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Micrographs of unsporulated and sporulated Eimeria oocysts from water buffaloes. (A, E) Eimeria bareillyi. (B, C, D) Eimeria auburnensis. (F, G, H) Eimeria auburnensis-like. Unstained. Scale bars ¼ 5 lm. Color version is available online.
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Coccidiosis is a common disease of livestock, including water buffaloes. Reports discussing the prevalence and identity of coccidian parasites in water buffaloes from Egypt are few, and nothing is known concerning the most pathogenic species, Eimeria bareillyi. Fresh feces collected from 175 water buffaloes in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, were proc...
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... characteristics of Eimeria spp. oocysts in our survey were similar to those in the literature ( Bhatia et al., 1968;Dubey, 2018). Eimeria bareillyi oocysts (n ¼ 100) were pyriform, yellow to brown, and 28-33 3 20-24 lm in size (Fig. 1A). Each oocyst had a thin, smooth, and homogeneous double-layered wall, and a 5-6-lm-wide micropyle. Sporocysts were elongate ellipsoidal with flat Stieda bodies. The sporocyst residuum was clustered or dispersed. Each sporozoite had a single large refractile body (Fig. ...
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... (n ¼ 100) were pyriform, yellow to brown, and 28-33 3 20-24 lm in size (Fig. 1A). Each oocyst had a thin, smooth, and homogeneous double-layered wall, and a 5-6-lm-wide micropyle. Sporocysts were elongate ellipsoidal with flat Stieda bodies. The sporocyst residuum was clustered or dispersed. Each sporozoite had a single large refractile body (Fig. ...
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... found the mammillated type, but not the smooth type, in 19% of 36 buffaloes from Brazil. It is possible that Sayin (1968) misidentified the oocyst wall as punctuated instead of mamillated (the given micrographs are not clear). In the present study, the mammillated type was found in a single sample, and it was mixed with oocysts of the smooth type (Fig. 1). Molecular studies are needed to confirm identities of cattle and buffalo Eimeria species. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, according to the ethical principles of animal research. The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors thank Camila Ce´zarCe´zar for ...
Citations
... For both Eimeria spp. and E. bovis infections respectively, there were 36.4% and 8.3% (Rebouças et al., 1990), 43.6% and 21.1% (Rebouças et al., 1994), and 100% and 33-100% (Bastianetto et al., 2007) in Brazil;12% and 33.33% (El-Sherif et al., 2000) and 28% and 10.8% (El-Alfy et al., 2019) in Egypt; 57.8% and 34.8% (Navjot et al., 2018) in India; 100% and 76.8% (Bahrami & Alborzi, 2013) and 35.3% and 15.1% (Tavassoli et al., 2018) in Iran; 25.1% and 50.3% (Guarino et al., 1997) in Italy; 14.6% and 19.1% (Hayat et al., 1994) and 58.8% and 52.3% (Hussain et al., 2017) in Pakistan; 16.5% and 32% (Padilla & Romero, 2007) in Philippine; 95.3% and 34.8% (Sayin et al., 1968) and 75% and 44.9% (Nalbantoglu et al., 2008) in Turkey. This variation in prevalence rate of infection between our study and other studies might belong to differences in diagnostic methods used. ...
... and significant with E. bovis. Several studies have revealed conflicted results as a number of researchers have found a variation between females and males (El-Alfy et al., 2019;Navjot et al., 2018; Al-Amery, 2020 a/b) but not in others (Singh et al., 2012;AL-Lahaibi et al., 2021). This disparity among the findings cannot be explained exactly; however, the possible reason for higher prevalence rate in females in our study might be either the better management of males than females keeping in view their economic importance or to the number of males subjected to sampling. ...
Eimeria is a protozoan parasite of many wild and domestic animals including buffaloes resulting in a widespread disease known as coccidiosis that may impact production, well fare and health status. This study was designed to identify the prevalence of Eimeria spp. and E. bovis in buffaloes using conventional molecular technique. An overall 281 buffaloes of different sexes and ages of many rural areas in Wasit province were subjected during November (2022) to February (2023) to direct collect of fecal samples from the rectum. After molecular examination of all fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the results showed that 25.98 and 35.62% buffaloes were positive to Eimeria spp. and E. bovis, respectively. Furthermore, significant prevalence of Eimeria spp. being higher in 1 year than older ones and Al-Kut than other study region, but not between females and males; while, E. bovis was more prevalent in 1 year, Al-Kut and Al-Hay, and females. Additionally, values of odds ratio and relative risk were elevated significantly in 1 year female buffaloes of Al-Kut region. From our point of view, this represents the first molecular study identifies E. bovis in buffaloes from Iraq. In conclusion, molecular based-PCR revealed a high efficacy in identification of E. bovis, and can be used in epidemiological investigations of coccidiosis in entire country. However, we suggest that the DNA sequence variation in ITS1 region of different Eimeria species should be conducted to view genetic mutations as well as genetic association with other worldwide strains. Also, extensive investigation is necessary to bridge the knowledge gap and providing for diagnosis this parasite in buffaloes as well as in other field animals.
