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Microencapsulation is one of the quality preservation techniques of sensitive substances and a method for
production of materials with new valuable properties. Microencapsulation is a process of enclosing
micron-sized particles in a polymeric shell. There are different techniques available for the encapsulation
of drug entities. The encapsulation e...
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... this process, supercritical fluid containing the active ingredient and the shell material are maintained at high pressure and then released at atmospheric pressure through a small nozzle. The sudden drop in pressure causes desolvation of the shell material, which is then deposited around the active ingredient (core) and forms a coating layer (Figure 2). ...
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Citations
... These innovative systems are designed to maximize drug absorption, target specific sites within the body, and control the release of therapeutic substances, ultimately reducing adverse effects and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. [1][2][3][4] One of the most promising NDDS technologies is microencapsulation, a multidisciplinary approach that combines cutting-edge formulations, novel technologies, and innovative development strategies to achieve desired pharmacological effects safely and effectively. Microencapsulation involves encapsulating active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within microscopic protective coatings, offering numerous advantages over traditional dosage forms. ...
... The inclusion of GA or GEL in the encapsulation matrix significantly increases the EE due to their protein content, which promotes forming both hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds with the phenolic compounds contained in the grape pomace extracts. These interactions are further enhanced by the ability of the protein to bond with the free carboxyl groups of the polymers, as shown by Li et al. [38] and Jyothi et al. [39]. ...
The phenols from grape pomace have remarkable beneficial effects on health prevention due to their biological activity, but these are often limited by their bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal tract. Encapsulation could protect the phenolics during digestion and influence the controlled release in such an intestine where their potential absorption occurs. The influence of freeze-drying encapsulation with sodium alginate (SA) and its combination with gum Arabic (SA-GA) and gelatin (SA-GEL) on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of phenol-rich grape pomace extract and the bioaccessibility index (BI) of phenolics during simulated digestion in vitro was investigated. The addition of a second coating to SA improved the EE, and the highest EE was obtained with SA-GEL (97.02–98.30%). The release of phenolics followed Fick’s law of diffusion and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model best fitted the experimental data. The highest BI was found for the total phenolics (66.2–123.2%) and individual phenolics (epicatechin gallate 958.9%, gallocatechin gallate 987.3%) using the SA-GEL coating were used. This study shows that freeze-dried encapsulated extracts have the potential to be used for the preparation of various formulations containing natural phenolic compounds with the aim of increasing their bioaccessibility compared to formulations containing non-encapsulated extracts.
... Compared to traditional delivery systems, microencapsulated systems offer potential advantages. Consequently, both controlled release and targeted delivery can be achieved through the utilization of microcapsules and microspheres [91]. ...
In recent years, the development of nanomaterials with biocidal properties has received considerable attention due to their potential applications in various industries, including food, medicine, and cultural heritage preservation. The growing demand for coatings with antibacterial properties has sparked interest from industrial sectors in exploring the incorporation of biocides into these materials. Coatings are prone to microbial growth, which can cause damage such as cracking, discoloration, and staining. To combat these problems, the integration of biocides into coatings is a crucial strategy. Biocide-embedded nanomaterials offer numerous advantages, including high efficiency in small quantities, ease of application, good chemical stability, low toxicity, and non-bioaccumulation. Encapsulated nanobiocides are particularly attractive to the agro-industry, because they can be less toxic than traditional biocides while still effectively controlling microbial contamination. To fully exploit the benefits of nanobiocides, future research should focus on optimizing their synthesis, formulation, and delivery methods. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current status of biocide nanomaterials, discuss potential future research directions, and highlight research methods, the development of new forms of nanomaterials, and studies of their physico-chemical properties. Biocide nanocapsules of DCOIT (4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one) are chosen as an example to illustrate the research pathways.
... The inclusion of GA or GEL in the encapsulation matrix significantly increases the EE due to their protein content, which promotes forming both hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds with the phenolic compounds contained in the grape pomace extracts. These interactions are further enhanced by the ability of the protein to bond with the free carboxyl groups of the polymers, as shown by Li et al. [38] and Jyothi et al. [39]. ...
Keywords: grape pomace extracts, encapsulation, freeze-drying, bioaccessibility, phenolic compounds
... Microencapsulation is a method or technique that involves trapping solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases within an inert cover. Its aim is to protect substances from surrounding environments that inactivate them ( Jyothi et al., 2010;Nazzaro et al., 2012;Solanki et al., 2013). Microencapsulation originated in the late 1930s and has since had numerous applications in the food, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries (Agnihotri et al., 2012;Teixeira et al., 2014). ...
... Aside from materials, different microencapsulation methods have been developed, e.g., coacervation, solvent evaporation, thermal gelation, polymerization, spray drying, cold drying (lyophilization), extrusion, emulsification, and others. To decide which method is most appropriate, one must search for the most suitable formulation depending on the active ingredients ( Jyothi et al., 2010;Vemmer and Patel, 2013). Nevertheless, the efficiency of encapsulation -i.e., the generation of microcapsules-will depend on many factors, such as the concentration of the wall material and the substance of interest, the rate of solvent removal, or the affinity between the internal phase and the coating ( Jyothi et al., 2010). ...
