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The hotspot issue in wireless sensor networks, with nodes nearest the sink node losing energy fastest and degrading network lifetime, is a well referenced problem. Mobile sink nodes have been proposed as a solution to this. This does not completely remove the hotspot problem though, with nodes the sink passes most closely still expending more energ...
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In densely deployed sensor networks, numerous sensor nodes may record any event that takes place in the area. However, in such scenarios, multiple nodes may attempt to send the recorded data simultaneously, resulting in increased chances of collisions and energy wastage. In order to alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a new approach to mini...
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Citations
... Thomson et al. [16] proposed a novel synchronous technique for duty cycle scheduling called adaptive staggered sleep protocol (ASLEEP) to increase the lifespan of a data collecting tree-based WSN. According to certain network factors, such as traffic rate, ASLEEP dynamically modifies the duration of nodes' sleep times. ...
Due to the limited resources acquired by the sensor, energy consumption is one of the main issues that have drawn the attention of researchers in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this paper, we propose a new protocol based on the duty cycle method and the energy threshold. The suggested protocol aims to balance the traffic among all nodes. As a result, the energy consumption in the entire network will be balanced to prevent service interruptions on a portion of the network. Furthermore, a good result has been obtained compared to other related approaches. As the energy retention was 28%, 33% higher than the compared approach in member nodes, while nearby 33% and 61% in cluster heads. Moreover, the Suggested method outperforms expectations in terms of time, since it reduces the required transfer time by 60% less than the compared approaches. Also, the first dead member node occurs in many later rounds in the suggested method while there is no cluster head node die in 2,000 rounds. Finally, our research objective was met because the energy depletion process in the nodes was nearly convergent.
... To minimize the data gathering tour length, Chanak et al. [10] proposed a quad tree-based data gathering scheme to link all separated sub-networks in monitoring system. Thomson et al. [11] designed a mobility aware duty cycling algorithm to obtain dynamic communication threshold, which can reduce conflicts between channels among the sensor nodes and the mobile sink. ...
By facilitating the data delivery in wireless sensor networks, the movement of mobile sink can enhance the network connectivity and sensory coverage. However, the optimal path determination of mobile sink is a NP-hard optimization problem. By jointly considering the cluster-based routing and sink mobility, this paper proposes an enhanced ACO-based movement scheduling of mobile sink for data gathering in wireless sensor networks. To meet the delay requirements and balance the energy consumption of the sensor nodes, the optimal cluster heads selection is introduced. Then, an enhanced ACO-based movement scheduling algorithm is proposed to obtain the shortest path of mobile sink by traversing the network. The simulation results show that our proposed method can offer a promising performance in terms of reducing data delivery latency and extending the lifetime of the network.
... Thus, the role of hotspot is spread across several nodes in the network, rather than just those who would be closest to the sink if stationary. These nodes are termed as significant nodes [12,13]. Mobile sink nodes (MSNs) are utilised in various applications, such as within vehicles, located on robots or merely carried by a person. ...
... As such, this work utilises the dynamic communication threshold between a MSN and static sink developed in our original study, the Mobility Aware Duty Cycling Algorithm (MADCAL) [12,13], with predictable sink mobility. Within a static, significant node, the move from the SLEEP function to clear channel assessment (CCA) only occurs when the sink node is within the threshold of the static node. ...
... This work builds upon the earlier MADCAL algorithm [12,13] in utilising a predictable sink mobility pattern. Network parameters within a static node enable the calculation of the current sink position. ...
Utilising the mobilisation of a sink node in a wireless sensor network to combat the energy hole, or hotspot issue, is well referenced. However, another issue, that of energy spikes may remain. With the mobile sink node potentially communicating with some nodes more than others. In this study we propose the Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm (MADCaDPAL). This algorithm utilises an existing solution where a communication threshold is built between a mobile sink node using predictable mobility and static nodes on its path. MADCaDPAL bases decisions relating to node sleep function, moving to clear channel assessment and the subsequent sending of preambles on the relation between the threshold built by the static node and the position of the mobile sink node. MADCaDPAL achieves a reduction in average energy consumption of up to 80%, this when used in conjunction with a lightweight carrier-sense multiple access based MAC implementation. Maximum energy consumption amongst individual nodes is also brought closer to the average, reducing energy spikes and subsequently improving network lifetime. Additionally, frame delivery to the sink is improved overall.
... e third section introduces the energy consumption of MAC layer and the basic algorithm of routing protocol, introduces the design standard and evaluation index of MAC layer routing protocol, and then classifies and compares these routing protocols from different angles, and then elaborates the operation mechanism of routing protocol. During the simulation of routing protocol, some shortcomings of the protocol were found [4]. In Section 4, the specific optimization algorithm of MAC layer energy consumption and routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks is described. ...
