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Metal Content of Water Samples Collected from Streams in Different Locations of Abakaliki Local Government Area Compared with NSDWQ and WHO Recommended Limits.
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... This study found that the average alkalinity levels in water samples taken from different locations were consistently low, falling within the acceptable limit of WHO standards for alkalinity of 200 mg/L. The result of this study is not in line with the findings of previous research that reported noticeably higher alkalinity readings ranging from 140 mg/L to 368 mg/L for a total of 736 water samples taken from three local governments (abakaliki, ebonyi, and ikwo) in ebonyi. of 276.50 mg/L [15]. Industrial activity and changes in weather patterns may be to blame for the lower alkalinity seen in the research region. ...
... Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in water refers to the measurement of all inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid solution that have dissolved in it [15]. If the TDS level in a water sample is less than 500 mg/L, it is regarded as being of excellent quality. ...
Water quality and human health have been strongly related to each other as water acts as a medium for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms particularly Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. This study aims at assessing physicochemical parameters, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular detection of the ESBL gene in isolated E. coli from surface and underground water sources in three selected local government areas in Oyo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected in some selected three local governments and analyzed for physicochemical properties, isolation and characterization of E. coli, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, phenotypic expression of ESBLs E. coli, and molecular detection of the ESBL gene using the standard method. The physicochemical analysis results showed that hardness mean value ranged from 29.467±0.233 to 2.133±0.318, acidity has the highest mean value of 7.533±0.120, alkalinity mean value range from 31.333±0.186 to 6.167±0.176, conductivity has the highest mean value of 1.774±0.002, total suspended solids (TSS) mean value range from 141.427±0.015 to 0.821±0.003, dissolved oxygen (DO) has the highest mean value of 5.840±0.089, pH mean value range from 6.460±0.54 to 3.963±0.133, and temperature has the highest mean value of 27.200±0.153. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern results reveal that all 12 (100%) ESBL E. coli strains exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid, ampiclox, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, and augmentin, while cefexime (91.67%), cefepime (83.33%), gentamicin (75.0%), imipenem (75.0%), levofloxacin (66.67%), ofloxacin (58.33%), and nitrofurantoin (58.33%) had the above resistance rates. Molecular analysis results revealed the presence of ESBL genes in all tested E. coli isolates, and the percentages of occurrence were blaNDM (83.33%), blaTEM (75%), blaCTX-M (66.67%), and blaOXA (50%). blaIMP and blaSHV. (16.67%), while blaVIM and blaKPC were not detected. The findings of this study revealed that there is a need for improved water quality monitoring and public health interventions to mitigate the risks associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources.
... The observed salinity values share similarities with concentrations reported earlier (ranging from 0.00 to 2.58 ppt) in the Nun River and other surface water bodies in Bayelsa State (Agedah et al., 2015;Aghoghovwia et al., 2018a;Ben-Eledo et al., 2017;Ogamba et al., 2015a, b, c). Notably, the salinity values in this study and previous research on freshwater resources in Bayelsa State remain below the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of 100-200 ppt, as reported by Iroha et al. (2020). ...
This study employs multivariate analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of common indices in assessing surface water quality. The research involves collecting and analyzing 60 samples from the Bomadi and Gbotebo rivers and their associated tributaries. The samples are subjected to comprehensive testing to determine their hydrogeochemical composition, suitability for irrigation, and pollution levels. The study finds that most parameters conform to the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON), although occasional instances of elevated cadmium and iron levels are observed. The evaluation of various indices offers insights into the overall quality of the water and its suitability for different uses. The values of the potential salinity (PSi), sodium absorption ratio (SARi), and residual sodium carbonate (RSCi) indices indicate excellent water quality and health conditions. However, other indices like sodium soluble percentage (SSPi), magnesium hazard ratio (MHRi), Kelly ratio (KRi), and percentage sodium (%Na) suggest only marginal suitability for irrigation. Pollution levels, gauged by the pollution index of the surface water (PISw) index, remain consistently low. Assessing health risks stemming from trace elements (TEs) in the water reveals minimal carcinogenic threats through oral route exposure. Correlation analysis establishes a meaningful connection between water evolution indices and the broader water quality and health risks, although this correspondence is not mirrored among ratio indices—except for K/Cl. Within the spectrum of 22 indices, the study identifies four that notably contribute to water classification. Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA), the research successfully highlights the primary sources of variability among the indices, accounting for an impressive 92.392% of the total variance. In conclusion, this study showed the effectiveness of commonly employed indices in evaluating surface water quality.
... The samples were cultured on Nutrient agar within the same day of collection for further characterization ( Okafor et al., 2015 ;Lucia et al., 2009 ). All suspected Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from samples were collected, purified and sub-cultured in cetrimide agar (OXOID, UK), and identified by standard microbiological procedures ( Iroha et al., 2020 ). These isolates were inoculated onto agar slant and kept in a bijou bottles and stored in refrigerator for further analysis. ...
... This was stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C as stock culture for further use. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were characterized and identified using a combination of motility test using hanging drop method, colonial morphology, indole, methyl red, Voges Proskaeur, citratre test, Gram stain reaction, smell, pyocyanin production on cetrimide agar, triple sugar iron test for carbohydrate fermentation , oxidativefermentation test, urease test, coagulase test and oxidase tests using standard microbiological procedures ( Iroha et al., 2020 ;Okafor et al., 2015 ;Iroha et al., 2010 ). ...
