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Metapopulation dynamics of crustaceans and results of habitat fragmentation simulation. Each graph can be visualized as a topographic map, with contour lines depicting average state at the steady-state asymptote for each parameter: ( a ) metapopulation size ( N ) at varying rates of habitat loss and dispersal; ( b ) percentage of sites inhabited at varying rates of habitat loss and dispersal; ( c ) time to asymptote at varying rates of habitat loss and dispersal.
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Much of Illinois was once wet prairie, dotted with ancient (ca. 10,000-year-old) ephemeral wetlands. Most wetland habitat (85%) was converted to agriculture over a span of about 100 years (ca. 1850-1950). The consequences of this severe habitat fragmentation on wetland communities and metapopulations are unknown. We studied crustacean communities (...
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Context 1
... little or no habitat loss occurred, a broad range of dispersal genotypes maintained similar large metapopu- lations (Fig. 4a). This result suggests that polymorphism of genetically determined dispersal rate would exist when prairie wetland habitat was intact, as was presum- ably the case in predrainage Illinois. However, modeled genotypes with greater dispersal rates were increasingly selected against as greater habitat fragmentation oc- curred. As habitat ...
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... modeled proportion of habitats occupied was much more sensitive to habitat fragmentation than to dispersal effects: 20% of sites were occupied when habitat loss occurred at 0.5% per year, regardless of dis- persal genotype (Fig. 4b). Less than 5% of sites were in- habited by a low-dispersing genotype (10.0% of eggs dis- persed per year) when habitat loss was 1.0% per year, yet that metapopulation experienced only a modest de- cline in size. Given habitat fragmentation and the conse- quent selection for low dispersal rates, sites tended to be either occupied by ...
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... in- habited by a low-dispersing genotype (10.0% of eggs dis- persed per year) when habitat loss was 1.0% per year, yet that metapopulation experienced only a modest de- cline in size. Given habitat fragmentation and the conse- quent selection for low dispersal rates, sites tended to be either occupied by large populations or unoccu- pied (cf. Figs. 4a & 4b). Low-dispersing genotypes main- tained large populations in extant sites, and as habitat loss progressed, those extant sites became more ...
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... were most dynamic (required more time to approach steady state) for genotypes with intermedi- ate dispersal rates and moderate habitat-loss rates, as evi- denced by the average time to reach the asymptotic stop point (Fig. 4c). At one extreme-very low habitat-loss rates-metapopulations for most dispersal genotypes quickly stabilized at large sizes and were distributed among many sites. At the other extreme-high dispersal rates across most habitat-loss rates-metapopulations rapidly declined to ...
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... loss of the corn belt habitat, consistent with the effects of habitat fragmentation on some insects ( Van Dyck & Matthysen 1999). Given that 85% of Illinois wet- lands have been lost (Dahl 1990) and that this loss oc- curred in about 100 years (approximately 1850-1950), habitat loss occurred at an average rate of about 0.85% per year. Examining Fig. 4 at that value shows that the remaining metapopulation of our model crustacean in- habits 10% of original habitat and is primarily composed of low-dispersing genotypes. Passive dispersal that occurs at high rates dilutes the few relict crustacean populations existing amid a drained landscape, consistent with the modeling results of ...
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... Additionally, the natural water levels fluctuation due to weather conditions can alter both terrestrial and aquatic characteristics [25,70], affecting the persistence, distribution, and population dynamics of the resident species exposing them to different threats, including the roadkill [71][72][73][74][75][76]. When the cumulative stress from roadkill and hydrological changes surpasses certain thresholds, it may lead to reduced species numbers, biodiversity loss, or even long-term extinction [31,[77][78][79], and mitigation measures to reduce roadkill can be only partly successful [36,55,60,61,80,81]. ...
