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Microscopic features of Oudemansiella furfuracea (HKAS 93109) a. Basidiospores. b. Pleurocystidia. Bars = 20 μm.
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A radicate Oudemansiella species, called “Heipijizong” or “Black Termite Mushroom”, has been widely cultivated in China in the past few years. It was regarded as either the European O. radicata or the North American O. furfuracea or even species of Termitomyces. This study aims to clarify the taxonomic position of this economically important mushro...
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Citations
... O. raphanipes is suitable for growth in neutral or slightly acidic environments, with the optimal pH for mycelial growth being 6.0~7.5 [15]. In recent years, due to people's attention and preference, O. raphanipes has been cultivated and produced in large quantities [16]. Ou Shengping et al. [17] conducted a quantitative study on the nutrients contained in O. raphanipes, and the data showed that O. raphanipes contains a large amount of proteins and carbohydrates, which accounted for 32.12% and 24.25% of their total content, respectively, which directly indicates that O. raphanipes is highly nutritious. ...
In this study, we used fresh Oudemansiella raphanipes as raw materials and pre-treated through hot air drying (HD), infrared radiation drying (ID), and vacuum freeze drying (VD) to investigate the effects of different drying methods on the rehydration rate, appearance quality, microstructure, and volatile flavor components of the dried products, as well as to determine the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the polysaccharides in the dried O. raphanipes. The results showed that the VD O. raphanipes had the highest rehydration rate and the least shrinkage in appearance, and it better maintained the original color of the gills, but their aroma was not as strong as that of the HD samples. The scanning electron microscopy results indicate that VD maintains a good porous structure in the tissue, while HD and ID exhibit varying degrees of shrinkage and collapse. Seventy-five common volatile substances were detected in the three dried samples, mainly alkanes, alcohols, and esters. The polysaccharides (PS-H, PS-I, and PS-V) extracted from the dried samples of these three species of O. raphanipes had similar infrared spectral features, indicating that their structures are basically consistent. The highest yield was obtained for PS-V, and the polysaccharide content and glucuronic acid content of PS-I were higher than those of the remaining two polysaccharides. In addition, PS-V also showed better antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase as well as α-amylase. In conclusion, among the above three drying methods, the quality of O. raphanipes obtained by vacuum freeze drying is the best, and this experiment provides a theoretical basis for the selection of drying methods for O. raphanipes.
... Oudemansiella raphanipes (Orp), known as "Heipijizong" or "Black Termite Mushroom," is a commercial mushroom with high nutritional value and excellent and unique flavors and has been widely cultivated in China in the past few years [6]. Orp polysaccharides can effectively scavenge 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals and exhibits antioxidant properties [7]. ...
Background: The glucan extract of Oudemansiella raphanipes (Orp) has multiple biological properties, similar to extracts of other natural edible fungi. Drugs traditionally used in cancer treatment are associated with several drawbacks, such as side effects, induction of resistance, and poor prognosis, and many recent studies have focused on polysaccharides extracted from natural sources as alternatives. Our study focuses on the therapeutic role and molecular mechanism of action of Orp in breast cancer progression.
Methods: MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice were used as the spontaneous breast cancer mice model. Immunoblotting, hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the tumor behaviors in breast cancer. The inflammatory cell model was constructed using TNF-α. Macrophage activation and WNT/β-catenin signaling were assayed using western blotting and immunofluorescence.
Results: Orp management significantly inhibited tumor growth and promoted tumor cell apoptosis in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice. Besides, the Orp challenge also attenuated the ability of breast tumors to metastasize into lung tissues. Mechanistically, Orp treatment restrained the polarization of M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages and suppressed WNT/β-catenin signaling in mouse tumor tissues, which implied that Orp-mediated tumor inhibition partly occurred via regulating the inflammatory response. Findings from in vitro experiments confirmed that Orp inhibited the TNF-α-induced nuclear transportation of β-catenin, thus preventing inflammation signaling and the expression of c-Myc in MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion: Orp inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis by regulating macrophage polarization and the WNT/β-catenin signaling axis. The findings of this study suggest that Orp may be a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
... Singer, were used to infer phylogenetic relationships with the newly generated sequences (Table 1). Outgroup taxa were chosen based on the ITS+nrLSU phylogeny in Hao et al. (2016). ITS and nrLSU were the only gene regions used to infer phylogenetic relationships with the newly generated sequences in this study. ...
