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Microscopic appearance of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (G 1 ) stained with Ayobb-Shekhlar method. Large keratin pearls appears as red onion-like structures. × 160.
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The aim of this study was to show the natural occurrence of ocular neoplasms in dairy cattle kept in 8 dairy farms around Tehran consisting of approximately 5000 dairy cows, over a period of two years. Animal characteristics, type of husbandry and climatic conditions were recorded. Tumours were removed surgically and examined grossly and microscopi...
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O objetivo foi avaliar a eficácia da betaterapia com estrôncio-90 como modalidade única de tratamento em carcinomas de células escamosas (CEC) da terceira pálpebra de cães. Nove cães foram diagnosticados com CEC de terceira pálpebra, que foram tratados com estrôncio-90. A radioterapia foi administrada em quatro frações de 100cGy por local, a cada q...
Citations
... In addition, Joshi et al. (2009) recorded more incidence in 7 to 10 years age, Giri et al. (2011) recorded in 7 to 8 years, Wangikar (1997) recorded in 5 to 10 years, Udharwar et al. (2008) noticed in animals above ten years age (58.33%) followed by animals below ten years (41.66%). Gharagozlou et al. (2007) also postulated that the higher incidence in cattle aged 4 to 6 years with an average age of 61.5 months in a study involving 32 ocular tumours. Ocular squamous cell carcinomas were uncommon in cattle younger than five years and rare in cattle younger than three years. ...
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of skin and subcutaneous tumours in bovines. Thirty cases of skin and subcutaneous tumours were studied and examined at the time of presentation and their age, sex, breed, species, clinical observation for the body condition, location, colour of tumour mass, consistency, weight, shape, peduncultion, presence of bleeding were recorded. Most of the animals were middle aged, ranging from 4 to 8 years. Breed wise prevalence was more in crossbred cattle than other breeds. Sex wise higher incidence in male than females. The eye, neck, and limb region (13.34%) were most common tumours. The red and black colour of masses accounted for 10 (33.33%) and weight ranges from 80 to 120 gms affected with skin and subcutaneous tumours were twelve (40%) whereas bleeding and infection found in eleven (36.66%) and eight (26.66%) respectively. On clinical examination, animals with healthy condition (73.34%), tumours with non-pedunculated (broad based) (73.34%). The hard consistency (46.66%) cases along with round shape of tumour mass were found in thirteen (43.34%) cases which contributed maximum number of skin and subcutaneous tumours.
... BOSCC is a malignant tumour of epithelial origin, mostly formed in various ocular and periocular regions, such as the junction of the cornea, the sclera, eyelids, third eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, and palpebral skin in aged Holstein, Hereford or derived breeds (CARVALHO et al., 2005;FORNAZARI et al., 2017;SÖZMEN et al., 2019;VALA et al., 2020). In all species, the tumour undergoes a series of pre-malignant developmental stages, called epidermal plaques and papillomas, before progressing to carcinoma in situ, and to invasive carcinoma over months or years (GHARAGOZLOU et al., 2007). ...
... Sections were examined under a light microscope and photographed. The degrees of differentiation of the BOSCCs were determined on the basis of the size and number of keratin pearls, the formation and width of the tumoral islands, and the squamous differentiation (CARVALHO et al., 2005;GHARAGOZLOU et al., 2007;SÖZMEN et al., 2019). ...
Oxidative stress is strongly linked to carcinogenesis, especially head, neck and oral SCCs in humans. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas (BOSCCs) using immunohistochemical markers such as Nitrotyrosine (NT), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2’ -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Tissues were collected from 24 cattle brought to the Pathology Department for routine diagnosis. Tumour samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed routinely, and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue sections were cut into 5 μm thickness and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin to detect histopathological changes. The sections were examined under a light microscope and photographed. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used as immunohistochemical staining. It was observed that the cauliflower-like tumoral masses were mostly located on the upper and lower eyelids, the third eyelid, cornea, limbus, or covering the entire eyeball. NT, MDA and 8-OHdG expressions were statistically increased in poorly-differentiated (PD) cases compared to welldifferentiated (WD) and moderately-differentiated (MD) cases. On the basis of the results of the increase in these markers, we concluded that nitrosative and oxidative stress may have an important role in the carcinogenesis of BOSCCs.
