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Microscopic characters of Octospora conidiophora. A Ascospores inside ascus stained with CRBB Free ascospores in tap water C Paraphyse in tap water D Young ascus in tap water E Margin of apothecium in tap water F Hair and excipular cells in tap water A–F ZE77/18.
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Octospora conidiophora is described as a new species, based on collections from South Africa. It is characterised by apothecia with a distinct margin, smooth or finely warted ellipsoid ascospores, stiff, thick-walled hyaline hairs, warted mycelial hyphae and growth on pleurocarpous mosses Trichosteleum perchlorosum and Sematophyllum brachycarpum (H...
Citations
... Identical morphology, however, can be retained after allopatric divergence and limited gene flow among populations eventually give rise to two sibling species with different life histories and thus distinct phenotypic differences. Differentiation of morphologically identical species may be assisted with different hosts in the case of pathogens or other types of symbionts (Sochorová et al. 2019). Even for saprotrophs, one should be cautious with the application of a name based solely on morphological characteristics when further phenotypic data exist. ...
... 209 Hyde et al. 2021). Using fossil data to calibrate the molecular clock, one can estimate divergence times of lineages and further speculate on ancestral character states, biogeographic origin, diversification, and host associations (Sung et al. 2008, O'Donnell et al. 2011, Du et al. 2012, Bonito et al. 2013, Sochorová et al. 2019, Samarakoon et al. 2022. Phylogenetic analyses have pointed towards Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes being the "basal", early diverging Pezizomycotina lineages, hence they are significant to evolutionary studies interrogating this diverse group of fungi (James 2006, Schoch et al. 2009a, b, Ebersberger et al. 2012, Kumar et al. 2012, Beimforde et al. 2014, Liu et al. 2017. ...
... Some studies on the estimated divergence time of Pezizomycetes have extrapolated the crown age of the group, which ranges from the Carboniferous (310 Mya) to the Devonian (413 Mya) (Table 1). Others have focused on smaller groups involving Geomoriaceae (Kraisitudomsook et al. 2020), Helvellaceae (Zhao 2016, Kraisitudomsook et al. 2020, Morchellaceae (O'Donnell et al. 2011, Du et al. 2012, Liu et al. 2018b, Kraisitudomsook et al. 2020, Lü et al. 2021, Pyronemataceae (Alvarado et al. 2016, Sochorová et al. 2019, and Tuberaceae (Bonito et al. 2013, Murat et al. 2018. ...
... It is precisely because of such intrinsic limitations that a broader spectrum of analyses is necessary in the delimitation of species, expressed in multidisciplinary approaches broadly termed as "integrative," "multisource," or "polyphasic" taxonomy (Dayrat 2005;Will et al. 2005;Stadler et al. 2014). Rather than relying on a single tool or a single source of information, integrative taxonomical approaches utilize multisource data to reach taxonomic conclusions, complementing multilocus analyses with population genetics, morphological, developmental, and behavioral analyses, chemotaxonomy, cytology, and ultrastructural and reproductive studies, as well as analysis of distributional patterns, ecological niches, and host associations Padial et al. 2010;Schlick-Steiner et al. 2010;Barrett and Freudenstein 2011;Stech et al. 2013;Carstens et al. 2013;Zervakis et al. 2014;Zamora et al. 2015;Wei et al. 2016;Kuhnert et al. 2017;Haelewaters et al. 2018;Sochorová et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2020;Samarakoon et al. 2020;Wittstein et al. 2020;Zamora and Ekman 2020;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2021) Table 1). ...
... We cannot emphasize enough the need for patient and careful field work, sound sampling methodologies, and multisource approaches in the circumscription of taxa. As is becoming increasingly evident, the integrative model is not only more robust than any single-method approach in delimiting species, but can ultimately lead to a deeper understanding of biodiversity (Pante et al. 2015;Sheth and Thaker 2017;Haelewaters et al. 2018;Sochorová et al. 2019;Lücking et al. 2020;Stadler et al. 2020;Vinarski 2020;Wibberg et al. 2020;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2021). DNA-based phylogenies and morphology are inherently intertwined and can both fail if used single-handedly, uncritically, or out of context to delimit species. ...
