Figure - uploaded by James E Cone
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
1. The "lead standards" established by OSHA for general industry in 1978 and the construction industry in 1993 require employers and clinicians to follow very specific guidelines for protecting lead exposed workers. Depending on the level of exposure, medical surveillance may be legally required. 2. Lead affects multiple body systems and can cause...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... in a stated or unstated contractual arrangement with an employer need to know their duties to the employer and employees under the lead standards and be cognizant of any potential legal liabilities that may arise from this relationship ( Table 3). Physicians may unknowingly find themselves in this role either as a consultant to a laboratory that tests blood lead levels or as the de facto health care provider for a company. ...Context 2
... in a stated or unstated contractual arrangement with an employer need to know their duties to the employer and employees under the lead standards and be cognizant of any potential legal liabilities that may arise from this relationship ( Table 3). Physicians may unknowingly find themselves in this role either as a consultant to a laboratory that tests blood lead levels or as the de facto health care provider for a company. ...Citations
... The measured lead concentration was found not to conform to the normal distribution for undisturbed environments. The results also showed that lead concentration decreased with an increase in distance in the southeastern direction (Hipkins, 1998;Lanphear, Succop, Roda, Henningsen, 2003) Mulungushi and Mukobeko have low soil Lead content but may not be safe from pollution due to the movement of humans and machinery from areas of high lead soil pollution to these areas. Even vehicles are potential carriers of contaminated soil particles from areas of high pollution to areas of low pollution, as found by a study done in Poland. ...
Pollution has increased soil lead levels to several thousand parts per million; the primary cause of soil lead contamination in Kabwe district is the weathering from the former Zinc-lead mine. Soil lead is a health risk when directly ingested or inhaled as and it is of particular concern for children less than 6 years because of its implication on their growth. Hence this study set out to assess the lead soil content in four different sites of Kabwe district, Central province of Zambia. Literature was reviewed from studies that covered soil lead contamination. A quantitative analytical study was carried out, and it involved geographical mapping of four different sites the north, South, East, and West of Kabwe district which were conveniently selected to collect soil Samples which were taken to The University of Zambia School of Mines, Geology Engineering Laboratory to determine the Levels of soil Lead content using a technique called Geo-Chemical Analysis. The results suggest that the Chowa area is highly polluted with lead metal according to the globally recommended WHO guidelines and Zambia Environmental Management Agency, which all states that Residential areas should not exceed 400Kg/mg or parts per million.
... The measured lead concentration was found not to conform to the normal distribution for undisturbed environments. The results also showed that lead concentration decreased with an increase in distance in the southeastern direction (Hipkins, 1998;Lanphear, Succop, Roda, Henningsen, 2003) Mulungushi and Mukobeko have low soil Lead content but may not be safe from pollution due to the movement of humans and machinery from areas of high lead soil pollution to these areas. Even vehicles are potential carriers of contaminated soil particles from areas of high pollution to areas of low pollution, as found by a study done in Poland. ...
Pollution has increased soil lead levels to several thousand parts per million; the major cause of soil lead contamination in Kabwe district is the weathering from the former Zinc-lead mine. Soil lead is a health risk when directly ingested or inhaled as and it is of particular concern for children less than 6 years because of its implication on their growth. Hence this study set out to assess the lead soil content in four different sites of Kabwe district, Central province of Zambia. Literature was reviewed from studies that covered soil lead contamination. a quantitative analytical study was carried out and it involved geographical mapping of four different sites the north, South, East, and West of Kabwe district which were conveniently selected to collect soil Samples which were taken to The University of Zambia School of Mines, Geology Engineering Laboratory to determine the Levels of soil Lead content using a technique called Geo-Chemical Analysis. The results suggest that Chowa area is highly polluted with lead metal according to the globally recommended WHO guidelines and Zambia Environmental Management agency which all states that Residential areas should not exceed 400Kg/mg or parts per million.
... The agencies for toxic substances and disease registry (ATSDR) have established that Pb is a major pollutant due to its persistence and its change in form and valance in the environment [4]. Lead poisoning may also occur when it builds up in the body and through inhalation or ingestion via contaminated hands, food, water, cigarettes or clothing [5]. Due to its non-biodegradable nature and continuous use, its concentration accumulates in the environment with increasing hazards. ...
Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that affect the physiological status of aquatic organisms. The present investigation evaluated the possible toxic effect of lead chloride (PbCl2) on biomarkers responses, DNA damage and histological alterations in Venus verrucosa gills and digestive gland. Three concentrations of PbCl2 (D1:1µgL⁻¹, D2: 10µgL⁻¹ and D3: 100µgL⁻¹) were chosen for V. verrucosa exposure during six days. At the end of the trial, it was found that Pb tended to accumulate in both gills and digestive gland in a dose-dependent manner. However, gill tissues exhibited the highest metal burden. Our results showed an increase of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls and advanced oxidation protein product levels in both organs following PbCl2exposure. The induction of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant systems; as well as the decrease of the acetylcholinesterase activity and degradation of DNA structure was recorded in the gills and digestive gland. The histopathological alterations observed in gills (disruption of lamellas and cilia filaments …) and digestive gland (lumens occlusion, necrosis and fibrosis) confirmed the aforementioned results. Our data highlighted the short-term toxicity effects of PbCl2 on V. verrucosa and pointed out a high sensitivity of gills towards this metal.
... Ó Ó l the body and some exposure is occurring. The typical level for U.S. adults is less than 10 µg/dL (mean = 3 µg/dL) [9,10]. We would all be smarter and live longer were it not for lead and Lead poisoning is entirely preventable. ...
... Lead interferes with the function of enzymes and essential cations (particularly calcium) in cells throughout the body [1,7], and lead poisoning is usually associated with multi-systemic signs and symptoms [8][9]. The metal causes proximal renal tubular damage, characterized by generalized aminoaciduria, hypophosphatemia, with relative hyperphosphaturia and glycosuria accompanied by nuclear inclusion bodies, mitochondrial changes, and cytomegaly of the proximal tubular epithelial cells [1,5]. ...
Background: The battery recycling and manufacturing involves the use of metallic lead for making grids, bearing and solder. The process results in release of lead particles and lead oxide causing environmental pollution and severe lead poisoning. Aims and Objectives: To know the present scenario of the blood lead level and its biochemical effects on occupational lead-exposed population, mainly battery manufacturing workers in Western Maharashtra (India) with respect to liver and kidney functions tests. Results: The biochemical parameters such as Blood Lead (PbB) level (p
... Caso a mesma esteja indicada, encaminhar para unidade de saúde qualificada para a realização deste procedimento. Fonte: Adaptado de STAUDINGER, 1998;OCCUPATIONAL..., 1993;DEPARTAMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES, 2001;DEPARTMENT..., 2004;MINISTRY OF LABOUR ONTÁRIO, 2002;OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH BRANCH, 2001;VORK, 2001;ARAÚJO, 1999;CALDEIRA, 2000;HIPKINS, 1998;RIGOTTO, 1989RIGOTTO, , 1991. *Avaliação laboratorial completa para Saturnismo: hemograma, uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico, urina rotina, clearance de creatinina. ...
Lead exposure has been considered to be a risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of low plasma lead concentration on cardiac contractility in isolated papillary muscles. Wistar rats were divided in control group or group treated with 100 ppm of lead acetate in the drinking water for 15 days. Blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, and parameters related to isolated papillary muscle contractility were recorded. The lead concentrations in the blood reached 12.3 ± 2 μg/dL. The BP was increased in the group treated with 100 ppm of lead acetate. Lead treatment did not alter force and time derivatives of the force of left ventricular papillary muscles. In addition, the inotropic response induced by an increase in the extracellular Ca(2+) concentration was reduced in the Pb(2+) group. However, the uptake of Ca(2+) by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the protein expression of SERCA and phospholamban remained unchanged. Postrest contraction was similar in the both groups, and tetanic peak and plateau tension were reduced in lead group. These results demonstrated that the reduction in the inotropic response to calcium does not appear to be caused by changes in the trans-sarcolemmal calcium flux but suggest that an impairment of the contractile machinery might be taking place. Our results demonstrate that even at a concentration below the limit considered to be safe, lead exerts deleterious effects on the cardiac contractile machinery.