Hymenopellis is the most diverse genus in the group of oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa (Physalacriaceae). This genus has a worldwide distribution with records mostly from Europe and America. Asian taxa are least represented. In this paper on Hymenopellis from Thailand, two novel species are introduced, and a Hymenopellis collection affine to H. orientalis is described. Macro and micromorphological characters are described. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed on combined ITS and nrLSU regions to confirm taxonomical placement and infer the phylogenetic affinities of the studied species. Hymenopellis straminea sp. nov. is straw-yellow, with medium-sized basidiomata, abundant and diverse in form cheilocystidia, few, narrowly lageniform to fusiform pleurocystidia, and clamp connections at the lower part of the stipe. Hymenopellis utriformis sp. nov. has mostly utriform pleurocystidia and 2-spored basidia. In the inferred phylogenies, the new species from this study formed distinct clades well supported by bootstrap proportions and posterior probabilities. The studied specimen affine to H. orientalis produced 2-spored basidia whereas published descriptions of other specimens mention 4-spored basidia. Moreover, the genetic distance between ITS sequences of this specimen and that of a Hymenopellis orientalis specimen from GenBank was 1.30–2.57%. Therefore, the conspecificity of our specimen with H. orientalis is uncertain, and additional specimens are needed to fully confirm its identity.
... Oudemansiella raphanipes is a well-known culinary edible mushroom with an excellent unique flavor, as well as a medicinal mushroom with high economic value [1,2]. In China, it was originally produced in Yunnan province and was commercially known as Changgengu or Heipijizong [2]. ...
... Fungal identification is primarily based on phenotypic and physiological characteristics [39]. Changgengu has been confusedly classified as H. raphanipes, H. furfuracea, or O. radicata [2,5,9] due to a lack of morphologic and genetic information to verify the taxonomy. Many molecular methods have been developed for fungal identification, but the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) remains the key choice [39,40]. ...
... Changgengu or Heipijizong is one of the most important commercial edible mushrooms in China, which has a long history in agricultural production, but a dispute over its scientific name. Though it has been assigned to the genus Oudemansiella according to the combined ITS and nrLSU [2], it was also classified as a species of other genera, mostly Hymenopellis [1,11]. Currently, a whole-genome similarity analysis has been one of the best ways to figure out the strain taxonomy and get genetic information on the molecular mechanisms of fungal growth and breeding [18,30,45]. ...
Oudemansiella raphanipes, considered as a well-known culinary edible mushroom with a high content of natural bioactive substances, is widely cultivated in China with the commercial name Changgengu. However, due to the lack of genomic data, molecular and genetic study on O. raphanipes is rare. To obtain a comprehensive overview of genetic characteristics and enhance the value of O. raphanipes, two mating-compatible monokaryons isolated from the dikaryon were applied for de novo genome sequencing and assembly using Nanopore and /or Illumina sequencing platforms. One of the monokaryons, O. raphanipes CGG-A-s1, was annotated with 21,308 protein-coding genes, of which 56 were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpene, type I PKS, NRPS, and siderophore. Phylogenetic and comparative analysis of multiple fungi genomes revealed a close evolutionary relationship between O. raphanipes and Mucidula mucid based on single-copy orthologous protein genes. Significant collinearity was detected between O. raphanipes and Flammulina velutipes on the synteny of inter-species genomes. 664 CAZyme genes in CGG-A-s1 were identified with GHs and AAs families significantly elevated when compared with the other 25 sequenced fungi, indicating a strong wood degradation ability. Furthermore, the mating type locus analysis revealed that CGG-A-s1 and CGG-A-s2 were conserved in the gene organization of the mating A locus but various in that of the mating B locus. The genome resource of O. raphanipes will provide new insights into its development of genetic studies and commercial production of high-quality varieties.