... In terms of eye involvement, among the cases, the left eye was affected in two instances, while the right eye was affected in the remaining cases. Similarly, Ceylan et al. (2012) [2] found a higher prevalence of OSCC in the right eye in their study, contrasting with the observations of Gharagozlou et al. (2007) [8] , who reported equal occurrences in both eyes. Nitya et al. (2022) [13] reported a predominance of ocular tumors in the left eye in their study. ...
... In terms of eye involvement, among the cases, the left eye was affected in two instances, while the right eye was affected in the remaining cases. Similarly, Ceylan et al. (2012) [2] found a higher prevalence of OSCC in the right eye in their study, contrasting with the observations of Gharagozlou et al. (2007) [8] , who reported equal occurrences in both eyes. Nitya et al. (2022) [13] reported a predominance of ocular tumors in the left eye in their study. ...
... Similarly, among the five cases of vulvar tumors, three exhibited a nodular gross appearance, while one each resembled cauliflower and lemon. Gharagozlou et al. (2007) [8] found nodular growths to be more prevalent (26/32) than cauliflower-like growths (4/32) in bovines. Conversely, Sarangabani et al. (2017) [27] described the gross shape of vulvar SCC as clinically cauliflower-like. ...
... In studies on eye tumors in cattle, it has been reported that cases are encountered the most squamous cell carcinoma (cancer eye) (Gharagozlou, 2007;Ceylan, 2012;Gelatt, 2005). ...
... In cattle, ocular squamous cell carcinoma is reported to occur mostly in the bulbar conjunctiva and cornea and less frequently in the eyelid conjunctivae and the third eyelid (Gharagozlou, 2007). Of the 27 animals that consist the study material, 5 of them were found to originate from the upper eyelid and 22 from the bulbar conjunctiva. ...
In this retrospective study was aimed to be determined the incidence of ocular tumors in 21534 cattle brought to Animal Hospital of Fırat University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine between 2010 and 2020 years. Ocular tumor was detected in 27 cattle. Distribution of the tumor according to race, age and location was detected. Tumor cases have been found to be more common in the Simmental race in recent years and the age distribution is the most common between the ages of 5-6. Locations of the tumors were found to be in the eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva. After total extirpation of the tumors, histo-pathological examinations revealed that the tumor was ocular squamous cell carcinoma. Its incidence among cattle was found to be 0.125%.
... Photographs were taken using the Cell ^P program (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, 3, 4). The criteria described earlier by Carvalho et al. (2005), Gharagozlou et al. (2007) and Sözmen et al. (2019) were used as the basis for differentiation degrees and mitotic index of the OSCC cases; t The cases were categorized as well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Keratin pearls are large and numerous, tumor islands are large, squamous differentiation is prominent, keratin pearls are small to medium in number in the moderately differentiated group, tumor islands are small to medium in size, squamous differentiation increases in the number of poorly differentiated cells, keratin pearls in the poorly differentiated group at the level of individual cells, tumor islands are very small, pretty bad and completely differentiated. ...
... The etiopathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial, including causes such as UV rays, ocular pigmentation deficiency, and viral agents such as bovine papilloma virus and bovine herpes virus; also, genetic make-up plays an important role in the development of the tumor (Marà et al., 2005;Gharagozlou et al., 2007). Previous studies found that ocular pigment deficiency and UV rays were the two most important factors for OSCC (Gharagozlou et al., 2007;Tsujita and Plummer, 2010). ...
... The etiopathogenesis of the disease is multifactorial, including causes such as UV rays, ocular pigmentation deficiency, and viral agents such as bovine papilloma virus and bovine herpes virus; also, genetic make-up plays an important role in the development of the tumor (Marà et al., 2005;Gharagozlou et al., 2007). Previous studies found that ocular pigment deficiency and UV rays were the two most important factors for OSCC (Gharagozlou et al., 2007;Tsujita and Plummer, 2010). OSCC was mostly found in the lateral limbus of the eye, the third eyelid, the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the part of the skin adjacent to these structures, and less common in the vulva and the perineal area (Yavuz and Yumuşak, 2017;Sözmen et al., 2019;Mathewos et al., 2020). ...
Ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common neoplasms in cattle in Kars province, Turkey. This study was performed on 45 cases of OSCC sent by the Kafkas University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Research Hospital and private veterinary clinics to the university pathology department between the years 2012 and 2021. The removed tumor masses were macroscopically different in size and in hemorrhagic degree, and their surfaces were smooth or cauliflower-like. The removed masses were stained with hematoxylin–eosin for the histopathological examination, which showed neoplastic formations characterized by differentiation of atypical keratinocytes from the epidermis to the dermis. The cases were divided into three groups according to the density and number of tumor pearls, mitotic activity and their pleomorphism status: well differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated. Caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) as apoptosis markers and protein light chain 3 (LC3B) as autophagy markers were stained by immunohistochemical methods to determine the role of apoptosis and autophagy in OSCC cases. A statistically significant difference was observed between the groups separated according to the degree of differentiation in caspase-3 and LC3B immunostaining; however, non-significant difference in AIF immunostaining was found among three groups. The histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations showed that caspase-dependent apoptosis was more predominant than caspase-independent apoptosis in OSCC cases of cattle, and autophagy and apoptosis might play a common role in tumor aggressiveness and progression.
... In a study of Gharagozlou et al. [257], 32 cases of ocular neoplasms were diagnosed. The affected animals were female (100%) adult, and more than 50% of them aged more than 5 years. ...
... All slides were examined under a light microscope (Olympus Bx53) and photographed via the Cell^P program (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, 3,4 ). In determining the differentiation degrees of all BOSCC cases, the basic criteria suggested by Carvalho et al. 12 , Gharagozlou et al. 26 and Sözmen et al. 2 were taken into consideration. Tumors with excessive and large numbers of keratin pearls, large tumoral islands, and evident squamous differentiation were defined as well-differentiated (WD), while tumors with small-to-medium sized keratin pearls, medium-sized tumoral islands, and an increase in poorly differentiated cells were defined as moderately differentiated (MD). ...
... The most common age range for these tumors has been reported as 3 to 9 years by different researchers. 5,9,26 It is noteworthy that the tumor is very rare in animals younger than 3 years old and almost never occurs in animals younger than 1 year old. 27 In our study, similar to the age range reported in previous studies, the average age of the animals with the tumor was 6.1 years. ...
... No sex predispo-sition has been reported for this tumor8, however almost all of the cases (29 out of 30) in our study occurred in female animals. The tumor has been reported to occur more commonly in the right eye 2,5,9,26,27 , but in our study, the tumor occurred more commonly in the left eye than in the right eye 16 vs 14, respectively. BOSCC has been reported to occur in several ocular and periocular regions such as the corneal junction, sclera, eyelids, third eyelid, epithelial surfaces of cornea, conjunctiva, and palpebral skin. ...
In this study, we aimed to compare and correlate the PCNA, MMP-9 and p53 expressions and differentiation degree of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas (BOSCCs) by immunohistochemical methods. The material of this study was composed of BOSCC biopsy samples taken from 30 cattle brought to our department. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin & eosin in order to detect histopathological changes. Sections were examined and photographed under a light microscope. Avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used for immunohistochemistry. Macroscopically the masses were nodular to cauliflower-like shaped. The surfaces of the masses were highly hemorrhagic and ulcerative, and sometimes covered with a purulent discharge. Histopathologically, we defined cases with excessive and large numbers of keratin pearls, large tumoral islands, and evident squamous differentiation as well-differentiated. Cases with smaller tumoral islets, decreased number and size of keratin pearls, but higher number of poorly-differentiated cells compared to well-differentiated cases were defined as moderately-differentiated. Tumors in which keratinization was either absent or formed in individual cells were classified as poorly-differentiated. Statistical analysis revealed that
there was no significant difference between well, moderately, and poorly differentiated tumors in terms of PCNA and MMP-9 expressions, but we found that the increase in p53 expression negatively correlated with the degree of differentiation of the tumor. In conclusion, we think that p53 can be a useful marker in determining the prognosis of BOSCCs.
