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Melastomataceae of the cangas of Serra dos Carajás-a-b. Miconia tomentosa. c-e.. Miconia sp1. f-g. Mouriri cearensis. h. Mouriri vernicosa. i. Nepsera aquatica. j-l. Pleroma sp.1. Photos: a-b. Pedro Viana; c-g, i. Nara Mota; h. Keila Rocha; j-k. Cristiano Vidal; l. Renato Goldenberg.
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Resumo Apresenta-se um tratado taxonômico para a família Melastomataceae nas áreas de cangas da Serra dos Carajás. Foram registradas 42 espécies distribuídas em 18 gêneros, sendo Miconia o mais rico, com 20 espécies, seguido de Clidemia com três espécies. O gênero monotípico Brasilianthus (B. carajensis) é considerado endêmico da região de Carajás,...
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Citations
... Pleroma D.Don (Melastomataceae Juss.) is a Neotropical monophyletic genus with about 160 species ) that occurs mainly in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and Cerrado domains, and rarely in the Caatinga and the Amazon; some species also grow in ironstone and rocky outcrops, campos rupestres, high altitude grasslands, and restinga vegetation (Freitas et al. 2013;Michelangeli et al. 2013;Oliveira et al. 2014;Rocha et al. 2017;Guimarães et al. 2019). Species of Pleroma are distinguished from other Neotropical Melastomateae Bartl. ...
During a botanical expedition carried out by the Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora to northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, the first records of Melastomataceae were catalogued for the Morro das Marombas, in the Serra de Montevidéu, situated on the Espinhaço Septentrional. These first records and an identification key for the melastomes from Morro das Marombas are presented. Among these records, the first collection of Marcetia viscida is documented in Minas Gerais, and two new microendemic species of Pleroma were found and are described and illustrated here. Pleroma congestifolium resembles three congeners from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais (P. ferricolum, P. martinellii, and P. trinervium) to which it is compared, and their morphological relationships and differences are discussed. Pleroma martinellii is a remarkable new species, and it can be morphologically approximated to two species (P. congestifolium and P. velutinum) from the Cerrado of Minas Gerais and Bahia. Preliminarily, we suggest the Deficient Data category as the conservation status for both species.
... Other challenges to the use of native species include the low seed availability and few studies about the propagation, growth, and nutritional requirements of the species (Knowles and Parrota 1995;Ramos et al. 2019). In this context, native Amazonian species such as those that occur in the CNF, including endemic and/or endangered species (Brasilianthus carajensis, Callisthene minor, Cedrela odorata, Mimosa skinneri, Pilocarpus microphyllus and Monogereion carajensis) need biometrics, germination and dormancy overcoming studies to increase the potential use of these species in mineland rehabilitation programs and thus favor their conservation (Martinelli and Moraes 2013; MMA 2014; Rocha et al. 2017). ...
The lack of knowledge about seeds of native species constitutes a major challenge to their use in environmental rehabilitation activities. In this study, we analysed the morphology and germination of native species seeds found in areas close to Fe and Mn mines in the Eastern Amazon. We also evaluated the effect of scarification on seeds showing natural low germination. Seeds of 39 native species varying in ecological succession, biological cycle, and growth habits were tested. The pre-germination treatments of the seeds consisted of abrasion (mechanical scarification), immersion in sulfuric acid (90%) (chemical scarification), and immersion in hot water (100 °C) (thermal scarification). The results showed that (i) seed size and mass varied greatly between species of the same growth habit, particularly in shrubs and trees, as well as within species, for nine species; (ii) an overall low germination percentage for non-scarified seeds; (iii) an increment of ~ threefold in germination percentage and 11-fold in germination speed after mechanical seed coat scarification; (iv) and 17 of the 18 legume species analyzed showed low germination percentages, which indicates some type of dormancy. The size of the seeds had a low relationship with germination, being more related to the ecological characteristics of the species. After mechanical scarification, the tree species showed the greatest increase in germination compared to the other groups. The mechanical scarification can contribute to improving the performance of native species in the revegetation of mining areas in the Amazon, however, complementary studies are needed to better understand these species and optimize their use.
... The group with the worst performance within our sampling universe was, by far, Melastomataceae, for which we were able to generate sequences only for 26.32% of sampled specimens (and 30.77% of the species). It is important to mention that the Melastomataceae was recorded as the fifth most diverse angiosperm family in the FCC, with a total of 41 species(Mota et al., 2018;Rocha et al., 2017).Lima et al. (2018) also reported low rates of amplification success for rbcL and matK when barcoding tree species of Melastomataceae, one of the most species-rich families in the flora of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Although these authors could overcome such a problem with the plastid markers by using the ITS region, the results we obtained here for the four barcoded species ...