... To decide which method is most appropriate, one must search for the most suitable formulation depending on the active ingredients ( Jyothi et al., 2010;Vemmer and Patel, 2013). Nevertheless, the efficiency of encapsulation -i.e., the generation of microcapsules-will depend on many factors, such as the concentration of the wall material and the substance of interest, the rate of solvent removal, or the affinity between the internal phase and the coating ( Jyothi et al., 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research focused on studying the interaction and optimization of cover materials and substances of interest, as well as encapsulation methods, for their potentially better application in various industrial activities. ...
Microencapsulation involves trapping solid, liquid, or gas particles within an inert cover to protect them from the environment. This technique has numerous biotechnological applications in the food, agricultural, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Microcapsules are relevant for obtaining viable products and optimizing their efficacy, stability, safety, and ease of application. There is a wide range of coating materials and techniques used to microencapsulate various substances of interest. This article presents a review of encapsulating materials and microencapsulation methods used in the food and agricultural industries.
... It can be observed that the acid-modified resistant starch microcapsule containing camptothecin (AMCT) had the best EE of 98.96% as compared to the NRS microcapsules containing camptothecin (NSCT) of 96.40% indicating that the modification of the resistant starch improved its EE. Microencapsulation can be used to protect sensitive substances from the surrounding environment, conceal the organoleptic characteristics of the substance such as taste, and smell, obtain controlled drug release of the drug substance, for proper handling of toxic materials, obtain targeted release of the drug and avoid negative effects such as gastric irritation (Jyothi et al., 2010). ...
There is a significant concern associated with the delivery of chemotherapeutics to the colon due to limited drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Starch has received great interest as a delivery agent owing to its cost efficacy and high availability. In this study, native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch from Vigna unguiculata were used to produce microcapsules containing camptothecin as an oral‐colon‐specific drug delivery agent. Functional characteristics such as solubility, swelling power, amylose content, emulsifying, foaming together with water and oil absorption capacity of native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch were established. The prepared microcapsules were characterised and subjected to simulated digestion with the obtained residue evaluated for cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. It was observed that acid‐modified resistant starch had the best functional properties (water absorption capacity: 2.76 g g⁻¹, oil absorption capacity: 3.13 g g⁻¹, amylose: 35%, foaming capacity: 17.73%, and emulsifying activity: 33.33%) as compared to its native resistant starch (water absorption capacity: 2.03 g g⁻¹, oil absorption capacity: 2.81 g g⁻¹, amylose: 32%, foaming capacity: 4% and emulsifying activity: 23.56%). The microcapsules had a particle size of 0.25–0.35 μm, moisture content between 1.12% and 3.41% and a high encapsulation efficiency of 96.40 and 98.96% for native resistant starch and acid‐modified resistant starch capsules respectively. Results for MTT assay showed cancerous cells to be inhibited by microcapsules with noncancerous cells less affected.
... Microcapsules consist of two components: the core material and the coating or envelope material. The core material contains an active ingredient, while the cladding or covering material covers or protects the core material ( Fig. 2) (Jyothi et al., 2010). Microspheres and microcapsules are spherical microparticles with small diameters (microns or nanometers). ...
... Encapsulation techniques can be classified into chemical, physicochemical, and physicalmechanical methods, according to the basis for the synthesis technique (see Table 1) (Jyothi et al., 2010). One of the main techniques for the encapsulation of organic compounds is spray drying, which is a type of physicalmechanical technique. ...
... Microcapsules consist of two components: the core material and the coating or envelope The core material contains an active ingredient, while the cladding or covering material c protects the core material ( (Jyothi et al., 2010). Microspheres and microcapsules are spherical micropartic small diameters (microns or nanometers). ...
The expected population growth will increase global food consumption, particularly meat consumption, which is estimated to increase 14% by 2030. Hence, the efficient utilization of all the resources involved in meat production, predominantly feed additives in livestock, is important due to economic costs and the high environmental in terms of gas production and ammonia excretion. Efforts have been made to increase efficiency in livestock production and improve the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Nevertheless, advances in technology in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries have barely been used by the livestock and poultry industry. The micro/nano encapsulation process has been used in animal nutrition to protect bioactive compounds or to control the release of feed additives into the animal gastrointestinal tract, avoiding rumen microbes attack, or monogastric digestion in swine and poultry, to be available in the small intestine. However, not all the encapsulation techniques are suitable for applications in animal feeding. For example, spray drying, emulsion and coacervation can be used to control the release of feed additives in ruminants. In this sense, micro encapsulation of different feed additives such as amino acids, fatty acids, and probiotics may face enormous challenges to help improve livestock and poultry nutrition. The objective of this review is to highlight and discuss the techniques, compounds, and key aspects involved in the encapsulation of feed additives and nutrients with potential applications in the livestock and poultry production
... To prevent deterioration, several encapsulation methods, such as spray drying, freeze drying, and lyophilization, have been applied to food pigments, including betalains, using a food grade stable matrix (0.2-5,000 µm), such as maltodextrin. These methods have been well-studied (Buljeta et al., 2022;De Marco et al., 2013;Janiszewska, 2014;Jyothi et al., 2010;Ranveer et al., 2023;Ravichandran et al., 2014;Silva et al., 2014;Todorović et al., 2022). A microencapsulation of beetroot extracts with maltodextrin and xanthan gum has been reported to effectively enhance the stability of betacyanins against temperature in citric acid, sodium acetate (pH 3-5), or sodium phosphate (pH 6) solutions by preventing color degradation through colorimetric parameter (Antigo et al., 2018;Azeredo et al., 2007). ...