This study explored the role of the hydrological regime as a trigger factor for wildlife roadkill along a 22 km road crossing the Taim Wetland, a Ramsar site of international importance in South Brazil. The north–south crossing of BR-471, a federal highway, causes fatalities to numerous animals due to collisions with vehicles. An 11-year long-term time series study encompassing monthly roadkill incidents, water level, and rainfall was analyzed by considering three different periods related to a Wildlife Protection System (WPS): (i) 3 initial years before the WPS implementation (BWPS); (ii) 4 intermediate years after the WPS implementation (AWPS), which includes fences, fauna tunnels, cattle guard stocks, bumps, and speed control; (iii) 4 final years during partial destruction of the WPS (PDWPS). A pseudo-2D full hydrodynamic cell model was employed to fill missing water level data. The model had a good to very good performance (NSE: 0.73 to 0.87; R2: 0.79 to 0.90). The relationship between roadkill incidents and the WPS periods (BWPS, AWPS, and PDWPS) was modeled using Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS), considering rainfall and water level as predictor variables. The analysis revealed a higher incidence of wildlife roadkill in BWPS compared to AWPS and PDWPS, suggesting the effectiveness of the implemented measures. Critical season and interplay between water levels, rainfall, and the roadkill were assessed. Mammals was the most common roadkill class identified (~92%), followed by reptiles (13%) and birds (2%), with no change in these percentual in the BWPS, AWPS, and PDWPS. Among mammals, capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and coypu (Myocastor coypu) were the most frequent victims (~93% of mammals). Winter, followed by autumn, recorded the highest number of roadkill incidents (>60%), and this pattern remained consistent during the three periods. While rainfall did not emerge as a determining variable for roadkill, water levels above certain thresholds (>3.3 m) drastically diminished the effectiveness of the WPS, mainly due to fauna tunnel submersion. These findings offer valuable insights for enhancing wildlife conservation strategies in this protected area by incorporating hydrological information providing a baseline for designing WPS in similar environments.
... In the mid-19th century, large segments of the MRB's formerly glaciated and poorly drained landscape -containing prairie and wetlands -were too wet for row crop agriculture. The goals of the federal government to bolster the agricultural economy and feed a growing population led to policies that provided technical and financial support for draining wetlands for crop production, beginning with the Swamp Land Acts of 1849, 1850, and 1860 ( Figure 2; Jenkins et al. 2003). These policies, which coincided with a period of rapid westward migration, allowed state governments to assume control of federal lands if they agreed to drain and convert the land to other uses, like agriculture. ...
... These policies, which coincided with a period of rapid westward migration, allowed state governments to assume control of federal lands if they agreed to drain and convert the land to other uses, like agriculture. This initiated broad-scale intensive landscape and hydrologic changes in segments of the MRB, whereby 60-80% of the original wetland area was lost between 1780 and the 1980s, and approximately 80% of those wetlands were converted to agricultural lands (Jenkins et al. 2003). ...
Food‐energy‐water (FEW) systems are increasingly vulnerable to shocks. Repeated floods, worsening droughts, sudden tariffs, and disease outbreaks all underscore the importance of strengthening production systems during a time of rapid global change. However, the laws, regulations, and incentive programs that govern these sectors were often developed in isolation, creating fragmented and lagged responses to previous crises, ineffective governance of FEW security, and unintended effects even when achieving policy goals. Here, we examine the Mississippi River Basin in the Midwest US to illustrate how policies designed to address one challenge had other unanticipated consequences. We argue for a long view of the future that honors the interconnectedness of FEW sectors with ecosystems (FEWE); values non‐provisioning ecosystem services; and prioritizes incentives that improve FEW production, farm profitability, and ecosystem health. Now is the time for reassessment of how well FEWE provide security to all humans and the environment, and to support integrated policies that avoid unintended future consequences.
... In addition, wetlands provide diverse watershed functions, including important wildlife habitats, floodwater storage, groundwater recharge, and water filtration. The global decline in wetlands has been related to amphibian reduction, the loss of reptile and invertebrate habitat, and changes in hydrologic states [24][25][26]. For these reasons, wetlands have been considered in global policies and targets. ...
This study presents a comprehensive data analysis using univariate and multivariate statistical techniques as a tool to establish a baseline for the assessment of water quality parameters in environmental compartments. The Al Wasit Nature Reserve is a hypersaline wetland in the UAE with a spatial fluctuation in water parameters as water flows above ground as well as ponds forming in deeper areas and over the year due to the arid climate and seasonality. Water samples were collected at fifteen sites along the hypersaline wetland over three periods during the months of February to March 2021 as temperatures started to rise with the oncoming summer. Water quality parameters, including the temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), electrical conductivity (EC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), chloride, ammonia, and nitrates, were measured. The results of the data analysis were used to group the sites, which were divided into three groups with similar water quality characteristics. Correlation assessments between all studied parameters revealed significant differences in the values of eight of the evaluated parameters between the three identified clusters, with only the nitrate concentrations and dissolved oxygen parameters not being significant. It was found that one of the three clusters (cluster 1) performed better than the other two for most of the studied parameters. The results of this study demonstrate the applicability and the potential time and cost savings of the usage of data analysis tools for long-term data monitoring in the wetland and other environmental systems worldwide.
