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Microscopic characters of macerated leaf. (A) Parenchyma cells. (B) Lignified porous stone cells. (C) Non-lignified stone cell. (D) Branched sclereids. (E) Stone cells. (F) Annular vessels. (G) Pitted vessel. (H) Tracheid. (I) Non-lignified stone cell group. (J) and (K) Parenchyma with content. (L) Lignified porous stone cells. (M) Epidermis & stomata in surface view. (N) Branched sclereid. (O) Tracheidal fibres. (P) Starch and prismatic crystals. (Q) Thick-walled fibres. (R) Mesophyll in surface view. (S) Scalariform vessel. (T) Tannin cells. (U) Trichsclereids. (V) Phloem tissue. (W) Epidermis with striated cuticle. (X) Tracheidal fibres. (Y) Parenchyma. (Z) Branched stone cell.
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Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser (Loranthaceae), commonly known as Indian mango mistletoe, is a parasitic shrub found widely growing on mango trees in southern India. Development of monographic quality standards is need of the hour for Pharmacopoeial/ extra-Pharmacopoeial and folk medicinal plants. Systematic Phamacognostical evaluation of leave...
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The leaves of mistletoe (Viscum Album) harvested from oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla) in Imo State South Eastern Nigeria was studied. The study was aimed at carrying out the trace metal, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) and phytochemical analysis of ethanol leave extract of Viscum album harvested from Pentaclethra macrophylla. The sample...
Citations
... The plate was developed in Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid 10: 2.5: 0.5 and were visualized in UV 254, 366, under white light and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded (14). ...
... TLC is a fundamental of every herbal monograph. By investigating standardisation p a r a m e t e r s l i k e m a c r o s c o p i c , m i c r o s c o p i c , physicochemical, phytochemical and HPTLC fingerprinting the quality of a plant medicine can be ensured along with adulteration and substitution, if any (14,15). ...
... Examination of physico-chemical composition as per international standards using pharmacopeia procedures is a productive technique in developing quality standards of herbal drugs (14,15). Deterioration and shelf life of the drug depends on its water content, even the preservation of the drugs will also be affected if the moisture content is very high. ...
Background: Dronapushpi (Leucas aspera Spreng) of Lamiaceae is found as a weed throughout the country. It is described in various Nighantus. To maintain the effectiveness of crude drugs, the standardisation and proper identification of the plant is very important. Fresh juice of Dronapushpi is efficacious in malarial fever, collyrium prepared from the juice is used in jaundice, the decoction of the herb is used to ulcer as wash liquid, also applied externally to poisonous insect bites and also useful in worm infestation, inflammation, bronchitis, asthma and cough. In this study Dronapushpi panchanga (whole plant) was studied systematically to evaluate its quality standards. Methods: Macro-microscopic features, physico-chemical and phytochemical investigation were performed as per Pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: The pharmacognostic study revealed the macroscopic characters, physicochemical constants and phytochemical nature of Donapushpi. The extracts which were screened for its phytochemicals showed the presence of constituents like coumarin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, phenols and tannin in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. HPTLC profile was developed as fingerprint of extracts. Conclusion: Results of the present investigation L. aspera plant will help in validation of this crude drug.
... Transverse sections were stained with safranin and mounted with glycerine before photographing using Zeiss AXIO trinocular microscope attached with Zeiss AxioCam camera under bright field light. Magnifications of the figures are indicated by the scale-bars [7] . ...
Background: Medicine has evolved after a lot of trial and error practices. Ayurveda is a life science which is meant for well-being of all living creature. The medicinal importance of wide range of plants has been recorded in Ayurveda, but some plants which are found later or exotic are not mentioned in Ayurveda, they are named as Anukta which means
untold. Ethnobotany is the branch of botany which deals with the study of relationship between people and plants. Passiflora foetida Linn. is an extra pharmacopeial drug in Ayurveda, which is used by folklore and traditional healers for various ailments like hysteria, skin disease, asthma, headache, for poisonous bites, digestive complaints etc.
Methodology: Pharmacognostic, physico-chemical, preliminary phytochemical study and HPTLC studies were carried out following standard procedures mentioned in Pharmacopoeias. Results: Pharmacognostic study revealed macro�microscopic features of the plant. Physicochemical studies gave information about the moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive. Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of alcoholic extract revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids and resins. HPTLC study revealed the fingerprint of extract of the plant sample. Conclusion: The results obtained from the studies will help in the
standardisation of the plant material.
