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Micropropagation and acclimatisation of Gaultheria fragrantissima plants. Panel A, mature plants used as a source of explants. Panel B, bud-break from a nodal segment on WPM fortified with 0.22 mg l –1 TDZ. Panel C, induction of multiple shoots on WPM fortified with 0.22 mg l –1 TDZ after 10 weeks. Panel D, induction of multiple shoots on WPM fortified with 0.22 mg l –1 TDZ after 35 weeks. Panel E, well-hardened plants in polythene sleeves. Scale bars in Panels A – E = 1.0 cm.
Source publication
Leaves of mature of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. plants (Indian wintergreen) were collected from various locations in the Eastern Himalayan region on the Indo-China border and were analysed by steam distillation and gas chromatography to identify an elite line that contained 1.79% (v/v) essential oils, 98% of which was methyl salicylate. Subsequ...
Citations
... For all the accessions, 70 g of representative sub-samples of dried plant material were roughly cut and inserted in an amber glass maceration bottle with 100 mL of distilled water; the maceration was performed at controlled room temperature in a roller agitator for 24 h at 150 rpm prior to hydrodistillation. The maceration was performed to increase the extraction yield, as experimentally verified and reported in the published literature [41,42]. Then, the contents of the maceration bottle were transferred into a 2000 mL flask; 900 mL of distilled water was added to reach the appropriate hydrodistillation volume inside the flask. ...
Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), being a multiharvest crop, can increase farm profitability and cropping system diversification, including in marginal areas. Since inflorescence essential oil (EO) represents a valuable co-product for cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of pedoclimatic conditions on the inflorescence yield. EO content, composition and antioxidant capacity of the monoecious variety ‘Futura 75’. So, on-farm trials were performed in central Italy at three sites (SL, LA and SPG), which differed in terms of soil (taxonomic classes; chemical and physical characteristics), microclimate conditions (rainfall and air temperatures) and agricultural value. The results highlighted how location specificities significantly influence crop performance. Strong differences in productive parameters were observed among the farms, with inflorescence yields ranging from 1.3 to 4.9 Mg ha−1, mainly depending on the differences between the maximum and minimum air temperatures (ΔT) since negative correlations were found. Similarly, the concentration of monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons showed a reduction when ΔT during the studied period was higher; conversely, oxygenated sesquiterpenes showed an increment due to a higher ΔT. Only phenylpropanoids were affected by rainfall, showing a positive correlation. All these findings confirm that in hemp, satisfactory productions can be reached only by matching territorial suitability. The variability in EO’s characteristics suggests, in fact, that the “uniqueness” of the EOs derives from a combination of the pedological, climatic and agronomic variables of each site.
... Kết quả nghiên cứu này hoàn toàn phù hợp với các nghiên cứu trước đây về thành phần tinh dầu của các loài thuộc chi Gaultheria trên thế giới. Theo các nghiên cứu trước đây về thành phần hoá học của tinh dầu loài G. procumbens, G. yunnanensis và G. fragrantissima thì methyl salicylate cũng là thành phần chính trong tinh dầu của các loài này và chiếm tỷ lệ trên 90% [14]- [16]. ...
Trong nghiên cứu này, thành phần hóa học của tinh dầu chiết xuất từ lá loài Gaultheria sleumeri Smitinand & P.H.(Benth.) ở Việt Nam đã được phân tích và đánh giá hoạt tính sinh học của chúng. Tinh dầu lá loài G. sleumeri thu được thông qua quá trình chưng cất lôi cuốn hơi nước, sau đó phân tích thành phần bằng phương pháp sắc ký khí khối phổ (GC-MS). Kết quả cho thấy, tinh dầu chủ yếu bao gồm hai thành phần: methyl salicylate (99,92%) và eugenol (0,08%). Để đánh giá hoạt tính kháng khuẩn của tinh dầu, phương pháp khuếch tán giếng thạch được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu này. Kết quả cho thấy, tinh dầu loài này thể hiện hoạt tính kháng vi sinh vật chống lại hai chủng vi khuẩn bao gồm Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus và một loại nấm men gây bệnh (Candida albicans) ở các nồng độ khác nhau. Nghiên cứu cung cấp những hiểu biết có giá trị về thành phần hóa học và hoạt tính kháng vi sinh vật của tinh dầu chiết xuất từ lá loài G. sleumeri ở Việt Nam.