... The correlations in the breed wise incidence of eye cancer in cattle revealed highest incidence of Holstein Friesian crossbred cows followed by Jersey crossbred cows and non-descript cows (Gharagozlou et al. 2007 andFornazari et al. 2017). The availability of different breeds in a particular geographical location would predispose certain breeds to get affected. ...
... The incidence of bovine eye cancer was found to be high in females (Gharagozlou et al. 2007 andSchulz andAnderson, 2010). The reason might be the female cattle usually under stress factors such as gestation, lactation and progression in age. ...
Background: Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma also called cancer eye, represents the most economically important neoplasm in large animals. Hereditary factors, environmental factors (e.g: latitude, altitude, exposure to sunlight), lack of eyelid pigmentation, age and dietary habits have all been reported to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, in cattle the etiology has been linked to a number of viral agents, especially bovine papilloma virus and bovine herpes virus type 1 and 5. Nevertheless, ultraviolet light, viruses and circumocular pigmentation are the major epidemiologic risk factors for the development of the tumor. The efficacy of different treatment modalities for eye cancer in bovines was studied.Methods: All the animals were divided in to four groups of six animals each. Surgical excision, intra lesion BCG vaccine, surgery with auto vaccine and surgery with mitomycin was the treatment protocols followed. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to know the rate of proliferation of bovine ye cancer. Immunopositive reaction was observed against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in all the cases.Result: The benefits of different treatment modalities depended on nature, type, location and extensiveness of tumor. Early detection and aggressive treatment were essential in the successful management of these tumors. A multimodal treatment approach was recommended with surgery, immunotherapy and chemotherapy in providing 100% disease free interval.
... Irritation due to yoke, trauma, tying the rope at the base of the horn, rubbing against hard object, fighting, genetic predisposition, paints, solar radiation, viruses, either alone or in combination, have been reported as the etiological factors [3] . Sunlight is probably the most important carcinogenic stimulant for these tumors [4] . High incidence of horn cancer in castrated bullocks indicates possible role of reproductive hormones imbalance in the induction of tumour [5] . ...
... Según Tsujita y Plummer (2010) el carcinoma se puede ubicar en las uniones lateral corneo esclerótica (66.7%) y medial (16.5%). Gharagozlou et al. (2007) menciona una mayor presentación en el ojo derecho (40%) que en el izquierdo (37.5%) y una ocurrencia en ambos ojos de 21.9%. El carcinoma de células escamosas de la conjuntiva varía en gravedad, desde la displasia leve hasta el carcinoma in situ y carcinoma invasivo. ...
Se evaluaron los aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos, así como la expresión inmunohistoquímica del carcinoma de células escamosas ocular (CCEO) en 24 vacas con neoplásicas oculares y periorbitales en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Las variables fueron raza, sexo, edad, ubicación y estadio del carcinoma. Se determinó la inmunoexpresión de p53 y CK19. Se trabajó con 15 Holstein, 3 Normado, 3 Simhol, 2 criollas y una Montbéliarde, clasificadas según edad en <3 años (4%), 4-7 años (64%) y >8 años (32%). El carcinoma se desarrolló en la membrana nictitante (n=13), limbo esclerocorneal (7), párpado inferior (2), córnea (1) y en la conjuntiva (1). Diez vacas presentaron un área periorbital hipopigmentada. Se observó pequeñas placas de color gris blanquecino en el tercer párpado y córnea, nódulos irregulares y verrugas sésiles con forma de coliflor en la región limbocorneal y párpados. Microscópicamente los tumores bien diferenciados presentaron rompimiento de membrana basal, núcleos hipercromáticos, mitosis atípicas y pleomorfismo nuclear. Se encontró células dispuestas en cordones con centros queratinizados en forma de perlas lamelares. El p53, en 18 casos presentó inmunoexpresión débil, tanto en animales con pigmentación normal como con piel hipopigmentada. La reactividad del CK19 fue nula en todas las muestras. El estudio demostró que la valoración morfológica de las lesiones de carcinoma de células escamosas ocular mediante teñidas con H-E fue la mejor herramienta diagnóstica, aunque no fue posible clasificar el CCEO por estadios de acuerdo con el grado de diferenciación microscópica.