... Oudemansiella raphanipes (Berk.) Pegler & T.W.K. Young, called "Heipijizong" or "Black Termite Mushroom," is one of the high-grade health care fungi for both food and medicine, widely cultivated in India, South Korea, Japan, China, etc. (Hao et al. 2016). Fruiting bodies of O. raphanipes are rich in protein, amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. ...
Casing soil is a key step in the production of Oudemansiella raphanipes . Bacterial community in casing soil plays key roles in the growth and development of edible fungi. However, a knowledge gap remains regarding the bacterial community shifts in casing soil before and after the cultivation of O. raphanipes (CSBACO). Casing soil samples before and after the cultivation of O. raphanipes (CSBC and CSAC) were collected and examined by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Acidobacteria were dominant phyla in casing soil of O. raphanipes , which accounted for 77.32% of the total abundance. After the cultivation of O. raphanipes , the alpha diversity of bacterial community and the relative abundance of some beneficial genera such as Marmoricola , Nocardioides , Sphingomonas , and Streptomyces decreased, while that of bacteria belonging to the candidate class MB-A2-108 tolerant to adverse environment significantly increased. Meanwhile, physicochemical properties of casing soil changed significantly in CSBACO. Soil ammonium nitrogen and organic matter greatly decreased in CSAC and they mainly influenced bacterial community before the cultivation of O. raphanipes . In contrast, available potassium and pH significantly increased in CSAC and mainly affected bacterial community after the cultivation of O. raphanipes . Furthermore, the relative abundance of bacteria with the function of amino acid and lipid metabolism decreased, while that of bacteria functions related to parasites and pathogens increased, which further revealed the significance of bacterial community in casing soil. Diversity, composition, and the potential function of bacterial community shifted dramatically in CSBACO. The results deepen the understanding of the bacterial community and its microecological mechanism in casing soil of O. raphanipes .
... Hymenopellis raphanipes was first described by Berkeley (1850) in India and is widely distributed in China (Hao et al., 2016). It had been previously misidentified as H. furfuracea, H. radicata, Termitomyces fuliginosus, or T. badius, until Hao et al. (2016) clarified its taxonomic placement based on both morphology and phylogeny. ...
... Hymenopellis raphanipes was first described by Berkeley (1850) in India and is widely distributed in China (Hao et al., 2016). It had been previously misidentified as H. furfuracea, H. radicata, Termitomyces fuliginosus, or T. badius, until Hao et al. (2016) clarified its taxonomic placement based on both morphology and phylogeny. In recent years, cultivation scales of Hymenopellis raphanipes in China have increased rapidly, accompanying a series of diseases resulting in great yield losses, such as cobweb disease (Liu et al., 2020;Qin et al., 2021). ...
Trichoderma spp. are a group of widespread fungi with important applications in many aspects of human life, but they are also pathogens that cause green mold disease on mushrooms. During a survey of mushroom cultivation in Guizhou, China, five strains of Trichoderma from three different localities were isolated from soil in mushroom bags of Hymenopellis raphanipes . The typical morphology of having gregarious, reddish stromata and gregarious phialides and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on a combined dataset of RPB2, TEF, and ITS gene sequences demonstrated that these green-spored Trichoderma belong to a new taxon, Trichoderma hymenopellicola . Pathogenicity tests by covering fungal mycelial blocks or soil mixed with spore suspension in mushroom bags showed similar symptoms to those in the field, and the same fungal pathogen had been observed and re-isolated from these symptoms, which fulfill Koch’s postulates. A primary screening test of nine common fungicides indicated that prochloraz-manganese chloride complex and propiconazole are the top two effective fungicides inhibiting the pathogen, whereas the former was further indicated as a suitable fungicide to control Trichoderma hymenopellicola , with a high inhibition ratio to the pathogen and low toxicity to the mushroom.
... is an important edible mushroom in China. OR is considered an excellent delicacy and widely cultivated in many regions of China (Hao et al., 2016). OR possesses many nutritional and medicinal values, excellent and unique flavors, and high protein content. ...