The genus Morchella has gone through turbulent taxonomic treatments. Although significant progress in Morchella systematics has been achieved in the past decade, several problems remain unresolved and taxonomy in the genus is still in flux. In late 2019, a paper published in the open-access journal Scientific Reports raised serious concerns about the taxonomic stability of the genus, but also about the future of academic publishing. The paper, entitled “High diversity of Morchella and a novel lineage of the esculenta clade from the north Qinling Mountains revealed by GCPSR-based study” by Phanpadith and colleagues, suffered from gross methodological errors, included false results and artifactual phylogenies, had misapplied citations throughout, and proposed a new species name invalidly. Although the paper was eventually retracted by Scientific Reports in 2021, the fact that such an overtly flawed and scientifically unsound paper was published in a high-ranked Q1 journal raises alarming questions about quality controls and safekeeping procedures in scholarly publishing. Using this paper as a case study, we provide a critical review on the pitfalls of Morchella systematics followed by a series of recommendations for the delimitation of species, description of taxa, and ultimately for a sustainable taxonomy in Morchella. Problems and loopholes in the academic publishing system are also identified and discussed, and additional quality controls in the pre- and post-publication stages are proposed.
... Herbarium acronyms follow Thiers (2020). Nomenclature of bryophilous Pezizales corresponds to recent works such as Benkert (1998), Vega et al. (2018) and Sochorová et al. (2019). Nomenclature of European, North American, and South African bryophytes follows Hodgetts et al. (2020), Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2014), and O'Shea (2006), respectively. ...
Eckstein, J., Sochorová, Z. & Janošík, L. 2021. Octospora oscarii spec. nov. (Pezizales), a bryophilous ascomycete on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans (Hypnales). – Herzogia 34: 286 –298. The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora oscarii is described as a new species based on collections from Central Germany and the Czech Republic. It grows on the pleurocarpous moss Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans and is characterised by smooth ascospores and an infection on the rhizoids of its host. This is the first account of P. elegans as a host of bryophilous ascomycetes. Phylogenetic analyses of concatenated LSU, SSU and EF1-α gene sequences showed that the studied collections of this species form a well-supported monophyletic lineage differing from all previously studied species of bryophilous Pezizales. Macroscopic and microscopic features of the new species are illustrated by colour photographs and drawings, and are compared to those of the other species of bryophilous Pezizales similarly growing on pleurocarpous mosses.
... Thus, there is debate among mycologists to define species in a biologically meaningful context. In recent years, integrative approaches have become more popular to delimit species in Ascomycota (Araújo et al. 2018;Haelewaters et al. 2018;Sochorová et al. 2019). Furthermore, in some Ascomycota lineages phenotypic methods fail to resolve species boundaries; therefore, it is necessary to have other approaches (Skrede et al. 2017;Boluda et al. 2019). ...
Biodiversity loss from disturbances caused by human activities means that species are disappearing at an ever increasing rate. The high number of species that have yet to be described have generated extreme crisis to the taxonomist. Therefore, more than in any other era, effective ways to discover and delimitate species are needed. This paper reviews the historically foremost approaches used to delimit species in Ascomycota, the most speciose phylum of Fungi. These include morphological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. We argue that a single property to delineate species boundaries has various defects and each species concept comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Recently the rate of species discovery has increased because of the advancement of phylogenetic approaches. However, traditional phylogenetic methods with few gene regions lack species-level resolution, and do not allow unambiguous conclusions. We detail the processes that affect gene tree heterogeneity, which acts as barriers to delimiting species boundaries in classical low-rank phylogenies. So far, limited insights were given to the DNA-based methodologies to establish well-supported boundaries among fungal species. In addition to reviewing concepts and methodologies used to delimit species, we present a case study. We applied different species delimitation methods to understand species boundaries in the plant pathogenic and cryptic genus Phyllosticta (Dothideomycetes, Botryosphaeriales). Several DNA-based methods over-split the taxa while in some methods several taxa fall into a single species. These problems can be resolved by using multiple loci and coalescence-based methods. Further, we discuss integrative approaches that are crucial for understanding species boundaries within Ascomycota and provide several examples for ideal and pragmatic approaches of species delimitation.