Mobile ad hoc network is a network composed of mobile terminals without infrastructure. Due to its fast-networking ability, it is widely used in smart cities, car networking, military, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. Routing technology is a key technology in the field of MANET (mobile ad hoc network). The energy consumption is optimized through the technical network simulator NS-3, and the nodes in the MANET routing protocol can accurately simulate the problem, thereby optimizing the MAC layer of important research tools. This article combines the advantages of the lithium-ion (lithium) battery model. Compared with the KiBaM battery model, the effective charge in the KiBaM model simulates the output voltage well, which can reflect the battery capacity effect rate and the recovery effect of the lithium-ion-KiBaM battery model. The model can respond to the characteristics of the output voltage as the society gets lower and lower. In order to solve the problem that the analytic solution of differential equations cannot be obtained in the model, a numerical solution of the optimization algorithm is proposed based on the implicit Runge–Kutta method. The MAC layer energy consumption and routing protocol optimization algorithm proposed in this paper can be applied well in various fields.
... Such situation is termed as a hot-spot problem [8][9][10] Due to this, eventually sink gets isolated from the network. To resolve this concern, sink mobility has proved to be a promising approach [11][12][13] It helps in the distribution of energy in clusters located around the sink in the most effective manner that balances the load in the network and extends the network lifetime conspicuously. It is important to note that the role of carriers can be performed by the moving public transport that is made to follow a path to cover a given area. ...
... The lower NC value is preferred for selecting a node as CH. 24 In addition, to compute NC, the sink selects each node for computation that follows the formula that includes the sum of the squared distances of other nodes proportional to the network dimension from the chosen node as given in Equation 13. ...
The proliferation in the sensing technology in wireless sensor network has left an everlasting impact to revolutionize every sector of human's lives. The limited battery of sensor nodes (SNs) has generated a tremendous challenge for the researchers to ameliorate the network's life span. To pacify this concern, in this paper, we have proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO)‐based dual sink mobility (PSODSM) technique to reduce the energy expenditure of the SNs. PSODSM has the paramount focus on the cluster head (CH) selection based on integration of crucial factors: “ratio of remaining energy to the initial energy,” node degree, node centrality, separation factor between the SN and the sink, CH number, and energy consumption rate. As soon as the CHs are selected, two sinks placed opposite to each other are made to move towards the selected CHs for data collection. The most prominent fact is the movement of sinks which is done outside the periphery of the network to collect data rather than the reported conventional research works that employ sink mobility inside the network. Extensive simulations are performed to examine the empirical evaluation of PSODSM based on the benchmark of different performance metrics. The performance validation of PSODSM is done against the other meta‐heuristic algorithms, and findings show that the PSODSM outperforms the competitive algorithms and is also found to be scalable pertaining to real time implementation. Particle swarm optimization (PSO)‐based clustering is performed that selects cluster head (CH) based on six parameters, (a) residual energy, (b) distance factor, (c) node centrality, (d) node degree, (e) CH count, and (f) energy consumption rate. The dual sinks are made to move opposite to the each other in such a way that they collectively cover four sides of the square‐shaped network. The simulation results demonstrate the proposed protocol outperforms the competitive algorithms.
Recently, a number of applications in military and environmental monitoring have made wireless sensor networks (WSNs) a research center. Data collection from mobile sinks is more popular due to many advantages, including increased network life, energy efficiency and minimizing isolated nodes. Mobile sinks have proven to be extremely useful in wireless sensor networks, especially in large networks. With a mobile sink, visiting each sensor node is complex and may result in data loss or delay. Several recent approaches have shown that data acquisition, routing and sink mobility in a controlled path can increase WSN energy efficiency. A review of some mobile sink (MS) techniques is presented in this paper that have been researched during the past six years, followed by an analysis based on factors such as methods used, research outcomes and limitations. Finally, this survey concludes with a summary and research challenges for the future.
The issue of energy holes, or hotspots, in wireless sensor networks is well referenced. As is the proposed mobilisation of the sink node in order to combat this. However, as the mobile sink node may communicate with some nodes more than others, issues remain, such as energy spikes. In this study we propose a lightweight MAC layer solution - Dynamic Mobility and Energy Aware Algorithm (DMEAAL). Building on existing solutions utilising a communication threshold between static nodes and a sink node using a predictable mobility pattern, DMEAAL takes knowledge of optimum energy consumption levels and implements a cross-layer approach, utilising current energy consumption and dynamically adjusting communication threshold size based on target energy consumption. This approach is shown to balance energy consumption across individual nodes without increasing overall energy consumption compared to previous solutions. This without detrimentally affecting frame delivery to the sink. As such, network lifetime is improved. In addition we propose Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) applications for this solution, removing certain functionality from static nodes and instead deploying this within the mobile sink at the network edge.
The issue of energy holes, or hotspots, in wireless
sensor networks is well referenced. As is the proposed mobilisation
of the sink node in order to combat this. However, as the
sink node shall still pass some nodes more closely and frequently
than others, issues remain, such as energy spikes. In this study we
propose a lightweight MAC layer solution - Mobility Aware Duty
Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm (MADCaDPAL).
Building on existing solutions utilising a communication threshold
between static nodes and a sink node using a predictable mobility
pattern, this algorithm bases decisions relating to node wake-up
schedules, clear channel assessment and the sending of preambles
on the mobile sink position in relation to the threshold built by the
static node. When tested on a lightweight carrier-sense multiple
access based MAC implementation, MADCaDPAL achieved a
reduction in average energy consumption up to 80% and a
significant reduction in energy spikes in individual nodes. This
as well as maintaining or improving levels of frame delivery to
the sink. Thus, significantly improving network lifetime.