Oudemansiella raphanipes (OR) is a commercial mushroom which possesses high nutritional value and excellent and unique flavors. In this study, various agricultural wastes were utilized as substitute materials in the low‐cost and high‐yield production of mycelia biomass and polysaccharides by liquid fermentation. The sawdust, wheat bran, apple pomace, sugarcane, and corn particles were employed to cultivate OR, using the potato dextrose broth as control. Additionally, a preliminary characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities of partial purified OR polysaccharides were investigated. The substrate of sugarcane was suitable for mycelia growth of OR, with high yield of mycelia biomass and polysaccharides content. In vitro antioxidant activity assays demonstrated that OR polysaccharides could effectively scavenge 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radicals. OR polysaccharides had configuration as revealed by Fourier transform infrared, and was mainly composed of fucose (Fuc), rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal), glucose (Glc), xylose (Xyl), mannose (Man), ribose (Rib), and galacturonic acid (Gal‐UA), with mass percentages of 3.29%, 0.64%, 1.09%, 16.03%, 72.69%, 0.56%, 3.18%, 0.93%, and 1.59%, respectively. This study may offer support for decreasing the cost of OR polysaccharides production and dealing with these agricultural wastes. The potential of selected agricultural wastes for the polysaccharides production of Oudemansiella raphanipes was assessed. The preliminary characterization and antioxidant activities of partial purified polysaccharides were investigated. Utilization of agricultural wastes in polysaccharides production is a profitable approach to waste management.
... Oudemansiella raphanipes (O. raphanipes) was regarded as O. radicata or O. furfuracea in the past, until recent was identified as O. raphanipes based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic evidence by Hao et al. (2016). O. raphanipes was originally described in Darjeeling, Sikkim, India and has been reported in Australia, India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and China (Guo et al., 2021;Hao et al., 2016;Pegler & Young, 1986;Petersen & Methven, 1994). ...
... raphanipes) was regarded as O. radicata or O. furfuracea in the past, until recent was identified as O. raphanipes based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic evidence by Hao et al. (2016). O. raphanipes was originally described in Darjeeling, Sikkim, India and has been reported in Australia, India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and China (Guo et al., 2021;Hao et al., 2016;Pegler & Young, 1986;Petersen & Methven, 1994). Due to its scarcity, O. raphanipes with palatable taste and multiple health benefits demands have been successfully domesticated in recent years (Wang, Jia, et al., 2018;Zuofa et al., 2021). ...
... The cultivation and production of O. raphanipes will rapidly increase predictably in the next few years and expand the consumer group and bring benefits to the world mushroom industry. Recently, studies of O. raphanipes have mainly concentrated on its germplasm resource and genetic diversity, cultivation, deep fermentation technology, and biological activity evaluation while few studies focused on its flavor properties (Guo et al., 2021;Hao et al., 2016;Qin et al., 2021;Shim et al., 2006;Zhou et al., 2020). ...
Oudemansiella raphanipes (O. raphanipes) has recently been gaining popularity due to its active and flavor compounds. In this study, the profiles of phenolics, flavonoids, non-volatile and volatile compounds of fresh O. raphanipes were subjected to cutting root (CR) and pulling root (PR) harvesting methods during different storage temperatures (5 • C and 20 • C) were investigated. The results showed that CR treatment effectively increased phenolic and flavonoid contents, maintained the sensory scores and the umami value based on e-tongue, increased more C8 volatile contents, and inhibited off-flavor acids production during 5 • C storage. The EUC values of the fresh O. raphanipes ranged from 4.72 to 23.66 g monosodium glutamate (MSG) 100 g − 1 , which TAVs were at a relatively high level in CR treatment than in PR treatment. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed statistically significant differences in different harvesting methods that affected the mushroom flavor. Eleven components were screened as taste characteristics contributors by partial least squares regression model (PLS-R) analysis, including Glu, umami nucleotides, and 1-octene-3-ol and 3-octanone. Thus, the cutting root treatment is a promising method for obtaining the high flavor quality of fresh O. raphanipes during cooling storage.
... These two parental strains were identified by Dr. Hao Yanjia of the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, following the method reported by Hao et al. (2016). Strains 55 and 81 were collected from Dadugang, Yunnan Province, China, in 2011, andBaiyun Mountain, Guangdong Province, China, in 2013, respectively, and One kilogram of the substrate was put in a polyethylene bag (16 cm × 32 cm × 0.04 cm) and autoclaved at 121°C for 120 min. ...
