Figure 2 - uploaded by Vit Hubka
Content may be subject to copyright.
Micromorphology of T. quinckeanum. Segmented, cigar-shaped, thin-walled macroconidia on poorly differentiated conidiophores (a-b); free macroconidia (c-f); microconidia, pyramidal branching (g, i); conidia located laterally alongside the hyphae (h); free microconidia (j); spiral hyphae (k); peridial hyphae and spiral hyphae (l); infertile pseudo-ascomata (m). Scale bars = 10 μm.
Source publication
Background:
Formerly only referred to as a subspecies (T. mentagrophytes var. quinckeanum), T. quinckeanum once again constitutes a distinct species according to the updated taxonomy of dermatophytes.
Patients and methods:
During routine diagnostic tests conducted at the Mycology Laboratory, Mölbis, Germany, between 11/2013 to 1/2017 (three year...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... shows numerous elongated, pyriform (pear-shaped) microconidia (Figure 2 g-j). These are made up of one or two cells and located laterally alongside the septate hyphae in varying density and irregular arrangement, resulting in the typical "Akladium"-like arrangement of microconidia and hyphae ( Figure 2 g-i) [ 1 ] . ...
Context 2
... shows numerous elongated, pyriform (pear-shaped) microconidia (Figure 2 g-j). These are made up of one or two cells and located laterally alongside the septate hyphae in varying density and irregular arrangement, resulting in the typical "Akladium"-like arrangement of microconidia and hyphae ( Figure 2 g-i) [ 1 ] . ...
Context 3
... in varying sizes, the macroconidia are multiseptate (3-8 cells), thin-walled ( Figure 2 a-f), as well as clavate or cigar-shaped. Spiral hyphae are formed in older colonies; they are indistinguishable from those of T. mentagrophytes ( Figure 2 k, l). ...
Context 4
... in varying sizes, the macroconidia are multiseptate (3-8 cells), thin-walled ( Figure 2 a-f), as well as clavate or cigar-shaped. Spiral hyphae are formed in older colonies; they are indistinguishable from those of T. mentagrophytes ( Figure 2 k, l). Characteristic -and, in this case, also species-specifi c -are fi liform mycelial processes that attach to the microconidia (Table 1 ). ...
Context 5
... -and, in this case, also species-specifi c -are fi liform mycelial processes that attach to the microconidia (Table 1 ). On special culture media, pseudo-ascomata are formed after very long incubation periods (Figure 2 m). ...
Context 6
... shows numerous elongated, pyriform (pear-sha- ped) microconidia (Figure 2 g-j). These are made up of one or two cells and located laterally alongside the septate hyphae in varying density and irregular arrangement, resulting in the typical "Akladium"-like arrangement of microconidia and hyphae ( Figure 2 g-i) [ 1 ] . ...
Context 7
... shows numerous elongated, pyriform (pear-sha- ped) microconidia (Figure 2 g-j). These are made up of one or two cells and located laterally alongside the septate hyphae in varying density and irregular arrangement, resulting in the typical "Akladium"-like arrangement of microconidia and hyphae ( Figure 2 g-i) [ 1 ] . ...
Context 8
... in varying sizes, the macroconidia are multisep- tate (3-8 cells), thin-walled ( Figure 2 a-f), as well as clavate or cigar-shaped. Spiral hyphae are formed in older colonies; they are indistinguishable from those of T. mentagrophytes ( Figure 2 k, l). ...
Context 9
... in varying sizes, the macroconidia are multisep- tate (3-8 cells), thin-walled ( Figure 2 a-f), as well as clavate or cigar-shaped. Spiral hyphae are formed in older colonies; they are indistinguishable from those of T. mentagrophytes ( Figure 2 k, l). Characteristic -and, in this case, also species-specifi c -are fi liform mycelial processes that attach to the microconidia (Table 1 ). ...
Similar publications
Data on the epidemiology of tinea capitis (TC), an infection of the scalp by dermatophytes, are scarce in Cameroon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of TC among school-children in the Dschang Subdivision, Western Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was carried out in June 2021 in Dschang including pupils aged 5–13. First, a standardized q...
Citations
... Historically, T. quinckeanum was known to be predominantly associated with mouse favus and was rarely reported in sporadic human infections prior to 2015 [56]. Infections caused by this specie have been increasingly reported in the literature among both humans (causing mainly tinea capitis and corporis) and animals in Germany, Czech Republic [11,[57][58][59], and Iran [60]. Between 2014 and 2021, in Mölbis (Germany), T. quinckeanum became the third most frequently isolated zoophilic dermatophyte species behind T. benhamiae and T. mentagrophytes, ahead of M. canis, accounting for 19.0% of human zoonotic infections [55]. ...