Keywords: Anukta, Ayurveda, Ethnobotany, Extra-pharmacopoeial, Quality control, Standardisation.
... Phytochemical tests can be useful to indicate the presence of some adulterants or foreign matters in PM [64]. Some classical methods are based on colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of certain groups of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, coumarins, and phenols [65][66][67]. Although these tests have been used historically for identification purposes, especially before the popularization of modern chromatographic techniques, most of them show poor specificity and, therefore, the WHO has discouraged their inclusion in pharmacopeial monographs, unless they can provide useful information [10]. ...
... Although these tests have been used historically for identification purposes, especially before the popularization of modern chromatographic techniques, most of them show poor specificity and, therefore, the WHO has discouraged their inclusion in pharmacopeial monographs, unless they can provide useful information [10]. Nevertheless, several authors, mainly in developing countries, have pro- posed the detection of secondary metabolites by classical phytochemical tests when defining quality standards for medicinal plant species [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74] (Table 2S, Supporting Information). Among the reviewed phytochemical screening studies, the most frequently used tests were those aimed at detecting the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. ...
Herbal medicines are important options for the treatment of several illnesses. Although their therapeutic applicability has been demonstrated throughout history, several concerns about their safety and efficacy are raised regularly. Quality control of articles of botanical origin, including plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, remains a challenge. Traditionally, qualitative (e.g., identification and chromatographic profile) and quantitative (e.g., content analyses) markers are applied for this purpose. The compound-oriented approach may stand alone in some cases (e.g., atropine in Atropa belladonna). However, for most plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, it is not possible to assure quality based only on the content or presence/absence of one (sometimes randomly selected) compound. In this sense, pattern-oriented approaches have been extensively studied, introducing the use of multivariate data analysis on chromatographic/spectroscopic fingerprints. The use of genetic methods for plant material/plant extract authentication has also been proposed. In this study, traditional approaches are reviewed, although the focus is on the applicability of fingerprints for quality control, highlighting the most used approaches, as well as demonstrating their usefulness. The literature review shows that a pattern-oriented approach may be successfully applied to the quality assessment of articles of botanical origin, while also providing directions for a compound-oriented approach and a rational marker selection. These observations indicate that it may be worth considering to include fingerprints and their data analysis in the regulatory framework for herbal medicines concerning quality control since this is the foundation of the holistic view that these complex products demand.
... Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser, mango mistletoe is a one such less studied Indian mistletoe species growing widely on mango trees, and other host species 20 . The pharmacognostic study revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and trichosclereids in the lamina as diagnostic characters of H. elastica 21 . ...
The genus Viscum (Viscaceae) comprise of several species of hemi-parasitic plants with medicinal properties. Commonly known as mistletoes, these plants grow on other trees with the partial parasitic association. Viscum angulatum B.Heyne ex DC. is one such less explored leafless mistletoe of Asian countries with medicinal claims. In Ayurveda (Bandaka) and Siddha (Pulluri/Pulluruvi), many botanicals from mistletoe families have been attributed with medicinal properties. The objective of the current study is to develop a monograph on quality standards of V. angulatum occurring in high altitude hills of Western Ghats. Aerial parts of V. angulatum were collected and authenticated and preserved in FAA for microscopic studies and some quantity of the plant material was shade-dried and coarsely powdered. Successive extracts were subjected to chromatography and isolation-characterization of the major compounds. Leaf-less quadrangular stem was found to be a diagnostic macroscopic feature of this species. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of extracts showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, saponins and tannins. HPTLC fingerprint of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts has been obtained for identification of extracts. The ethyl acetate extract yielded 10-hydroxyoleoside dimethyl ester which can be used as a marker compound for routine quality check of V. angulatum growing on Mussaenda hirsutissima. The set of data obtained in the present investigation can serve as a standard for the identification as well as further studies. These results on standards of this plant are the first report so far.