The canga of the Serra dos Carajás, in Eastern Amazon, is home to a unique open plant community, harboring several endemic and rare species. Although a complete flora survey has been recently published, scarce to no genetic information is available for most plant species of the ironstone outcrops of the Serra dos Carajás. In this scenario, DNA barcoding appears as a fast and effective approach to assess the genetic diversity of the Serra dos Carajás flora, considering the growing need for robust biodiversity conservation planning in such an area with industrial mining activities. Thus, after testing eight different DNA barcode markers (matK, rbcL, rpoB, rpoC1, atpF-atpH, psbK-psbI, trnH-psbA, and ITS2), we chose rbcL and ITS2 as the most suitable markers for a broad application in the regional flora. Here we describe DNA barcodes for 1,130 specimens of 538 species, 323 genera, and 115 families of vascular plants from a highly diverse flora in the Amazon basin, with a total of 344 species being barcoded for the first time. In addition, we assessed the potential of using DNA metabarcoding of bulk samples for surveying plant diversity in the canga. Upon achieving the first comprehensive DNA barcoding effort directed to a complete flora in the Brazilian Amazon, we discuss the relevance of our results to guide future conservation measures in the Serra dos Carajás. K E Y W O R D S Amazon basin, Carajás, DNA barcodes, ITS2, rbcL, vascular plants
... Brasilianthus carajensis was only recently described as a new species, and is a small annual herb with 4-merous flowers, wide truncate apical pore in the anthers with staminal appendages, and capsular fruit (Almeda et al. 2016) (Fig. 1). Fruit morphology indicates that seed dispersal is mediated by the wind, like other Melastomataceae species with capsular fruit (Renner 1989), whereas flowers are apparently pollinated by insects (Rocha et al. 2017a) . A recent landscape genomic study revealed that gene flow in this species is mainly influenced by geographic distance, terrain roughness and climate, and suggested it is resilient to habitat loss driven by mining (Carvalho et al. 2019) . ...
Conserving genetic diversity in rare and narrowly distributed endemic species is essential to maintain their evolutionary potential and minimize extinction risk under future environmental change. In this study we assess neutral and adaptive genetic structure and genetic diversity in Brasilianthus carajensis (Melastomataceae), an endemic herb from Amazonian Savannas. Using RAD-sequencing we identified a total of 9,365 SNPs in 150 individuals collected across the species' entire distribution range. Relying on assumption-free genetic clustering methods and environmental association tests we then compared neutral with adaptive genetic structure. We found three neutral and six adaptive genetic clusters, which could be considered management units (MU) and adaptive units (AU) respectively. Pairwise genetic differentiation (FST) ranged between 0.024 and 0.048, and even though effective population sizes were below 100, no significant inbreeding was found in any inferred cluster. Nearly 10% of all analyzed sequences contained loci associated with temperature and precipitation, from which only 25 sequences contained annotated proteins, with some of them being very relevant for physiological processes in plants. Our findings provide a detailed insight into genetic diversity, neutral and adaptive genetic structure in a rare endemic herb, which can help guide conservation and management actions to avoid the loss of unique genetic variation.
An integrated approach considering facies, isotopic, and palynological analyses of lake sediments from the Serra Norte de Carajás, southeastern Amazonia, is presented in this work to refine paleoclimate and paleohydrological changes based on upland lake sediments during the late Quaternary. The sediments have a fining-upward deposition cycle typical of upland swamps/lakes. The origin of organic matter is autochthonous mainly related to C3 terrestrial plants, macrophytes and algae. The pollen records of Hedyosmum during the Early Pleistocene suggest lower temperatures than those observed along Holocene. In the transitional period between the Pleistocene and the Holocene, rainfall decreased, causing the retraction of the flooded area, favoring the development of marshy conditions. The Late and Middle Holocene were marked by higher temperatures and lower humidity. Afterward, the increased pollen concentration from canga and forest vegetation, macrophytes, palms, and algae suggested increased humidity in the Early Holocene. The relative contribution of forest pollen along the records indicated that drier conditions were not strong enough for an extensive expansion of canga over forested areas.