... Beta (Nov 6, 2014) Copyright (C) 2013-2014 under a compound microscope (Optika Microscopes Italy, B-383PLi). Morphometric analysis was done using ImageJ 1.51 k (National Institute of Health, USA), and identification was performed using the literature previously published [28,29,[31][32][33][34][35]. Fasciola sp. and Paramphistomum sp. were identified using methylene blue stain [32] that produces dark brown color to the former and colorless to the latter. ...
... In both populations, protozoa were the most dominant parasites that included Balantidium coli, Blastocystis sp., Eimeria spp., Endo limax nana, Entamoeba sp., and Giardia sp. and the helminths; ascarid spp., Capillariia sp., Fasciola sp., Moniezia benedeni, oxyurid sp., Paramphistomum sp., Schistosoma spp., strongyle, Strongyloides sp., and Trichuris sp. The current prevalence rate of protozoa (80%) in the CBP was higher than those reported from Egypt (28%) [35] and India (35%) [49]. Compared to this, the prevalence rate (100%) in the SCBP was higher than those reported from Bangladesh (80.28%) [41], Turkey (75%) [47], and Brazil (66.11%) [48]. ...
... were predominant in both populations indicating they were naturally present in buffaloes. Compared to ten different species of Eimeria from Egyptian buffaloes [35], 11 species with E. bukidnonensis from SCBP and ten species from CBP were detected. E. bovis and E. zuernii, which cause severe pathologic effects [26,50], have been detected in both populations indicating a critical role of these coccidia in buffalo health in Nepal. ...
Buffaloes are one of the most popular domestic ruminants, reared globally for milk and meat.
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism in these hosts possesses a critical warning factor that severely limits the growth,
reproductive performance, and milk production. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence and diversity of
GI parasites in buffaloes in Ratnanagar Chitwan in central Nepal. The fresh faecal samples (n=300) of buffaloes (150
from captive and 150 from semi-captive) were collected and immediately preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate
solution. These samples were processed via direct wet mount, sedimentation, and floatation techniques and examined
under a compound microscope at 100×, 400×, and 1000× magnifications. The results showed an overall 90% prevalence
of parasites (80% in captive with 22 species and 100% in semi-captive buffaloes with 30 species). Entamoeba and
Balantidium coli were the most prevalent parasites among the captives, whereas Entamoeba and Fasciola were
dominant in semi-captive populations. In conclusions, buffaloes under semi-captive domestication harbor the higher
prevalence and greater diversity of GI parasites. GI parasitism in buffaloes varies with captivity and age. Furthermore,
awareness programs to the local farmers for healthy husbandry practices and therapeutic and preventive strategies
should be conducted to reduce the parasitic loads and cross-transmission of potential parasites from different
environments.
... Faecal samples were examined using the sodium chloride (specific gravity 1.28) flotation method. Cysts, oocysts and eggs found were identified according to their morphological characters (Mircean et al. 2011, El-Alfy et al. 2019, Dubey 2020, using an optical microscope (Olympus BX61). Positive samples were further tested using the McMaster technique to determine the number of oocysts/eggs per gram (OPG/EPG) of a faecal sample. ...
Buffaloes represent an important economic resource for several regions of the world including Romania. In the present study, we examined 104 faecal samples collected from 38 buffalo calves (2-11 weeks old) from household rearing systems in Romania for gastrointestinal parasites. All samples were tested using the saturated salt flotation, McMaster and modified Ziehl-Nielsen staining methods. PCR coupled with sequencing isolates were used to identify assemblages of Giardia lamblia (Kunstler, 1882) and species of Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907. Overall, 33 out of 38 examined buffalo calves were infected with different gastrointestinal parasites: 16 had single infections and 17 had mixed infections with two or three parasites. Species of Eimeria Schneider, 1875 (32/38; 84%) were the most prevalent parasites; eight species were identified according to the oocyst morphology, including the pathogenic E. bareillyi (Gill, Chhabra et Lall, 1963) which was detected for the first time in buffaloes from Romania. The nematodes Toxocara vitulorum (Goeze, 1782) (11/38; 37%) and Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) (6/38; 16%) were also detected. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in four (11%) buffalo calves; two of them were molecularly identified as C. ryanae Fayer, Santin et Trout, 2008, and another one clustered in the same clade with C. ryanae, C. bovis Fayer, Santin et Xiao, 2005, and C. xiaoi Fayer et Santin, 2009. Giardia duodenalis assemblage E was also molecularly detected in a single (2.6%) buffalo calf. The presence of other buffaloes in the same barn was identified as a risk factor for infection with T. vitulorum. Our results indicate extensive parasitic infections in buffalo calves from northwestern Romania and underline the necessity of prophylactic treatments for T. vitulorum and E. bareillyi.
... sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes). These protozoa are specific to their hosts, for example, species that affect cattle do not infect other ruminants, except for buffaloes that can be infected by Eimeria species there are common to cattle (Cardim et al., 2018;El-Alfy et al., 2019;Macedo et al., 2019;Bangoura & Bardsley, 2020). The diagnosis of infection with the parasite is mostly made through coproparasitological methods for detection of oocysts. ...
Eimeria species have importance to calves because of the economic losses. The aim of this study was to identify the species of Eimeria that affect calves and the risk factors associated with its natural infection. Fecal samples (387) were collected from dairy farms in the southern Agreste of Pernambuco. The feces were evaluated using the Gordon & Whitlock technique and were cultured in 2.5% potassium dichromate for sporulation of oocysts. Odds ratio (OR) were calculated to assess risk factors. Eimeria spp. were detected in 50.65% (196/387) of the samples. Eleven species were identified, being Eimeria bovis (26.64%; 548/2057), Eimeria zuernii (19.69%; 405/2057) and Eimeria ellipsoidalis (14.49%; 298/2057) those more frequent. Small herds (OR = 1.93), calves aged up to six months (OR = 2.12), absence of manure pit (OR = 7.52), fortnightly cleaning (OR = 4.71), collective calf pens (OR = 3.26), manual milking (OR = 2.16) and absence of veterinary care (OR = 2.28) were considered to be risk factors. The data revealed pathogenic species in more than 50% of the farms. Thus, the importance of adopting sanitary measures to reduce the spread of these protozoa in herds should be done, because of economic losses associated with its infection.
... In the present study, Eimeria spp. was the most prevalent GIT parasite and detected in 84.2% of buffalo claves. This ubiquitous protozoan has a worldwide dispersal in water buffaloes which could be infected with at least 12 Eimeria species, of them 11 are of cattle origin 13 . So far, E. bareillyi is the only buffalospeci c species, non-transmissible to cattle, and is highly pathogenic to young calves 14 . ...
... Fecal samples were examined using sodium chloride (speci c gravity 1.28) otation method. The revealed cysts, oocysts and eggs were identi ed according to their morphological characters 10,13,50 , using an optical microscope (Olympus BX61, Japan). Positive samples were further tested using the McMaster technique in order to determine the number of oocysts/eggs per gram (OPG/EPG) of fecal sample. ...
... Microphotographs of oocysts were taken using an optical microscope (Olympus BX61, Japan) connected to a DP72 camera (Olympus Corporation, Japan), and the measurements were determined with Cell^F software (Olympus Corporation, Japan). Different Eimeria species were identi ed based on oocyst morphology, as described previously 10,13 . ...
Buffaloes represent an important economic resource for several regions of the world including Romania; however, no reports on parasitic infections in buffaloes from Romania are available. In the present study, we examined for the gastrointestinal parasites 104 fecal samples bimonthly collected from 38 buffalo calves (2–11 weeks old) from household rearing systems in Romania. All samples were tested using the saturated salt flotation, McMaster and modified Ziehl-Nielsen staining methods. PCR coupled with isolates sequencing methods were used to identify the Giardia duodenalis assemblages and Cryptosporidium species. Overall, 33 out of 38 examined buffalo calves were infected with different gastrointestinal parasites; 16 had single infections and 17 had mixed infections with 2 or 3 parasites. Eimeria species (32/38; 84.2%) was the most prevalent parasite; 8 species were identified according to the oocyst morphology including the pathogenic E. bareillyi which detected for the first time in buffaloes from Romania. Toxocara vitulorum (11/38; 36.8%) and Strongyloides papillosus (6/38; 15.8%) were also detected. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 4 (10.5%) buffalo calves; 2 of them were molecularly identified as C. ryanae and another one was clustered in the same clade with C. ryanae , C. bovis , and C. xiaoi . Giardia duodenalis assemblage E was also molecularly detected in a single (2.6%) buffalo calf. The presence of other buffaloes in the same barn was identified as a risk factor for infection with T. vitulorum. Our results indicate extensive parasitic infections in buffalo calves from Northwestern Romania and underline the necessity of prophylactic treatments for T. vitulorum and E. bareillyi .