... In addition, a disproportionate number of wetlands that were drained or filled were the small, most temporarily ponded wetlands [5,62,63]. The preferential loss of these smaller wetlands not only decreased the hydrologic variability on the landscape but also led to the loss of spatial connectivity, i.e., the loss of small "stepping stone" wetlands that are important for biological dispersal, and facilitated ecosystem homogenization [51,61,67,68]. ...
... For example, many fairy shrimp (Anostraca) species require periodic drying of wetlands in order to complete their lifecycle. In regions outside the PPR, the loss of ephemeral wetland habitats has resulted in the regional loss or in some cases extinction of specific species [67,122]. However, for the PPR, there is very little literature that documents wetland macroinvertebrate communities present prior to the large-scale drainage of wetlands. ...
The homogenization of freshwater ecosystems and their biological communities has emerged as a prevalent and concerning phenomenon because of the loss of ecosystem multifunctionality. The millions of prairie-pothole wetlands scattered across the Prairie Pothole Region (hereafter PPR) provide critical ecosystem functions at local, regional, and continental scales. However, an estimated loss of 50% of historical wetlands and the widespread conversion of grasslands to cropland make the PPR a heavily modified landscape. Therefore, it is essential to understand the current and potential future stressors affecting prairie-pothole wetland ecosystems in order to conserve and restore their functions. Here, we describe a conceptual model that illustrates how (a) historical wetland losses, (b) anthropogenic landscape modifications, and (c) climate change interact and have altered the variability among remaining depressional wetland ecosystems (i.e., ecosystem homogenization) in the PPR. We reviewed the existing literature to provide examples of wetland ecosystem homogenization, provide implications for wetland management, and identify informational gaps that require further study. We found evidence for spatial, hydrological, chemical, and biological homogenization of prairie-pothole wetlands. Our findings indicate that the maintenance of wetland ecosystem multifunctionality is dependent on the preservation and restoration of heterogenous wetland complexes, especially the restoration of small wetland basins.
... The flora community has changed from marshes to small leaved reed species, where remaining marshes are just associated species, and the reason was water loss due to drainage. Jenkins et al. (2003) through a study in wet prairie of Illinois, gave the hypothesis that land conversion in this region has probably reduced crustacean species from 80 to 75, and the remaining species are still vulnerable to further habitat loss. According to Froyd et al. (2014), in Santa Cruz Island giant tortoise are the most important species, they maintain the vegetation diversity in this region probably by wallowing and seed dispersal. ...
Wetlands show a diversity of appearances like salt marshes, tidal wetlands, inland freshwater wetlands, riparian wetlands, peat lands, and many other types. Each of the types host diverse biotic communities of flora and fauna. This biodiversity changes according to the physical and chemical properties of wetlands, climate, and the geological location. This biodiversity regulates the local ecosystem, carbon sequestration, fuelwood supply, fishery-based industries, and on many other ecological and socioeconomic aspects. In addition, the wetlands have other ecological aspects like maintaining freshwater quality by sedimentation, nutrient conservation, etc. However, around the world, the wetlands are subjected to several types of threats like both anthropogenic and natural. This study is a short review work on some of the outcomes of the studies of researchers around the world to see the importance of different types of wetlands, the threats to them by anthropogenic or natural causes, and focus areas for management strategy development.
... Hydroperiod is one of the key selective agents that influences local adaptations of populations and interactions of aquatic biota (Boven and Brendonck 2009;Incagnone et al. 2015). Although, dry periods can affect the viability of the resting-stage bank of zooplankton in temporary waters (Brock et al. 2003;C aceres and Tessier 2003), shaping zooplankton community structure in short and long time, a positive effect of the fluctuating hydroperiod on zooplankton richness has been described, including constraints on the abundance and biomass of predators and increases in spatial and temporal heterogeneity (Spencer et al. 1999;Jenkins et al. 2003). Table 4. Nonparametric analysis (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) of the local and regional factors and the relationships between biotic indices and frequency of occurrence of zooplanktonic species. ...