... Between 2014 and 2021, in Mölbis (Germany), T. quinckeanum became the third most frequently isolated zoophilic dermatophyte species behind T. benhamiae and T. mentagrophytes, ahead of M. canis, accounting for 19.0% of human zoonotic infections [55]. Recent reports confirmed that in addition to previously recognized reservoirs (i.e., small rodents and camel), other animals including cats, dogs, and horses can be commonly infected and transmit the infection to humans [57,58]. An increase in rodent populations, particularly ground voles, has been proposed as an explanation for the recent increase in incidence of T. quinckeanum [55]. ...
... Identification of all isolated dermatophytes was confirmed by sequencing of the ITS region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), mainly the regions ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS 2 and of the gene of the Translation Elongation Factor (TEF)-1α. [9][10][11] This required PCR amplification of a ~ 900 bp DNA fragment was performed using universal primers that bind to flanking pan-fungal sequence regions. The following gene sequences were used as probes for sequencing of the ITS region of the rDNA: ...
Background
Dermatomycoses count to the most frequent dermatoses in Cambodia.
Objectives
The aim of this survey was to investigate the occurrence of dermatophytes in this Southeast Asian country.
Methods
From June 2017 to July 2018, skin scrapings were taken from 67 patients with superficial dermatophytosis for mycological diagnostics. Identification of dermatophytes was confirmed by sequencing of the ‘internal transcribed spacer’—(ITS) region of the rDNA, and the gene of the Translation Elongation Factor ( TEF )‐ 1α .
Results
Patients were suffering from tinea corporis and tinea inguinalis/cruris 42/67 (63%), tinea capitis/faciei 14/67 (21%), tinea corporis/capitis/faciei 6/67 (9%), tinea manuum/pedis 2/67 (3%), tinea pedis 2/67 (3%) and tinea manuum 1/67 (1%). Both, by culture and/or PCR, a dermatophyte was detected in 52 (78%) out of 67 samples. Culture positive were 42 (81%) of 52, PCR positive were 50 (96%). The following dermatophytes were found: Trichophyton ( T. ) rubrum , 36/52 strains (69%, 29 by culture), T . mentagrophytes / T . interdigitale (TM/TI) 9/52 (17%, six by culture) and Microsporum (M.) canis 5/52 strains (10%, by culture). One strain of Nannizzia ( N. ) incurvata 1/52 (2%) and N. nana 1/52 (2%) was isolated. Based on sequencing, we demonstrated that two T . mentagrophytes strains out of the nine TM/TI represented the new ITS genotype XXV Cambodia. We found one T . mentagrophytes strain genotype VIII (now, reclassified as T . indotineae ). This isolate was terbinafine resistant, and it exhibited the amino acid substitution Phe397Leu in the squalene epoxidase. Three strains of T . interdigitale genotype II* were isolated.
Conclusion
This is the first survey on epidemiology of dermatophytes in Cambodia. Currently, T . rubrum represents the most frequent species in Cambodia. One Indian strain genotype VIII T . mentagrophytes was found. A highlight was the first description of the new T . mentagrophytes genotype XXV Cambodia.
...  Ðîññèè îïèñàíû åäèíè÷íûå ñëó÷àè çîîíîçíîé òðèõîôèòèè ó ëþäåé, âûçâàííîé T. quinckeanum [8].  Ãåðìàíèè îòìå÷åíû ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ñëó÷àè èíôåêöèé ÷åëîâåêà, ïðè ýòîì èñòî÷íèêîì çàðàaeåíèÿ ÿâëÿëèñü êîøêè, ìûøè è ëîøàäè [9]. Âñïûøêà çàáîëåâàíèÿ îïèñàíà òàêaeå â ×åõèè -çàáîëåëî 25 ÷åëîâåê, âåðîÿòíî çàðàçèâøèõñÿ îò êîøåê è ñîáàê [10]. ...