... E. bovis (22.3%), and E. zuernii (18.2%); in addition, E. bareillyi, the buffalo hostspecific species, showed a prevalence of 12.3%. These Eimeria species were found also in other countries, such as Netherlands, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Brazil (13,35,45), while E. cylindrica, E. alabamensis, E. canadensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. bukidnonensis found by several authors (13,35,45) were not found in our study. Mixed infections with more than one species were common in cattle and buffalo farms with values of 71.2 and 39.4%, respectively. ...
... E. bovis (22.3%), and E. zuernii (18.2%); in addition, E. bareillyi, the buffalo hostspecific species, showed a prevalence of 12.3%. These Eimeria species were found also in other countries, such as Netherlands, Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Brazil (13,35,45), while E. cylindrica, E. alabamensis, E. canadensis, E. brasiliensis, and E. bukidnonensis found by several authors (13,35,45) were not found in our study. Mixed infections with more than one species were common in cattle and buffalo farms with values of 71.2 and 39.4%, respectively. ...
Coccidiosis due to Eimeria spp. are widespread parasitic infections in cattle and water buffaloes and may impair health, welfare, and production of these livestock species. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of eimeriosis and (ii) to characterize the Eimeria species in large ruminants in a Mediterranean area, in order to plan effective control strategies. Parasitological data were obtained from a 10-year surveillance program (2010–2019) on 3,631 farms (2,089 buffalo and 1,542 cattle farms) sampled in central and southern Italy. Pooled fecal samples were analyzed using the FLOTAC technique with an analytic sensitivity of 2 oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) utilizing a saturated sodium chloride flotation solution (specific gravity = 1.200). Eimeria species identification was performed by morphometric analysis after a one week incubation of oocysts in a 2.5% potassium dichromate solution. The results showed high prevalence of Eimeria (up to 100%) in both cattle and buffaloes in the 10 years of surveillance, even if a slight reduction was reported in the last three years. The overall prevalence of eimeriosis was 91.7% (95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 90.2–93.1) in cattle farms and 81.5% (95% CI = 79.8–83.1) in water buffalo farms. The mean OPG value was 66.8 (min = 2; max = 8,065) in cattle and 55.9 (min = 2; max = 15,415) in water buffaloes, but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In total, nine species of Eimeria were found in cattle the most prevalent being Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. cylindrica, and E. zuernii, whereas in water buffaloes eight species of Eimeria were found, the most prevalent being E. ellipsoidalis, E. auburnensis, E. bovis, and E. zuernii. Mixed infections were common in both ruminant species. The seasonal pattern showed a higher prevalence of eimeriosis in cattle in spring (86.9%) whereas in buffalo farms the prevalence was higher in winter (82.3%) and summer (82.4%). In conclusion, the 10-year surveillance program indicates that eimeriosis is common in cattle and water buffaloes and therefore continuous effective control strategies are needed.
... Faecal sample (3-4 g) was emulsified with 10 ml of potassium dichromate (2.5%) and passed through nylon sieves with pore size of ≤ 1 mm (Teixeira Filho et al., 2016;El-Alfy et al., 2019). The filtrate obtained was transferred to a Petri dish of size 10 mm in small volumes to allow oxygen, closed with lid and kept in orbital shaker for 48-72 hours and stirred every day. ...
... It is possible that the intensity of infection with these smaller oocysts was low and was possibly missed during screening. El Alfy et al. (2019) recently encountered E. aubernensis and E. aubernensis-like oocysts from buffaloes in Egypt. . 1. Oocysts of E. zuernii (a, b) and E. wyomingensis (c, d) before and after sporulation ...
Eimeria spp. cause the disease coccidiosis, which results in chronic wasting of livestock and can lead to the death of the animal. The disease, common worldwide, has caused huge economic losses to the cattle industry in particular. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine Eimeria in China. Our search of five databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and Wan Fang for articles published up to February 29, 2020 on the prevalence of Eimeria in cattle in mainland China yielded 46 articles, in which the prevalence of cattle ranged from 4.6% to 87.5%. The rate of bovine Eimeria infection has been decreasing year by year, from 57.9% before 2000 to 25.0% after 2015, but it is still high. We also analyzed the region, sampling years, detection methods, feeding model, seasons, and species of bovine Eimeria . We recommend that prevention strategies should focus on strengthening detection of Eimeria in calves in the intensive farming model.