... The essential oil is extracted from the distillation of the fresh twigs and leaves. The oil is naturally rich in methyl salicylate and has aspirin like properties, which explains its effectiveness as a pain reliever [2]. The oil is aromatic, stimulant, carminative and antiseptic. ...
CULATIVATION METHODS OF GAULTHERIA PLANTS- OIL OF WINTERGREEN
... G. pumila has been used as a food and medicinal plant by indigenous people in Chile, such as the Aónikenk, Selk'nam, Kawésqar, Yagan, and Haush people from southern Chilean Patagonia (Dominguez, 2010). Several compounds have been identified, such as polyphenols (Middleton, 1992), anthocyanins (Villagra et al., 2014) essential oils (Bantawa et al., 2011), and high contents of methyl salicylate-rich essential oils (Apte et al., 2006). They have pharmacological characteristics such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic (Liu et al., 2013), and potential anticancer activities (Luo et al., 2018). ...
... However, there are publications for the Indian Wintergreen (Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.), which is normally propagated by seeds or via rooted cuttings, but both methods are very slow (Ranyaphi et al., 2012). Micropropagation through shoots was reported for G. fragrantissima (Bantawa et al., 2011;Ranyaphi et al., 2012). Media used for in vitro culture include woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with 6 benzyl-amino purine (BAP); kinetin (Kin) alone or in combination with auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (Bantawa et al., 2011) and semisolid rhododendron medium (RM), Murashige and Skoog medium (MSM) and WPM supplemented with N-6-benzyladenin (BA), kinetin (Kin) and 2-iso-pentenyladenine (2iP) (Ranyaphi et al., 2012). ...
... Micropropagation through shoots was reported for G. fragrantissima (Bantawa et al., 2011;Ranyaphi et al., 2012). Media used for in vitro culture include woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) alone or in combination with 6 benzyl-amino purine (BAP); kinetin (Kin) alone or in combination with auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (Bantawa et al., 2011) and semisolid rhododendron medium (RM), Murashige and Skoog medium (MSM) and WPM supplemented with N-6-benzyladenin (BA), kinetin (Kin) and 2-iso-pentenyladenine (2iP) (Ranyaphi et al., 2012). ...
A micropropagation protocol for G. pumila was developed. Young shoots were collected during the growing season (October to December 2016) from a wild population in the Villarrica Volcano area in the Araucanía Region of Chile. Nodal segments were used for in vitro initiation after testing several disinfection treatments with different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. Disinfected explants were placed onto 100% WPM basal medium (WPM100) supplemented with a range of concentrations of 2-iP (2-isopentenyladenine) to evaluate the best regeneration media during in vitro culture. Disinfection with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes, followed by a second disinfection with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 25 minutes, and cultivation on MS basal medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 2-iP gave the highest efficiency of disinfected plants. In the propagation stage, the highest multiplication rates were obtained when 1 mg L-1 zeatin was added to the basal WPM100 medium. In vitro rooting and preacclimation were better when elongated plants were cultivated on WPM100 supplemented with 3 mg L-1 naphthalene acetic acid. This in vitro protocol could be used to propagate genotypes of this Chilean native species and is also an important tool toward its domestication and commercial use.
... Several other members of the Ericaceae family have also been propagated through axillary shoot proliferation: Arbutus xalapensis Kunth. (Mackay 1996), Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull (Gebhardt and Friedrich 1987), Gaultheria fragantissima (Bantawa et al. 2011), Elliottia racemose Muhl. ex Elliot (Radcliffe et al. 2011), Rhododendron spp. ...