In Brazil, although, high-altitude shallow lakes comprise large parts of conservation units and are considered highly important environments for biodiversity studies, little is known about the factors that regulate the zooplankton community. In the present study, we sought to identify the effect of regional (hydroperiod and altitude) and local (lake area and macrophyte cover) factors on the zooplankton communities in eight shallow high-altitude lakes (from 1080 m a.s.l. to lakes above 1200 m a.s.l.) in the Espinhaço Mountain Range (Brazil). Of the 116 zooplankton species identified, 66 (56%) showed a high degree of spatial aggregation, occurring in only a few lakes. Accessory species occurred predominantly in small lakes, while rare species were better represented in the larger lakes, suggesting species sorting associated with the niche effect. Zooplankton richness was strongly influenced by hydroperiod, indicating that temporary lakes can congregate species resistant to the environmental filter of the drought, playing an important role in the diversification of the zooplankton community. We identified environmental heterogeneity (macrophyte cover) as the factor that most influenced the species diversity: zooplankton responded positively to increased macrophyte cover, confirming that the presence of aquatic plants constitutes a strong environmental filter to explain the variation of the zooplankton community. Zooplankton species composition and abundance differed among lakes, indicating a certain degree of heterogeneity in assemblage structure, but no influence on zooplankton diversity was observed. Our results provide evidences that altitude did not influence zooplankton diversity and this may affect the regional diversity (ß diversity) of tropical high-altitude lakes, and merits further study.
... The flora community has changed from marshes to small leaved reed species, where remaining marshes are just associated species, and the reason was water loss due to drainage. Jenkins et al. (2003) through a study in wet prairie of Illinois, gave the hypothesis that land conversion in this region has probably reduced crustacean species from 80 to 75, and the remaining species are still vulnerable to further habitat loss. According to Froyd et al. (2014), in Santa Cruz Island giant tortoise are the most important species, they maintain the vegetation diversity in this region probably by wallowing and seed dispersal. ...
Wetlands show a diversity of appearances like salt marshes, tidal wetlands, inland freshwater wetlands, riparian wetlands, peat lands, and many other types. Each of the types host diverse biotic communities of flora and fauna. This biodiversity changes according to the physical and chemical properties of wetlands, climate, and the geological location. This biodiversity regulates the local ecosystem, carbon sequestration, fuelwood supply, fishery-based industries, and on many other ecological and socioeconomic aspects. In addition, the wetlands have other ecological aspects like maintaining freshwater quality by sedimentation, nutrient conservation, etc. However, around the world, the wetlands are subjected to several types of threats like both anthropogenic and natural. This study is a short review work on some of the outcomes of the studies of researchers around the world to see the importance of different types of wetlands, the threats to them by anthropogenic or natural causes, and focus areas for management strategy development.
... Bagaria et al., 2018;Báldi and Vörös, 2006;Bommarco et al., 2014;Dullinger et al., 2013;Halley et al., 2016;Helm et al., 2006;Piessens and Hermy, 2006;Rogers et al., 2009;Saar et al., 2012), there is a need to include more aquatic studies to expand the ecological theory and fundamental application of extinction debt. Extinction debt of wetland systems has also been observed in amphibians, crustaceans, and plants (Jenkins et al., 2003;Jackson and Sax, 2009;Semlitsch et al., 2017). These studies focused on changes in abundance and historical ranges over time. ...
... The flora community has changed from marshes to small-leaved reed species, where remaining marshes are just associated species, and the reason was water loss due to drainage. Jenkins et al. (2003), through a study in wet prairie of Illinois, gave the hypothesis that land conversion in this region has probably reduced crustacean species from 80 to 75, and the remaining species are still vulnerable to further habitat loss. According to Froyd et al. (2014), on Santa Cruz Island, giant tortoises are the most important species: they maintain the vegetation diversity in this region, probably by wallowing and seed dispersal. ...
... The flora community has changed from marshes to small-leaved reed species, where remaining marshes are just associated species, and the reason was water loss due to drainage. Jenkins et al. (2003), through a study in wet prairie of Illinois, gave the hypothesis that land conversion in this region has probably reduced crustacean species from 80 to 75, and the remaining species are still vulnerable to further habitat loss. According to Froyd et al. (2014), on Santa Cruz Island, giant tortoises are the most important species: they maintain the vegetation diversity in this region, probably by wallowing and seed dispersal. ...
Hydroponics is as technology which is simple cost effective and easily adoptable technology in small scale as well as large scale platform. This technique of treating the canteen or kitchen waste water has numerous benefits like easy treatment of waste water, reuse of the treated water for various other domestic application such as gardening, washing. Hydroponics technology is having very low operation and maintenance cost compared to the commercial domestic waste water treatment. The reactor can be also used as garden for growing plants. This gives a better results in removing the various basic parameters such as TSS, TDS, TS, TKN and BOD.