Betalain is a water‐soluble pigment contained in Caryophyllales plants. It not only holds potential as a natural food colorant but also offers various health benefits, acting as an antioxidant. This study focused on analyzing the pH‐dependent stability of encapsulated betalain pigments extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using methods such as absorption spectroscopy, HPLC, and LC–MS. The major pigments identified were vulgaxanthin I, betanin, isobetanin, and neobetanin, alongside minor components, including three betaxanthin species and a degradation product known as betalamic acid. Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that above pH 8, the betalain peak at 435 nm decreased and red‐shifted to a peak at 549 nm, a shift that could be reversed through neutral pH treatment. At pH 11, a new broad peak appeared at 410 nm and was identified as betalamic acid. To assess the pH‐dependency of each betalain, the targeted betalains were separated and quantified through HPLC after incubation across a wide pH range of 2–11 and during storage. After 3 days of storage in highly alkaline conditions (pH 10–11), major betalains, with the exception of neobetanin, underwent significant degradation. Conversely, these pigments displayed relative stability in acidic conditions. In contrast, neobetanin showed vulnerability to acidic conditions but exhibited tolerance to alkaline pH levels of 10–11. The degradation product, betalamic acid, demonstrated a similar susceptibility to alkaline pH as betanins. In conclusion, the significant stability decrease under highly alkaline conditions results not only from the hydrolytic reaction of betalains but also from the degradation of betalamic acid itself.
Practical Application
Encapsulation methods are used to enhance the stability of betalains against temperature variations; however, the effects of pH, especially when considering individual betalain species, are not well understood. Despite betalains exhibiting similar features and being suitable for a wide pH range from acid to alkaline conditions, they are significantly affected by alkaline pH levels exceeding 10, as well as by storage duration. This study demonstrated the application of encapsulation to pH‐dependent stability, and the findings offer valuable insights and a fresh perspective on betalains as red biocolorants, extending their potential application to a wide range of pH‐controlled food products.
... Outros parâmetros que também influenciam a eficiência de encapsulação (%EE) estão relacionados à concentração da matriz, do surfactante e da substância ativa, bem como à solubilidade desses reagentes e à quantidade de solvente presente na suspensão coloidal. 38,39,45 O %DL indica a quantidade do princípio ativo carregado nas NPs por unidade de massa. Entretanto, a maioria dos sistemas nanoparticulados tem %DL relativamente baixo (< 10%). ...
ZEIN/PVA NANOPARTICLES LOADED WITH EUGENOL AND CLOVE ESSENTIAL OIL: OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHESIS AND ANALYTICAL VALIDATION FOR EUGENOL QUANTIFICATION. Nanoparticles of zein (NPZ) stabilized with surfactant polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and nanoparticles of zein/PVA loaded with eugenol (NPZ-Eug) and the essential oil extracted from the clove (Syzygium aromaticum) (NPZ-OC) were produced by nanoprecipitation method. The extraction method of essential oil of the clove was carried out by the hydrodistillation technique, obtaining a content of 81.5% (m/m) of eugenol. The nanoparticle preparation method was optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time design of experiments, where different levels of variables (zein concentration, PVA concentration, and eugenol concentration) were explored. The best condition of synthesis was obtained with 0.3% (m/v) zein, 0.6% (m/v) PVA and 1.5 mg L-1 eugenol or essential oil of the clove, reaching NPs with acceptable propriety for stable nanoparticulate systems: size particles (NPZ = 113, NPZ-Eug = 229 and NPZ-OC = 279 nm), polydispersity index (PDI < 0.26), and zeta potential (≈ −30 mV). Loaded NPs showed encapsulation efficiency and drug-loading of 52 and 20% (NPZ-Eug), and 62, 27% (NPZ-OC), respectively. The quantification method of eugenol was validated by analytical parameters. Finally, all NPs produced exhibited good colloidal stability, confirming the effectiveness of PVA as a stabilizing agent, which had not been previously reported for these systems. The results obtained provide promising prospects for further investigations into its potential application as a bioinsecticide agent.
... Encapsulation can provide a controlled environment for the production and accumulation of these compounds, potentially reducing browning-related metabolic shifts that affect their synthesis [177]. However, challenges in encapsulating natural products include selecting compatible encapsulating materials that do not interfere with the bioactivity of the compounds [189]. The optimization of release kinetics and the interaction between encapsulated natural products and the target plant tissues also require careful consideration. ...