... Octospora species are found worldwide (Gamundí 1973, Gamundí & Spinedi 1988, Benkert 1998a, Olech & Mleczko 2000, Egertová et al. 2017, Sochorová et al. 2019) in a range of habitats, including rocks, boulders and stone walls covered by bryophytes. Occurrence in this type of habitat, which is generally poor in non-lichenized fungi, is even reflected in the name of Octospora musci-muralis Graddon, but several other species of bryophilous Pezizales have also been recorded there. ...
Octospora doebbeleri, a new bryophilous species infecting rhizoids of the acrocarpous moss Dicranoweisia cirrata, is described and illustrated based on collections from the Czech Republic. The delineation of the new species, based on the unique set of morphological characters, is also supported by phylogenetic analysis of LSU and SSU nrDNA and EF1α. Morphologically, O. doebbeleri is characterised by apothecia with a thin margin and ellipsoid, mostly binucleate ascospores ornamented with small isolated warts. Differences from other morphologically similar species of Octospora are discussed.
... Recently, two more species on Hypnales were described: Octospora pannosa on Brachytheciastrum velutinum Hedwig (1801: 272) Ignatov & Huttunen (2002 (Vega et al. 2018) and O. conidiophora on trichosteleum perchlorosum Brotherus & Bryhn in Bryhn (1911: 24) and Sematophyllum brachycarpum (Hampe 1844: pl. 11) Brotherus in Engler & Prantl (1925: 431) (Sochorová et al. 2019). These do not induce galls and do not cluster in the lineage with O. wrightii. ...
The bryophilous ascomycete Octospora svrcekii, belonging to the section Wrightoideae, has so far been reported from only three localities in the world. New collections from Albania, Austria, Croatia, France, Slovakia and Spain have enabled a better understanding of its variability, ecology, distribution and phylogenetic relationships with other taxa within the section Wrightoideae. Octospora svrcekii was always found associated with Cratoneuron filicinum growing in constantly humid habitats (brooks, rivers or waterfalls), on calcareous bedrock. A species description based on both living and dead material is provided and compared with previous observations. A phylogenetic analysis of the section Wrightoideae, performed using the EF1α, SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA loci, revealed that Octospora svrcekii forms a monophyletic group with O. wrightii, O. erzbergeri, O. hygrohypnophila and O. americana, all of which are characterised by subglobose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores ornamented with isolated warts, and infect mosses in the order Hypnales, inducing galls on their rhizoids. Based on the molecular analysis, O. orthotrichi and O. affinis, formerly also considered as members of the section Wrightoideae, do not belong to the group.
... Chroogomphus tomentosus, a species that has been reported from Asia (Li et al. 2009), can be distinguished by its larger basidiospores [15-25 × 6-8(9) µm], thick-walled cystidia (2-4 µm) and strongly amyloid lamellar and pileal trama (Miller 1964). Sochorová et al. 2019). This was also shown to be a useful approach in the delimitation of species within Chroogomphus (Scambler et al. 2018). ...
With only three published reports, the genus Chroogomphus (Boletales, Gomphidiaceae) is poorly studied in Pakistan. During recent sampling events in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province, Pakistan, several collections of Chroogomphus were made, representing undescribed taxa. Based on morphological and molecular data, two new species are described: Chroogomphus pakistanicus and C. pruinosus. We present a description and illustrations for both taxa. A molecular phylogenetic reconstruction, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) barcode region, shows that C. pakistanicus and C. pruinosus are placed in two different subgenera of Chroogomphus (subg. Chroogomphus and subg. Siccigomphus, respectively).