The study of the outbreak of dermatophytosis among rabbits in a large rabbit farm is presented. The clinical manifestation of the skin disease was characterized by separate and confluent foci of skin lesions covered with gypsum-like crusts. The disease was observed in all ages, starting from 10 days of age. Within a few months, the total infestation of the livestock reached 85-95%, a sharp increase in mortality was noted. For mycological diagnosis, fluorescent microscopy and inoculation on nutrient media were used. Microscopy of the affected hair revealed a large number of fungal spores, as well as fungal mycelium. When inoculating the material on the differential diagnostic medium "DTM-Expert", the growth of numerous fungal colonies, previously identified as Trichophyton spp. was obtained. Using ITS sequencing, the fungus was finally identified as Trichophyton quinckeanum. For the first time on the territory of the Russian Federation, we diagnosed dermatophytosis in rabbits caused by the species T. quinckeanum. This is also the first report of a mass disease of rabbits with dermatophytosis over the past few decades. The issues of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fungal infections are discussed, taking into account changes in the etiological structure.
... Letztlich können diese Genotypen nur mit molekularen Methoden identifiziert werden [29]. T. quinckeanum war ursprünglich eine Subspezies oder Variante von T. mentagrophytes, Wachstum und Mikroarchitektur sind sehr ähnlich bis übereinstimmend [31]. Die Rate der richtig positiven Ergebnisse für T. interdigitale lag bei 91,30 %. ...
... Im Zuge der Migration, der Globalisierung und der Klimaerwärmung treten daher auch hierzulande gehäuft Spezies auf, die nicht zum üblicherweise bekannten Erregerspektrum gehören und für uns neuartige Übertragungswege und klinische Manifestationen aufweisen [6]. Ein Beispiel dafür ist T. quinckeanum, der Erreger des "Mäusefavus", der als Folge der exzessiven Vermehrung von Mäusen infolge von Trockenheit in Zeiten des Klimawandels einen ungeahnten Aufschwung erfahren hat [7]. ...
In the course of globalization, migration and global warming, we are increasingly confronted with pathogens that do not occur naturally in our latitudes or appear in a different form. We know keratinophilic dermatophytes as the cause of tinea pedis, onychomycosis and also tinea corporis and capitis. Transmission usually occurs via domestic or farm animals and via autoinoculation. In recent years dermatophytes have gained additional importance as a possible sexually transmitted disease between immunocompetent persons. For the first time, dermatophytosis was described as a sexually transmitted infection in travelers who developed pronounced pubogenital or anogenital tinea after travelling in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, mostly after intensive sexual contact. Molecular and cultural analyses have identified Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes ITS (internal transcribed spacer) genotype VII as the main pathogen. Although this dermatophyte genotypically belongs to the zoophilic complex, direct (sexual) and occasionally indirect human-to-human contact with infected persons is suspected to be the current route of transmission. The infection can lead to inflammatory and purulent dermatophytosis, causing a high level of suffering. In this respect, a rapid and reliable diagnosis is essential in order to be able to initiate targeted treatment. The discovery of infection pathways and the awareness of the need to take rare diseases into account in our everyday lives will increasingly accompany us over the next few years and present us with new challenges, particularly in terms of prevention and treatment.
... Genetic analysis of the T. quinckeanum strains isolated in Jena showed that they differ in few positions in the ITS region compared to the neotype strain IHEM 13697 [8]. Strains with this new ITS pattern were also observed in other regions of Germany [9,10]. Recently, T. quinckeanum strains of this new ITS genotype were isolated in the Czech Republic [11]. ...
... Hence, the occurrence of this new genotype could be interpreted as a local phenomenon. However, recent reports from other regions [9][10][11] clearly indicate a wider distribution and a general trend for the selection towards this new, azole-resistant genotype of T. quinckeanum. Hence, treatment of infections with these strains will likely present a challenge to clinicians for managing dermatophytosis in the future, which is especially troublesome in the light of the development of severe Tinea capitis infections (Kerion celsi) in children. ...
Trichophyton quinckeanum, the causative agent of mouse favus, has been responsible for several infections of animal owners in recent years and showed an infection peak around 2020 in Jena, Thuringia. The isolated T. quinckeanum strains from Thuringia differ in some positions of the ITS region compared to strains from the IHEM collection as well as to Trichophyton schoenleinii. All T. quinckeanum strains of the new genotype show up to a 100-fold increased itraconazole resistance as measured by microplate laser nephelometry (MLN) assays. Analysis of genes involved in Trichophyton indotineae azole resistance, such as Erg1, which encodes squalene epoxidase, and Erg11B, one of two copies of the sterol 14-α demethylase gene, show a 100% identity between the two T. quinckeanum genotypes. In contrast, Erg11A fragments differ in 15-nucleotide positions between both T. quinckeanum genotypes, resulting in the unique amino acid substitution Ala256Ser in resistant strains. The new T. quinckeanum genotype may have evolved through interspecies mating. Mating type analysis showed a nearly 100% identity of the minus type MAT1-1-1 fragment for all T. quinckeanum isolates. The closely related Trichophyton schoenleinii belongs to the plus mating type and has 100% identical fragments of Erg1 and Erg11B. Erg11A protein sequences of T. schoenleinii and T. quinckeanum showed increased diversity.