... The quantitative microscopical parameters such as vein islet and vein termination number, stomatal number, stomatal index, and palisade ratio were determined on fresh leaves by using the standard procedure. [6,7] A pinch of the powdered sample passed through 80 pore size was mounted on a microscopic slide with a drop of 50% glycerol. [8] Photomicrographs of diagnostic characters were observed using a Nikon ECLIPSE E200 trinocular microscope attached with a Zeiss ERc 5s digital camera under bright field light and captured. ...
Background: Crateva religiosa belongs to the family Capparaceae or Capparidaceae commonly known as Caper
family. Leaves are used as stomachic, tonic, effective counter irritant, antirheumatic, and rubefacient.
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of
C. religiosa G. Forst. fresh leaves.
Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical parameters were determined
according to the standard procedure.
Results: Macroscopical evaluation showed that the leaves were ovate or broadly elliptical with acute base
and exstipulate with the entire margin. Leaves are smooth, with densely reticulate venation. The quantitative
constants such as epidermal number, stomatal number and index, palisade ratio, vein islet, and termination
number were determined. The powder microscopic investigations were carried out, and the characters were
studied and documented. Phytochemical studies included physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical
analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography.
Conclusion: The identified parameters will be useful for authentication and quality control of the drug.
Keywords: Crateva religiosa, HPTLC, macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical, quercetin
... Several root parasites including those of mistletoe litter is found to possess high proportion of elements phosphorus and potassium (March and Watson 2007). Kumar et al., 2016 has provided a quality standard for this hemiparasite. ...
Loranthaceae family includes hemiparasitic members which are seen invading a wide range of commercial crops. Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser is very common on mango trees. Though parasitic in nature, this mistletoe is also medicinally important as fetoprotective, against vesicular calculi and kidney infections. This study is an attempt to document macro-microscopical features of parasitic root, fruit and host-mistletoe tissue interaction in the haustorium of H. elasticus growing on mango stems. Collection, preservation, sectioning, staining and photomicrography of the root, fruit and host-mistletoe union were done as per standard methodologies of anatomical studies. Though there is resemblance to the normal roots in morphology as well as anatomy, the microscopic finding of large number of branched stone cells in the roots. The morpho-anatomical features recorded would help in understanding the infection biology of this mistletoe. The eradication during the earlier stages of its establishment from seed or from the root creeping over the surface of the host can help in controlling this parasite infection on commercially important host plants.
... The toxicological properties of GXNX ¶ V PL V W O H W RH O H DIthought to be caused by compounds in it that is quercetin. A substance is said to be active or toxic when LC 50 <1000 ppm to and <30 ppm for a compound [9,10]. ...
Phytochemical test was performed using FeCl3 to know the content of phenolic compound from duku’s mistletoe leaf are green (Dendrophthoe pentandara) and duku’s mistletoe leaf are red (Scurrula ferruginea) and toxicity effect was observed by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Duku’s mistletoe leaf are extracted until the n-hexane extract is obtained. The result of n-hexan extract test showed that the extract of duku’s mistletoe leaf (Dendrophthoe pentandara) and (Scurrula ferruginea) had cytotoxic potential on shrimp larvae with LC50 value 41.59 ppm and 84.01 ppm respectively. The results indicate that duku’s mistletoe leaf (Dendrophthoe pentandara) extract is more toxic than duku’s mistletoe leaf (Scurrula ferruginea).
... Standardization of the medicinal plant is a crucial step before testing the plant for its medicinal value 20 .WHO guideline includes morphological, microscopical, physico-chemical, phyto-chemical and chromatographic evaluation of crude drug to establish the quality standards of the crude drug. Fluorescence analysis is other important parameters for the standardization of crude drugs which provide valuable information about the fluorescence property of phytochemicals present in the crude drug. ...
Trifolium pratense L. is an important medicinal plant distributed in Europe, United States, India and Australia. Flowering tops are used as dietary supplement for the relief of postmenopausal symptoms because of its isoflavone content. The present work was designed to study quality control parameters such as morphological, microscopical parameters, physicochemical along with fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPTLC analysis of root, stem, leaf and flower of T. pratense. Morphological and microscopical evaluation of leaves, stem and flowers indicated the presence of long tricellular trichomes and prisms of calcium oxalate. Microscopy of root showed the presence of starch grains and abundant thin straight walled fibres. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics and steroids as major phytochemicals of the plant while saponins were found to be present in flower. HPTLC fingerprinting was carried out using formononetin and biochanin A as a marker compound for an extract of root, stem, leaf and flower. All the extracts were found to contain both the isoflavone in different concentration. The results of the present study would serve as a source of valuable information for standardization and quality control of root, stem, leaf and flower of T. pratense.