Arbutus unedo L. (strawberry tree, Ericaceae) is a woody species with a circum-Mediterranean distribution. It has considerable ecological relevance in southern European forests due to its resilience to abiotic and biotic stressors. Its edible red berries are used in the production of traditional products, including an expensive spirit. Several compounds extracted from the species have bioactive properties used by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The strawberry tree has gone from a neglected species to become a highly valuable crop with large cultivated areas in southern European and North African countries. Due to an increasing demand from farmers for plants with improved features, researchers have been trying to improve this species through conventional and biotechnological tools, focusing mainly on population analysis using molecular markers, in vitro cloning, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and intraspecific crosses to obtain genotypes with new characteristics. The objective of this review is to gather and update information about the species and make it available to researchers and stakeholders. Future research areas that are considered a priority for this species are highlighted.
... However, wintergreen essential oils obtained from other species of Gaultheria such as yunnanensis and hispidula are commercialized as well. The steam distillation yield of leaves is less than 2% (Bantawa et al., 2011). The quantity of essential oils produced in China is estimated to be between 20 and 70 Mg. ...
Les matières naturelles aromatiques, telles que les huiles essentielles, que l’on retrouve sur le marché, ne sont pas toujours authentiques, bien que ces produits soient vendus comme étant 100% purs et naturels. Certains fournisseurs fraudent leurs produits afin de réduire les coûts de production, d’améliorer la qualité des huiles essentielles ou encore pour augmenter artificiellement les volumes de production. Les huiles essentielles sont adultérées en ajoutant des produits à moindre coût, incluant des matières naturelles moins chères et des molécules d’origine pétrochimique. Des méthodes d’authentification appropriées sont nécessaires pour contrôler la naturalité et la pureté des huiles essentielles. La détermination des ratios isotopiques stables et l’analyse énantiosélective de composés spécifiques, associées à la recherche de traces de précurseurs de synthèses, permettent d’authentifier de nombreuses huiles essentielles (gaulthérie, alliacées, néroli, menthe crépue, cannelle et cypriol). Le contrôle de ces produits naturels requiert l’établissement de banques de données, constituées d’échantillons parfaitement tracés pour l’authenticité de leurs origines. La méthodologie mise en place a permis de développer de nouveaux outils pertinents pour l’authentification, comprenant le développement de l’analyse isotopique de composés ciblés pour la mesure du δ18O et du δ34S, et d’identifier de nouvelles fraudes, comprenant les ajouts de composés enrichis en 14C et les molécules issues d’hémisynthèses.
... In Yunnan, the folk taxonomy showed that people lump G. longibracteolata and other wintergreen group plants together, because they share a similar appearance and smell. According to previous studies, essential oils from G. yunnanensis and G. procumbens contain over 90% methyl salicylate (Bantawa, Da Silva, Ghosh, & Mondal, 2011;Nikolić, et al., 2013;Wu, Ye, Chao, Song, & Zou, 2007). Although methyl salicylate can easily be synthesized (Zanger & McKee, 1988), the traditional extract of wintergreen oil is still broadly used in aromatherapy and native peoples' daily life. ...
Gaultheria longibracteolata (Ericaceae) has been traditionally used by different linguistic groups in Yunnan Province, China, but it has not been well studied. Through our ethnobotanical study in Lüchun County of Yunnan, we found that this species has multiple traditional uses including food, medicine, and worship. The essential oils from the root, stem, and leaf were investigated by both GC–MS and anti-bacterial assays. The GC–MS study showed that methyl salicylate is the main (>90%) component of the essential oil, and the oil composition extracted from different plant parts showed some similarities. The oil of G. longibracteolata displayed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which is likely due to its methyl salicylate content. Gautheria longbracteolata appears to be a useful natural wintergreen oil substitute, but further studies are needed to develop this product.
... By means of ISSR markers on G. fragrantissima Wall, 83.7% polymorphism has been detected (Deshpande et al., 2001). In another study, wide ranges of oil bearing capabilities of 23 landraces of G. fragrantissima from North-Eastern Himalayas have been identified (Bantawa et al., 2011a). Thereafter, in order to study the genetic diversity of these 23 genotypes, rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker has been used. ...