... The most common dermatophytes which liable to develop resistance against systemic antifungals are Trichophyton rubrum, T. interdigital, and T. mentagrophytes [7,8]. Widespread use of topical therapy, containing a combination of antibacterial, antifungal, and steroids or topical potent steroids (like Clobetasol dipropionate) is responsible for the development of resistance dermatophyte or relapsing typical and widespread infections [9][10][11][12]. ...
... Eighty patients (80%) showed a positive family history of more than one member, especially the partners, this indicates that the tinea was contagious and the species of dermatophyte which cause dermatophytosis were anthropophilic in origin and this was supported by isolation of the T. rubrum from (21) patients (21%), M. audouinii from (9) patients (9%), and E. floccosum from (41) patients (41%) of samples these were anthropophilic, which agree with other studies of first groups [1,24] and different from the second and third groups [7,8]. ...
... Also regarding the species of dermatophyte which developed resistance in our study were approximately similar to that seen in different countries, (6%) Trichophyton Spp., (29%) Microsporum spp. and (2%) Epidermophyton floccosum but with different percentage [8]. Also, the type of therapy was similar in our study and other different studies [19,24], but the clearance was better in our study. ...
Background: Dermatophytosis was a fungal infection caused by molds (dermatophytes). Dermatophytes are a group of closely related filamentous fungi able to damage and utilize keratin found in the skin, hair, and nails. Objective: To to isolate the species which cause resistant dermatophytosis, and clinical types of tinea, as well as to assess the response to different antifungal therapies. Patients and Methods: Ninety-two patients with different clinical types of tinea infections (ringworm) were seen in a private clinic in Baquba city for the period from May 2021 to December 2021, they were (42) females and (50) males, their ages ranged from (7-70) years with a mean age of (27.57±8) years. All patients were diagnosed clinically as ringworm and supported by isolation of the species from samples either by direct examination of samples or cultures on Sabouraud media, and the patients were treated by combination therapy of systemic and topical terbinafine and systemic azole (itraconazole capsules) for (1-3) months. Results: All patients complained of widespread and concomitant tinea. The most common causative dermatophytes species were Epidermopyton floccosum (44%) and Trichophyton rubrum (22%), less commonly Microsporum audouinii (9.8%), and the others as in Table (1). The most common clinical type was tinea pedis (29.3%) then tinea cruris (26.1%), tinea corporis (22.8%), and tinea ungum (20.7%) as in Table (2). All patients were cured on combination therapy of systemic (terbinafine and itraconazole) and topical (terbinafine). Five patients (5.4%) showed relapses of disease after discontinuation of therapy and retreated by the same method. Conclusion: Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton rubrum were the most common cause of resistant tinea. Terbinafine and itraconazole were good therapeutic options for the treatment of resistant tinea.
... The most common dermatophytes which liable to develop resistance against systemic antifungals are Trichophyton rubrum, T. interdigital, and T. mentagrophytes [7,8]. Widespread use of topical therapy, containing a combination of antibacterial, antifungal, and steroids or topical potent steroids (like Clobetasol dipropionate) is responsible for the development of resistance dermatophyte or relapsing typical and widespread infections [9][10][11][12]. ...
... Eighty patients (80%) showed a positive family history of more than one member, especially the partners, this indicates that the tinea was contagious and the species of dermatophyte which cause dermatophytosis were anthropophilic in origin and this was supported by isolation of the T. rubrum from (21) patients (21%), M. audouinii from (9) patients (9%), and E. floccosum from (41) patients (41%) of samples these were anthropophilic, which agree with other studies of first groups [1,24] and different from the second and third groups [7,8]. ...
... Also regarding the species of dermatophyte which developed resistance in our study were approximately similar to that seen in different countries, (6%) Trichophyton Spp., (29%) Microsporum spp. and (2%) Epidermophyton floccosum but with different percentage [8]. Also, the type of therapy was similar in our study and other different studies [19,24], but the clearance was better in our study. ...