... Cells were isolated by boiling the raw drug pieces in 50% HNO 3 [16] . Characters were observed using Nikon ECLIPSE E200 trinocular microscope attached with Zeiss Axio Cam ERC5s digital camera under bright field light. ...
... A pinch of the powdered sample was mounted on a microscopic slide with a drop of glycerin-water and the observations were documented. Lignified elements in the chooranam were identified after treatment with phloroglucinol and 2 drops of concentrated HCl [16] . Characters were observed using Nikon ECLIPSE E200 trinocular microscope attached with Nikon COOLPIX 5400 digital camera under bright field light. ...
Background: Medicinal plants are playing very active role in traditional medicines for the treatment of various ailments. Thiripala chooranam tablet, a polyherbal Siddha formulation is used for treating gastric ulcer, skin disease, constipation, piles, wounds, gum bleeding, liver diseases etc. Therapeutic efficacy of many Siddha formulations depends upon the standardization and authentication of medicinal plants used and hence ensures reproducible quality of herbal products which will lead to safety, quality and efficacy of end products. The drug is being used as a prophylactic and as treatment option in diabetes. However, its effect on prediabetes has not been carried out. The aim of the doctoral study is to evaluate the efficacy of Thiripala Chooranam tablet in Munnerizhivu (Impaired Glucose Tolerance-IGT). Objective: To interpret the characteristic parameters of Thiripala chooranam tablet to conform its identity, quality and purity. Methods: Thiripala chooranam tablet was evaluated for pharmacognostic, physicochemical and chromatographic parameters. Results: The pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and chromatographic analysis were found to be appropriate to standardize the Thiripala chooranam tablet formulation and can be used as reference standards for the quality control/quality assurance study. The results attained from powdered microscopy serve as a lead for identification of starch grains a poly saccharide which is responsible for management of pre-diabetes (IGT). High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents. Conclusion: This study provides the scientific data which serves as standard reference for the quality control analysis of Thiripala chooranam tablet.
... Cells were isolated by boiling the raw drug pieces in 50% HNO 3 [16] . Characters were observed using Nikon ECLIPSE E200 trinocular microscope attached with Zeiss Axio Cam ERC5s digital camera under bright field light. ...
... A pinch of the powdered sample was mounted on a microscopic slide with a drop of glycerin-water and the observations were documented. Lignified elements in the chooranam were identified after treatment with phloroglucinol and 2 drops of concentrated HCl [16] . Characters were observed using Nikon ECLIPSE E200 trinocular microscope attached with Nikon COOLPIX 5400 digital camera under bright field light. ...
Background: Medicinal plants are playing very active role in traditional medicines for the treatment of various ailments. Thiripala chooranam tablet, a polyherbal Siddha formulation is used for treating gastric ulcer, skin disease, constipation, piles, wounds, gum bleeding, liver diseases etc. Therapeutic efficacy of many Siddha formulations depends upon the standardization and authentication of medicinal plants used and hence ensures reproducible quality of herbal products which will lead to safety, quality and efficacy of end products. The drug is being used as a prophylactic and as treatment option in diabetes. However, its effect on prediabetes has not been carried out. The aim of the doctoral study is to evaluate the efficacy of Thiripala Chooranam tablet in Munnerizhivu (Impaired Glucose Tolerance-IGT). Objective: To interpret the characteristic parameters of Thiripala chooranam tablet to conform its identity, quality and purity. Methods: Thiripala chooranam tablet was evaluated for pharmacognostic, physicochemical and chromatographic parameters. Results: The pharmacognostic, physico-chemical and chromatographic analysis were found to be appropriate to standardize the Thiripala chooranam tablet formulation and can be used as reference standards for the quality control/quality assurance study. The results attained from powdered microscopy serve as a lead for identification of starch grains a poly saccharide which is responsible for management of pre-diabetes (IGT). High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed the presence of important phytoconstituents. Conclusion: This study provides the scientific data which serves as standard reference for the quality control analysis of Thiripala chooranam tablet.