The life cycle of the fungus Oudemansiella aparlosarca includes homokaryotic and heterokaryotic basidiospores with four nuclear conditions: non-nucleate, mononucleate, binucleate, and multinucleate. The number of binucleate cells was high in heterokaryotic hyphal cells, while that of multinucleated cells was high in homokaryotic hyphal cells. The predominance of binucleate spores might be a result of post-meiotic mitosis.
Abstract
Oudemansiella aparlosarca is an edible mushroom possessing medicinal and health benefits. Although there are studies on the cultivation of O. aparlosarca, only a few studies have focused on its genetics and life cycle. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the nuclear conditions of basidiospores and homokaryotic and heterokaryotic hyphal cells and to determine the influence of different nuclear conditions on basidiospore diameter in O. aparlosarca. Two parental strains: strain-55 and strain-81 were used. Staining of basidiospores and hyphal cells in the apical region was performed. We observed the following nuclear conditions: non-nucleate, mononucleate, binucleate, and multinucleate. In both parental strains, binucleate spores were predominant, while the number of non-nucleate spores was the lowest. The diameter of non-nucleate spores was the smallest, being 11.52 µm and 12.15 µm in parental strain-81 and strain-55, respectively, while multinucleate spores had the largest diameter, being 14.78 µm in both parental strains. Both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains were identified in isolated single spores from parental strains. Binucleate cells were majorly present in heterokaryotic hyphal cells, and multinucleate cells were predominant in homokaryotic hyphal cells. We conclude that O. aparlosarca contains homokaryotic and heterokaryotic basidiospores, which indicates an amphithallic life cycle. The observed binucleate spores might be the result of post-meiotic mitosis.
... A similar profile as M. citricolor, being specialized in both pectin and lignin degradation, is also found for the three Ascomycetes ranked highest among lignin degrading fungi, Coniochaeta sp., D. ampelina and V. longisporum (Table 1 Lignin, ranked as number 6, 8 and 10). The habitat and ecophysiological specialization of the five lignin-degrading genome-sequenced Basidiomycetous species, placed as numbers 1-5, 7 and 9 are highly diverse: M. citricolor; Exidia glandulosa (wood degrading typically growing on dead attached branches of oak); Hymenopellis chiangmaiae and H. radicata (soil inhabiting, deep rooted; known as edible Black Termite Mushroom in China) [33]; Ganoderma boninense and G. sp. BRIUMSc (the Ganoderma genus being well known for around the world causing decay in a wide range of tree species, including oil palm); and Neonothopanus nambi (a poisonous, bioluminescent mushroom in the family Marasmiaceae) [34,35]. ...
Fungal genome sequencing data represent an enormous pool of information for enzyme discovery. Here, we report a new approach to identify and quantitatively compare biomass-degrading capacity and diversity of fungal genomes via integrated function-family annotation of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) encoded by the genomes. Based on analyses of 1932 fungal genomes the most potent hotspots of fungal biomass processing CAZymes are identified and ranked according to substrate degradation capacity. The analysis is achieved by a new bioinformatics approach, Conserved Unique Peptide Patterns (CUPP), providing for CAZyme-family annotation and robust prediction of molecular function followed by conversion of the CUPP output to lists of integrated “Function;Family” (e.g., EC 3.2.1.4;GH5) enzyme observations. An EC-function found in several protein families counts as different observations. Summing up such observations allows for ranking of all analyzed genome sequenced fungal species according to richness in CAZyme function diversity and degrading capacity. Identifying fungal CAZyme hotspots provides for identification of fungal species richest in cellulolytic, xylanolytic, pectinolytic, and lignin modifying enzymes. The fungal enzyme hotspots are found in fungi having very different lifestyle, ecology, physiology and substrate/host affinity. Surprisingly, most CAZyme hotspots are found in enzymatically understudied and unexploited species. In contrast, the most well-known fungal enzyme producers, from where many industrially exploited enzymes are derived, are ranking unexpectedly low. The results contribute to elucidating the evolution of fungal substrate-digestive CAZyme profiles, ecophysiology, and habitat adaptations, and expand the knowledge base for novel and improved biomass resource utilization.
