiophores and conidia. The molecular identification of the isolate was performed by amplification of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and the strain was identified as Xylaria karsticola with 97.57% of confidence. The obtained sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under the accession number MW996752 and in the National Bank of Industrial Microorganisms and Cell Cultures of Bulgaria under accession number NBIMCC 9097. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolate was also conducted by including 26 sequences obtained from different Xylaria isolates. Considering the phylogenetic data, X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097 was grouped along with other X. karsticola isolates, although the DNA sequence of the novel X. karsticola was rather distantly related to the other X. karsticola sequence data. The results were supported by the bootstrap analysis (100%) and indicated the different origin of the examined X. karsticola NBIMCC 9097.
... The generated sequences of ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tub2 were searched in the BLASTn tool in GenBank for identifying closely related taxa, and the reference sequences of closely related taxa were downloaded (Table 1, 2) from GenBank based on previous publications (Persoh et al. 2009, Hsieh et al. 2010, Roensch et al. 2010, Fournier et al. 2011, Hashemi et al. 2015, Kim et al. 2016, Kuhnert et al. 2017, Wendt et al. 2018. The sequences were aligned automatically in the MAFFT version 7 (http:// mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html, ...
... Asexual morph: Undetermined. Known distribution: Southwestern France (Fournier et al. 2011), The USA (Thomas et al. 2016). Known host: Quercus sp. on wood buried in karstic soil (Fournier et al. 2011) GenBank numbers: MFLU 23-0049: ITS = OQ457210, rpb2 = OQ597842, tub2 = OQ601533; MFLU 23-0050: ITS = OQ457211, rpb2 = OQ597841. ...
... Known distribution: Southwestern France (Fournier et al. 2011), The USA (Thomas et al. 2016). Known host: Quercus sp. on wood buried in karstic soil (Fournier et al. 2011) GenBank numbers: MFLU 23-0049: ITS = OQ457210, rpb2 = OQ597842, tub2 = OQ601533; MFLU 23-0050: ITS = OQ457211, rpb2 = OQ597841. ...
Xylariales members have conspicuous to inconspicuous perithecia with unitunicate asci. The most known species are endophytes and saprobes, known to produce secondary metabolites with fundamental importance in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The current study collected samples from decaying barks of Quercus kingiana at Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand. Based on morphological features coupled with combined gene analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tub2 sequence data, the isolates were identified as Xylaria karsticola and Jackrogersella minutella, belonging to Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae, respectively. This study provides the first geographical records of X. karsticola and J. minutella in Thailand and the first records of these species on Quercus kingiana.
... Notes: Species new to Poland. It is known from numerous localities worldwide, e.g., New Zeeland, Asia (Taiwan, Thailand, Iran), and America (Mexico, USA) (Fournier et al., 2012;Hashemi et al., 2014), and has been reported from greenhouses in Europe in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands (NMV, 2021;Fournier et al., 2012). ...
... Notes: Species new to Poland. It is known from numerous localities worldwide, e.g., New Zeeland, Asia (Taiwan, Thailand, Iran), and America (Mexico, USA) (Fournier et al., 2012;Hashemi et al., 2014), and has been reported from greenhouses in Europe in Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands (NMV, 2021;Fournier et al., 2012). ...
In 2019–2020 (for 13 months), 21 macrofungi species, both native (14) and inadvertently introduced from warmer regions (7), were found in greenhouses at the Warsaw University Botanic Garden. These included 13 species recorded for the first time in Polish greenhouses. Descriptions and photographs are given for 5 species identified, which are new to Poland (Gymnopus luxurians, Hemimycena ignobilis, Leucoagaricus meleagris, L. rubrotinctus, and Xylaria arbuscula s.l.). The highest variety of species was found in the greenhouses with the collection of tropical and succulents and cacti, with 11 and 8 species, respectively. The number of species ranged from five to four in other greenhouses. The current results increase the number of species reported from greenhouses in Poland to approximately 50. None of the identified species has a negative impact on the growth and health of plants in the greenhouses at the Warsaw University Botanic Garden and at present none of them are indicated as potentially invasive.
... The genus Xylaria Hill ex Schrenk (Xylariaceae, Ascomycota) includes 670 saprotrophic inter-and intraspecific taxa (www.mycobank.org) and it is worldwide distributed, especially in tropical and subtropical regions (Kirk et al., 2008;Fournier et al., 2011). Only 16 species of Xylaria have been reported in Italy (Onofri et al., 2005;Saitta et al., 2011;Venturella et al., 2011) and three of those were collected in Sicily (Venturella et al., 2000(Venturella et al., , 2001. ...
Xylaria putaminum is reported for the first time in Italy. The species was described from Northern Africa and this
Italian record represents the second one in Europe. The ascomata were collected in the Natural Reserve of “Capo
Rama” (Sicily) on senescent fruits of Olea europaea. Macro- and micromorphological descriptions are provided
and new information on the geographic distribution and molecular data of this species has now been increased.
Keywords: fungal diversity, ITS, Olea, phylogeny, Sicily
... Xylaria, the largest genus of the family Xylariaceae, includes about 500 known species [1][2][3]. Xylaria spp. play an important ecological role and are prolific producers of potentially valuable natural compounds [4]. ...