... Moreover the increased pb levels in liver and kidney agreed with (Mestek et al., 1998) in rats administered polluted water with lead acetate. The recorded high bioconcentration of pb in serum and all examined organs resulted from pollution of water with lead may be due to that lead is taken up and stored faster than metabolized (Hipkins et al., 1998). Otherwise, the reported decrease in pb concentration in serum, muscle, liver and kidney of (1 st and 2 nd ) groups fed 20% crude or partly destond OMSR especially at withdrawal period may be related to the effect of OMSR which has cellulose matrix that interfere with the absorption of HM, also it rich of potential metal binding active sites (Pagnanelli et al., 2002). ...
Two various kinds of olive mill solid residues (Crude and partly destoned) were used to investigate the adsorbing property of olive mill solid residues (OMSR) to heavy metals. 100 adult albino rats were classified into four groups. One group served as (–ve) control group (10 rats), received balanced ration and supplied tap water; in addition to three equal groups (each of 30 rats) received water polluted with1/100LD50 of either lead, cadmium or copper at concentration levels( 107.2 mg/L, 8.8mg/L or 58.4mg/L respectively). Each main group was divided into 3sub- groups, one (+ve) control and two experimental groups fed either 20 % crude olive mill or 20% partly destoned olive mill. Polluted water administration extended for 1 month, meanwhile feeding 20% crude or partly destoned (OMSR) continued for further 30 days after cessation of polluted water as a withdrawal period. Samples of serum, muscle, liver and kidney were collected at one month of the experiment and at the end of the withdrawal period after one month. Level of metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results indicate that crude olive mill exhibit higher adsorption capacities to Pb, cd, and cu than partly destoned especially at withdrawal period. In conclusion, the main advantage of this process is the conversion of this waste product to a useful adsorbent material with low coast in minimizing the toxic hazard of environmental pollution with heavy metals.
... There are few descriptions of comprehensive strategies for controlling lead poisoning in the workplace [Hipkins et al., 1998;Baser, 1992;Lusk and Salazar, 1995;Papanak et al., 1992]. Although regulations exist and strategies have been proposed, lead poisoning continues to occur. ...
In 1990, Yale University, the Connecticut Departments of Health Services and of Transportation, the Connecticut Construction Industries Association, and the state's construction trade unions created the Connecticut Road Industry Surveillance Project (CRISP).
Data from 90 bridge projects from 1991 to 1995 and approximately 2,000 workers were evaluated. The distribution of peak lead concentrations in the blood for CRISP workers classified into five groups were compared to that from workers outside of Connecticut.
This demonstration project was instrumental in lowering bridge worker blood lead levels. After 1992, only the painting contract employees experienced peak blood lead levels with < or = 2% exceeding 50 microg/dl. Compared to similar workers in other states, Connecticut workers had significantly lower peak blood lead levels.
Two thousand workers and over 120 contractors benefited directly from CRISP. Two key features of the CRISP model differed from the 1993 OSHA standard: a contract-specified lead health protection program and a centralized system of medical monitoring. These differences may account for the improved protection observed between the CRISP and non-Connecticut cohorts.
... The General Industry and Lead in Construction standards differ slightly. A detailed comparison of the standards has been published elsewhere (6). When airborne lead concentrations exceed the action level of 30 µg/m 3 , OSHA requires medical surveillance which includes biological monitoring with BLLs performed by an OSHA-approved laboratory. ...
Lead significantly affects health because of its sensitivity to the central nervous system and rapid absorption rate. The phytochemicals included in celery, such as flavonoids, may mitigate lead-induced kidney damage. This research aimed to determine how administering celery extract affected the expression of the Caspase-3 gene and the kidney TNF-α gene in Rattus Norvegicus Wistar white rats exposed to lead. The research method true experiment examined the effects of 80 mg/day celery extract on Caspase-3 gene expression and renal TNF-α gene expression in rats exposed to lead. Each of the three groups will include six rats; there will be eighteen male Wistar rats in the study. The study used SPSS 26.0 and the Saphiro Wills test to analyze data on TNF-α and Caspase 3 expression in rats exposed to lead acetate (Pb). The results showed a normal distribution for the negative control group (K-) and the positive control group (K+) and a normal distribution for the treatment group (P). However, the paired t-test showed significant differences in all treatment groups (p <0.05), indicating a normal distribution in the data. The study concludes the impact of celery extract on kidney function in lead-exposed Wistar rats, revealing various active compounds like flavonoids. Despite insignificant caspase 3 reduction, flavonoids showed potential in mitigating lead-induced kidney damage.