Background: Dermatophytosis was a fungal infection caused by molds (dermatophytes). Dermatophytes are a group of closely related filamentous fungi able to damage and utilize keratin found in the skin, hair, and nails. Objective: To to isolate the species which cause resistant dermatophytosis, and clinical types of tinea, as well as to assess the response to different antifungal therapies. Patients and Methods: Ninety-two patients with different clinical types of tinea infections (ringworm) were seen in a private clinic in Baquba city for the period from May 2021 to December 2021, they were (42) females and (50) males, their ages ranged from (7-70) years with a mean age of (27.57±8) years. All patients were diagnosed clinically as ringworm and supported by isolation of the species from samples either by direct examination of samples or cultures on Sabouraud media, and the patients were treated by combination therapy of systemic and topical terbinafine and systemic azole (itraconazole capsules) for (1-3) months. Results: All patients complained of widespread and concomitant tinea. The most common causative dermatophytes species were Epidermopyton floccosum (44%) and Trichophyton rubrum (22%), less commonly Microsporum audouinii (9.8%), and the others as in Table (1). The most common clinical type was tinea pedis (29.3%) then tinea cruris (26.1%), tinea corporis (22.8%), and tinea ungum (20.7%) as in Table (2). All patients were cured on combination therapy of systemic (terbinafine and itraconazole) and topical (terbinafine). Five patients (5.4%) showed relapses of disease after discontinuation of therapy and retreated by the same method. Conclusion: Epidermophyton floccosum and Trichophyton rubrum were the most common cause of resistant tinea. Terbinafine and itraconazole were good therapeutic options for the treatment of resistant tinea.
... However, small wild mammals are known to be reservoirs of diverse dermatophyte species, including those capable of infecting humans and domestic animals (Mantovani 1978, Hubálek et al. 1979, Hubálek 2000. In particular, wild rodents are occasional hosts of Trichophy ton mentagrophytes and T. quinckeanum, two species with significant zoonotic potential (Menges et al. 1957, McKeever et al. 1958, Mantovani et al. 1982, Gallo et al. 2005, Papini et al. 2008, Chollet et al. 2015, Uhrlaß et al. 2018, Lysková et al. 2021. Wild rodents (e.g., North American porcupine, Erethizon dorsatus) are also known to be natural reservoirs of emerging pathogens from the T. benhamiae complex (Needle et al. 2019(Needle et al. , Čmoková et al. 2020. ...
Arthroderma is the most diverse genus of dermatophytes, and its natural reservoir is considered to be soil enriched by keratin sources. During a study on the diversity of dermatophytes in wild small rodents in the Czech Republic, we isolated several strains of Arthroderma . To explore the diversity and ecological significance of these isolates from rodents (n = 29), we characterised the strains genetically (i.e., sequenced ITS, tubb and tef1α ), morphologically, physiologically, and by conducting mating experiments. We then compared the rodent-derived strains to existing ITS sequence data from GenBank and the GlobalFungi Database to further investigate biogeography and the association of Arthroderma species with different types of environments. In total, eight Arthroderma species were isolated from rodents, including four previously described species ( A. crocatum , A. cuniculi , A. curreyi , A. quadrifidum ) and four new species proposed herein, i.e., A. rodenticum , A. simile , A. zoogenum and A. psychrophilum . The geographical distribution of these newly described species was not restricted to the Czech Republic nor rodents. Additional isolates were obtained from bats and other mammals, reptiles, and soil from Europe, North America, and Asia. Data mining showed that the genus has a diverse ecology, with some lineages occurring relatively frequently in soil, whereas others appeared to be more closely associated with live animals, as we observed in A. rodenticum . Low numbers of sequence reads ascribed to Arthroderma in soil show that the genus is rare in this environment, which supports the hypothesis that Arthroderma spp. are not soil generalists but rather strongly associated with animals and keratin debris. This is the first study to utilise existing metabarcoding data to assess biogeographical, ecological, and diversity patterns in dermatophytes.
... The sequencing of the gene of the ITS region of the dermatophytes confirmed the identification of the isolate as P. mirabile. 2 The DNA sequence of the P. mirabile strain found here was analysed together with other Paraphyton strains from the BCCM/IHEM collection (designated with an IHEM number) in a phylogenetic tree with a Microsporum and an Arthroderma strains as outgroup (both strains from the Westerdijk Institute with acronym CBS) ( Figure 2). For this purpose, a multiple sequence alignment was created using MAFFT, version 7.394 1 using the FFT-NS-i iterative refinement method. ...
... 3,4 A maximum likelihood phylogeny (ML) was constructed with RAxML v8.2.4. 2 The branch support was calculated on the basis of 1000 bootstrap replicas. ...