This study was carried out to determine drug resistance pattern of biofilm forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from aquatic environment in South Eastern Nigeria. A total of 272 water samples from Ezillo Water Treatment Plant were examined. Bacteriological analysis of the samples was done using standard microbiological techniques. Biofilm formation was carried out using crystal violet binding assay method while antibiotic studies of was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Plasmid curing analysis was done using acridine orange treatment. The statistical analysis was carried out using statistical analysis software (SAS). A total of 223 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were confirmed. Data revealed that the level of occurrence was high (85.11%) among the various treatment units in the plant. Biofilm formation among test isolates was high 128 (57.40 %). Biofilm forming isolates were resistant to imipenem (39.45%), ceftaxidime (68.79%), ciprofloxacin (69.89%), ofloxacin (70.77%), ertapenem (84.33%) cefepime (85.11%), ticarcillin (89.43%), amikacin (90.44%), gentamicin (91.97%), cefotaxime (93.79%) and were completely resistant to amoxicillin\clavulanic acid, tobramycin, oxacillin and aztreonam. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.64 to 0.93. We report the occurrence of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water samples from Ezillo Water Treatment Plant in South Eastern Nigeria, which could be a critical source of infections in the region.
... Water is a vital natural resource that sustains life on earth (Shallom et al., 2011) as human beings may endure survival for many weeks without eating, but cannot afford to do away with not drinking water for a few days due to the fact that water is needed to replace lost fluids via regular physiological activities (Shallom et al., 2011;Iroha et al., 2020). The utmost importance of water to life is ineffable owing to the fact that there is no human activity that can be done without the involvement of water (Obunwo and Opurum, 2013). ...
... The increasing rate of water-borne diseases in developing countries has been associated with scarcity of infrastructure meant for operative treatment and distribution of water which has invariably accounted for the incidence of high morbidity and mortality rate recorded these days (Shallom et al., 2011). An incredible expanse of consideration has been geared towards water pollution and the successive effects on the life of humans and animals (Odeyemi et al., 2013;Iroha et al., 2020). ...
The interface between surface water and groundwater is becoming more complex owing to the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activities these days. In this study, the physicochemical; pH, color, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity while bacteriological parameters; total and fecal coliform of water samples from River Gashua and its surrounding wells in Gashua local government area of Yobe State were assessed. All the physicochemical parameters were analyzed using water quality standards. Fecal and total coliforms were assayed using the filter membrane technique. The results obtained from the physicochemical parameters of Boreholes (BH1, BH2, and BH3) and hand pump wells (HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3) are within the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. However, the river (R) water sample was found to have a high concentration in total dissolved solids, turbidity, and color than permissible standards. Bacteriological analysis revealed the presence of total and fecal coliform in the water samples; R, BH2, BH3, HPW1, HPW2, and HPW3. The findings indicate that there is a need to protect the quality of the river system. Therefore, it is recommended that government and other stakeholders should take appropriate and corrective actions to avert the continuous discharge of waste products into the river. Again, Yobe State Ministry of Environment should ensure that all public boreholes are routinely subjected to appropriate water assays to ascertain their suitability for human consumption.
... The impacts of mining activities on groundwater resources can be assessed by the use of reference materials and enrichment calculation methods (Salomons and Förstner 1984;Abrahim and Parker 2008). Several researchers have reported the use of reference materials in evaluating the effects of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality of the Enyigba-Ameri area (Okogbue and Ukpai 2013;Opoke and Osayande 2018;Okolo et al. 2018;Aloke et al. 2019;Omonona et al. 2019;Iroha et al. 2020) and very few reports are available on the use of enrichment methods (Nnabo 2015;Obasi et al. 2018). All the researchers who have used the existing enrichment calculation methods (pollution indices) for the evaluation of the impacts of mining activities on groundwater of the Enyigba area have done so without considering the limitations that are associated with these calculation methods. ...
This present study was aimed at investigating the effects of mining activities on groundwater quality of Enyigba-Ameri, Nigeria. Assessment of the impacts of mining activities on trace metal pollution in water was carried out using modified trace metal pollution index (m-TPI) and modified ecological risk index (m-RI). Water samples were collected during the pre-mining (PRM) and post-mining (POM) and analyzed for their physicochemical and trace element concentrations. The computed m-TPI for the PRM has a mean positive index (PI) value of 0.950 and a negative index (NI) mean value of −0.081. The m-TPI for POM has a mean PI value of 126.002 and NI mean value of −0.001. The m-RI for Pb+Zn ranged from 7.769 to 175.090 at the POM, and the m-RI for Cd+Zn for the PRM ranged from 8.772 to 47.349. The m-PI results revealed that all the water samples during the PRM were good for drinking and domestic uses but were all of “unacceptable quality” during the POM. Also, the results showed that 12.5%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of the water samples were of very high, high, moderate, and low Cd+Zn ecological risk respectively during the PRM. But during the POM, 50%, 12.5%, 12.5%, and 25% of the samples belong to very high, high, moderate, and low Pb+Zn ecological risk respectively. The decrease in the quality of water from the PRM to the PRM suggests anthropogenic pollution of mining activities. Therefore, legislation against indiscriminate waste discharges is recommended to reduce the adverse effects on the water resources.
Hydrology is an important field because it deals with one of the most important resources needed for human existence. Surface water ecosystem is a home to several species of living organisms such as plants, animals, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, pisces, zoo‐ and phytoplanktons, benthic micro‐ and macro‐organisms, and even microbes including some species of protozoans, Protista, fungi, and bacteria. In Bayelsa State, there are several communities that are only accessible via water transportation using boats. Temperature plays an important role in the health of aquatic ecosystem and influences the speed of chemical reactions. Human activities are the principal sources of pollutants to the environment. The hydrogeochemical properties of water are very crucial in determining the suitability of the water for use and as well as the survival of aquatic life‐forms. With the ever‐increasing human population, the demand for water which is a principal source of life is increasing.