We present novelties on the occurrence of species belonging to the tribes Marcetieae, Melastomateae and Pyxidantheae (Melastomataceae) derived from revision of herbarium material and recent collections in the Brazilian Amazon. We report the rediscovery of the type species of Comolia, known only from the original material, the first records of Appendicularia, Dicrananthera and Blakea in the states of Pará, Roraima and Rondônia, respectively, and the first record of Pterogastra in Brazil. We provide maps with the updated geographical distribution for each species based on the revision of herbarium collections available in online databases followed by manual data cleaning. Geographic location coordinates were obtained after reviewing the identities and locality information of all herbarium specimens. Most distribution records result from recent botanical expeditions within protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. The first records of Pterogastra in Brazil expand the diversity of Melastomataceae in Brazilian flora to 59 genera. These novelties reinforce the importance of botanical expeditions throughout the Brazilian Amazon to cover the extensive spatial gaps in taxonomic knowledge in the region which should be prioritized as the focus of botanical fieldwork.
KEYWORDS:
little-known species; Marcetieae; Melastomateae; Pterogastra; Pyxidantheae; savannas
The revegetation of steep slopes after mining and infrastructure projects is not an easy task. To enhance the effectiveness of revegetation projects, the present study aimed to review (i) specific challenges of steep slope revegetation, (ii) ecological succession patterns in similar environments, (iii) soil conditioning and revegetation strategies to enhance vegetation cover, (iv) the importance of microorganisms to enhance steep slope revegetation, and (v) the functional plant traits necessary to establish on steep slopes. In general, steep slopes are characterized by high bulk densities, potentially toxic elements, and low water and nutrient availability. Additionally, high temperature and elevated radiation constrain the soil conditioning and vegetation cover establishment. Lessons from ecological succession in natural steep slope habitats show that steep slope revegetation is a long-term process. Planting strategies, including hydroseeding and geotextiles, may enhance the implementation of vegetation cover. Different plant functional groups show adaptations necessary for establishment in steep slope environments, and mixtures of species containing different functional groups can promote diverse and resilient plant communities. Promising species may be retrieved from local rupestrian ecosystems, as these floras are adapted to shallow, oligotrophic soils. Further research on combining methods of soil conditioning with individual planting and/or seeding strategies of carefully selected species is necessary to enhance steep slope revegetation and rehabilitation, contributing to slope stability, erosion reduction, and carbon fixation in the long term.
The taxonomic knowledge for genus Justicia in the Amazonian state of Pará, Brazil, is updated. The study was based on material from important national and international herbaria, as well as specimens collected in different vegetation types within the state, some of them kept under cultivation by the first author. Twenty five species of Justicia were recorded for Pará: J. asclepiadea, J. birae, J. calycina, J. carajensis, J. cayennensis, J. comata, J. distichophylla, J. divergens, J. gendarussa, J. laevilinguis, J. mcdadeana, J. montealegrensis, J. multiglandulosa, J. oldemanii, J. oriximinensis, J. paraensis, J. pectoralis, J. polystachya, J. potamogeton, J. pseudoamazonica, J. riedeliana, J. secunda, J. sphaerosperma, J. sprucei, J. yurimaguensis. Among these, five are new records for the state of Pará (J. asclepiadea, J. cayennensis, J. gendarussa, J. oldemanii, and J. yurimaguensis). Moreover, seven of the accepted names are lectotypified and a new name (J. oriximinensis) is proposed. A species identification key is presented alongside detailed morphological descriptions (including seed analysis), distribution and habitat information, taxonomic comments and illustrations.
Conserving genetic diversity in rare and narrowly distributed endemic species is essential to maintain their evolutionary potential and minimize extinction risk under future environmental change. In this study we assess neutral and adaptive genetic structure and genetic diversity in Brasilianthus carajensis (Melastomataceae), an endemic herb from Amazonian Savannas. Using RAD sequencing we identified a total of 9365 SNPs in 150 individuals collected across the species' entire distribution range. Relying on assumption-free genetic clustering methods and environmental association tests we then compared neutral with adaptive genetic structure. We found three neutral and six adaptive genetic clusters, which could be considered management units (MU) and adaptive units (AU), respectively. Pairwise genetic differentiation (FST) ranged between 0.024 and 0.048, and even though effective population sizes were below 100, no significant inbreeding was found in any inferred cluster. Nearly 10 % of all analysed sequences contained loci associated with temperature and precipitation, from which only 25 sequences contained annotated proteins, with some of them being very relevant for physiological processes in plants. Our findings provide a detailed insight into genetic diversity, neutral and adaptive genetic structure in a rare endemic herb, which can help guide conservation and management actions to avoid the loss of unique genetic variation.