... RAPD marker profiles of donor (mother) and micropropagated plants have been generated with 40 random 10-mer primers. The polymorphic RAPD profile has been found to yield 151 alleles with an average of 2.85 alleles per primer, indicating homogeneity among the micropropagated plants and genetic uniformity with the donor plant (Bantawa et al., 2011a). It is wellknown that overall genetic diversity of an endangered plant species has immense implications for its survival. ...
... Micropropagation has been extensively used for the recovery as well as conservation of endangered species (Nandi et al., 2002;Chandra et al., 2006;Purohit et al., 2015). Few micropropagation protocol have been reported for G. fragrantissima (Table 4), (Bantawa et al., 2011a;Ranyaphi et al., 2011Ranyaphi et al., , 2012 but not in other species of this genus. A highly reproducible micropropagation protocol using shoot tips from an adult elite genotype of G. fragrantissima has been developed (Bantawa et al., 2011a). ...
... By means of ISSR markers on G. fragrantissima Wall, 83.7% polymorphism has been detected (Deshpande et al., 2001). In another study, wide ranges of oil bearing capabilities of 23 landraces of G. fragrantissima from North-Eastern Himalayas have been identified (Bantawa et al., 2011a). Thereafter, in order to study the genetic diversity of these 23 genotypes, rapid amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker has been used. ...
... RAPD marker profiles of donor (mother) and micropropagated plants have been generated with 40 random 10-mer primers. The polymorphic RAPD profile has been found to yield 151 alleles with an average of 2.85 alleles per primer, indicating homogeneity among the micropropagated plants and genetic uniformity with the donor plant (Bantawa et al., 2011a). It is wellknown that overall genetic diversity of an endangered plant species has immense implications for its survival. ...
... Micropropagation has been extensively used for the recovery as well as conservation of endangered species (Nandi et al., 2002;Chandra et al., 2006;Purohit et al., 2015). Few micropropagation protocol have been reported for G. fragrantissima (Table 4), (Bantawa et al., 2011a;Ranyaphi et al., 2011Ranyaphi et al., , 2012 but not in other species of this genus. A highly reproducible micropropagation protocol using shoot tips from an adult elite genotype of G. fragrantissima has been developed (Bantawa et al., 2011a). ...
India has very prosperous plant biodiversity due to its varied climatic, altitudinal variations, and ecological habitats. Medicinal plants are an important source for various life-saving days in isolation. The affluent medicinal plant resource is disappearing at an alarming rate due to overexploitation and indiscriminate collections for their medicinal, ornamental, and other economical uses. The conventional methods of plant propagation are not so effective for some woody medicinal plant conservation. To overcome these circumstances, in vitro propagation technique can be considered for large-scale production and conservation of woody medicinal plants. The conservation studies on Indian medicinal plants are very limited and some of the endangered woody medicinal plants Leptadenia reticulate, Zanthoxylum armatum, Rhododendron wattii, Celastrus paniculatus, Gaultheria fragrantissima, Elaeocarpus blascoi, Cayratia pedata¸ Garcinia travancorica, Rauvolfia serpentine, Terminalia bellirica, Vitex negundo, and Santalum album attempted to conserve. In vitro propagation technique is a potential solution for developing superior quality genotypes, and the success rate of the field transfer plant growth is increased. The major problem faced in plant tissue culture was fungal and bacterial infection. This systematic review was prepared with a detailed account of success stories as well as various attempts on in vitro propagation and conservation of endemic and endangered woody medicinal plants of India. This review also deals with explants selection, sterilization, culture trails, hardening, and restoration activities.The present review highlights the conservation of endangered woody medicinal plants in India through plant tissue culture and also assesses the influence of media and plant growth regulators for their growth.KeywordsMicropropagationExplants sterilization: MS mediaGrowth hormonesHardeningRestoration