An endolichenic fungus Xylaria grammica EL000614 produces grammicin, a potent nematicidal pyrone derivative that can serve as a new control option for root-knot nematodes. We optimized an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) protocol for X. grammica to support genetic studies. Transformants were successfully generated after co-cultivation of homogenized young mycelia of X. grammica with A. tumefaciens strain AGL-1 carrying a binary vector that contains the bacterial hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene and the eGFP gene in T-DNA. The resulting transformants were mitotically stable, and PCR analysis showed the integratin of both genes in the genome of transformants. Expression of eGFP was confirmed via fluorescence microscopy. Southern analysis showed that 131 (78.9%) out of 166 transformants contained a single T-DNA insertion. Crucial factors for producing predominantly single T-DNA transformants include 48 h of co-cultivation, pre-treatment of A. tumefaciens cells with acetosyringone before co-cultivation, and using freshly prepared mycelia. The established ATMT protocol offers an efficient tool for random insertional mutagenesis and gene transfer in studying the biology and ecology of X. grammica.
... This taxon may be easily confused for Xylaria hypoxylon, Xylaria longiana Rhem, Xylaria vasconica J. Fournier & M. Stadler, or Xylaria apiculata Cooke. Xylaria hypoxylon is probably the most commonly applied name in the genus across North America, though it would seem that the name has been constantly misapplied to collections of Xylaria longiana and Xylaria vasconica on the East Coast of the United States (Persoh et al. 2009, Fournier et al. 2011. In fact, there is some doubt as to whether Xylaria hypoxylon occurs on the East Coast of the US at all, with no verifiable sequenced vouchers available at all (M. ...
The Xylariales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) is an order of mostly stromatic perithecial fungi generally inhabiting wood and other plant debris, as well as some impor- tant plant pathogenic species. As a follow-up to an extensive fungal inventory conducted by D. Haelewaters and colleagues since December 2012 at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area in Massachusetts, I examined members of the Xylariales in detail, including previously unreported collections. I constructed keys for included taxa, and I provide species notes, references, substrate, and collecting data of the following Xylarialean genera: Diatrype, Eutypa, Eutypella (Diatrypaceae); Biscogniauxia, Camil- lea, Graphostroma (Graphostromataceae); Annulohypoxylon, Daldinia, Hypomontagnella, Hypoxylon, Jackrogersella (Hypoxylaceae); Lopadostoma (Lopadostomataceae); and Entoleuca, Kretzschmaria, Nemania, Rosellinia, Xylaria (Xylariaceae). I herein formally describe a new species, Xylaria nismundoensis sp. nov., based on combined morphology and multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. This taxon provides the rst evidence of a saprotrophic lifestyle for members of the E9 phylogenetic clade of Xylaria, previously only known as endophytes.
... The ITS and LSU gene regions of MFLU 16-1022 and MFLU 18-2721 are identical. Sexual morph of our collection was similar to X. arbuscula in morphology, asci and ascospore dimensions (Saccardo 1878, Fournier et al. 2010a). The holotype of X. arbuscula was collected from a greenhouse in Germany (Saccardo 1878). ...
... The holotype of X. arbuscula was collected from a greenhouse in Germany (Saccardo 1878). There was no asexual morph of the fungus reported so far (Saccardo 1878, Fournier et al. 2010a. By considering the morphological similarities, similarities in the ITS loci and phylogenetic analysis we identify our collection as X. arbuscula (Jeewon & Hyde 2016). ...
This paper reviews and determines the fungi growing on seeds and fruits of wild plants in various habitats. Such fungi colonise a wide range of substrates with most reported from cones, cupules, and leguminous pods that are high in cellulose and lignin content. There are 1348 fungal species (belonging to 230 families and 609 genera) reported from wild seeds and fruits in 84 countries, listed in this paper. Of these, 300 fungi were described from wild seeds and fruit substrates. Members of the Fabaceae support the highest number of taxa, namely 19% of the novel wild fruit fungi. Twenty-eight genera, including 5 fossil fungal genera have been described from wild seeds and fruits: Agarwalomyces, Amorocoelophoma, Anisogenispora, Archephoma, Centrolepidosporium, Cylindroaseptospora, Cylindromyces, Davidhawksworthia, Delonicicola, Discotubeufia, Glaxoa, Kionocephala, Leucaenicola, Naranus, Neolindgomyces, Pleohelicoon, Quercicola, Remotididymella, Repetoblastiella, Restilago, Soloacrosporiella, Strobiloscypha and Tainosphaeria. Archephoma, Meniscoideisporites, Palaeodiplodites, Palaeopericonia and Xylohyphites are the new fossil fungal genera. Fungal asexual morphs predominate on wild seeds and fruits rather than the sexual morphs. The dominant fungal genera on wild seeds and fruits include Alternaria, Aspergillus, Candida, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Drechslera, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Pestalotiopsis, Restiosporium, Rhizopus, Talaromyces, Trichoderma and Xylaria. Certain assemblages of fungi have specific and distinct relationships with their hosts, especially Xylaria species (e.g., Xylaria magnoliae on Magnolia fruits; X. xanthinovelutina (= X. ianthino-velutina) on Fabaceae pods; X. carpophila on Fagus cupules; X. persicaria on liquidambar fruits). Whether these species occur as endophytes and become saprobes following fruit fall requires further investigation. In this study, we also made several sexual morph collections of sordariomycetous taxa from different seed and fruit substrates mainly from Thailand, with a few from the UK. These include 15 new species, 13 new host records and 1 new geographical record. The new species are described and illustrated.
... Xylaria Hill ex Schrank is one of the most speciose genera in Xylariaceae, an ascomycete family characterized by stromatic, perithecium-bearing ascomata. This genus has a cosmopolitan distribution (Rogers et al. 2002b), with most of the species occurring in tropical and subtropical regions (Lodge et al. 2008;Fournier et al. 2011). Most species of Xylaria play important functional roles in terrestrial ecosystems as saprotrophs on wood and plant debris and on dung and termite nests (Rogers 1979). ...