... As we are uncovering more and more cryptic diversity, it becomes difficult to accept taxonomic conclusions based on morphology alone. We have seen this "integrative taxonomy" approach being increasingly used in different groups of fungi -e.g., Aspergillus (Eurotiales, Eurotiomycetes; Pringle et al. 2005), Helvella, Octospora (Pezizales, Pezizomycetes; Skrede et al. 2017, Sochorová et al. 2019, Hesperomyces (Laboulbeniales, Laboulbeniomycetes; Haelewaters et al. 2018), Ophiocordyceps (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes; Araújo et al. 2015), Phialocephala (Helotiales, Leotiomycetes; Grünig et al. 2008), Protoparmelia (Lecanorales, Lecanoromycetes; Singh et al. 2015), Cortinarius (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes; Stefani et al. 2014), Crepidotus (Inocybaceae, Agaricomycetes; Aime 2004), Geastrum, Myriostoma (Geastrales, Agaricomycetes; Sousa et al. 2017, Accioly et al. 2019, Hericium (Russulales, Agaricomycetes; Jumbam et al. 2019), Tranzscheliella (Ustilaginales, Ustilaginomycetes; Li et al. 2017), and several entries in the present paper. Descriptions of new species based on single isolates will only be accepted by the discretion of the Editorial Board. ...
Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica ‘variegata’ from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).
... The results of this study incorporating data for morphology, ecology, and phylogenetic inference based on DNA sequences for five loci have confirmed that the L. olivaceum complex is a well-defined species complex in Leptographium. Moreover, this integrative approach has been recently employed to resolve lower-level taxonomy in several other groups of fungi such as the Ophiocordycipitaceae (Araújo et al. 2015), Pyronemataceae (Sochorová et al. 2019), Laboulbeniaceae (Haelewaters et al. 2018), Geastraceae (Sousa et al. 2017), and Helvellaceae (Skrede et al. 2017). The combination of multiple properties as independent lines of evidence (e.g., morphology, DNA, substratum, and/or geography) is the way to move forward in fungal taxonomy in general. ...
The Leptographium olivacea complex encompasses species in the broadly defined genus Leptographium (Ophiostomatales, Ascomycota) that are generally characterized by synnematous conidiophores. Most species of the complex are associates of conifer-infesting bark beetles in Europe and North America. The aims of this study were to reconsider the delineation of known species, and to confirm the identity of several additional isolates resembling L. olivacea that have emerged from recent surveys in China, Finland, Poland, Russia, and Spain. Phylogenetic analyses of sequence data for five loci (ACT, TUB, CAL, ITS2-LSU, and TEF-1α) distinguished 14 species within the complex. These included eight known species (L. cucullatum, L. davidsonii, L. erubescens, L. francke-grosmanniae, L. olivaceum, L. olivaceapini, L. sagmatosporum, and L. vescum) and six new species (herein described as L. breviuscapum, L. conplurium, L. pseudoalbum, L. rhizoidum, L. sylvestris, and L. xiningense). New combinations are provided for L. cu-cullatum, L. davidsonii, L. erubescens, L. olivaceum, L. olivaceapini, L. sagmatosporum and L. vescum. New Typifications: Lectotypes are designated for L. olivaceum, L. erubescens and L. sagmatosporum. Epitypes were designated for L. olivaceapini and L. sagmatosporum. In addition to phylogenetic separation, the synnematous asexual states and ascomata with almost cylindrical necks and prominent ostiolar hyphae, distinguish the L. olivaceum complex from others in Leptographium. A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys Launched to accelerate biodiversity research RESEARCH ARTICLE Mingliang Yin et al. / MycoKeys 60: 93-123 (2019) 94
