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Context 1
... cycle yields continuing crime news that reinforces the stereotypes and the automatic and unconscious anxieties and associations of blacks with danger and lawlessness. Figure 1 in Entman offers a graphic representation of this circular process, which in admittedly oversimplified and abstract form depicts the complex interrelationships among white elites and the institutions that they dominate; ordinary white citizens' sentiments, decisions, and behaviors; and the lives and life chances of persons of color. ...
Context 2
... period encompasses the initial accusation and runs until four days after all the charges were dismissed-through the Sunday following the dismissal of charges, so as to include the Sunday papers. 73 only 16% of the public said they were following this story very closely, compared with 42% who said they were following news about the situation in Iraq very closely, 69% who said they were following high gasoline prices very closely, and 44% who said they were following immigration very closely. PEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE PRESS, PUBLIC ATTENTIVENESS TO NEWS STORIES: 1986-2006, http://people-press.org/nii/bydate.php. ...
Context 3
... the case includes 86 articles from The New York Times, 40 from USA Today, 321 from the News & Observer, and 21 stories on NBC Nightly News. 74 Figure 1 shows the amount of substantive coverage over time for this period for each of these sources. Coverage waxes and wanes with events in the case; it is always higher in the local paper, as one would expect. ...
Context 4
... the paragraphs coded as invoking guilt in the spring 2007 coverage often appeared in the context of stories particularly extreme in the period from December 22, 2006, when the rape charges were dropped, through April 11, 2007, when all charges were dropped (encompassing the period when Nifong asked to be removed from the case and the North Carolina Attorney General took over). As Figure 1 makes clear, there was considerable media attention during this time. In this period, the results are as follows: in the News & Observer, 19% of paragraphs emphasized only innocence and 5% emphasized only guilt; in The New York Times, the figures are 52% innocence and 6% guilt; in USA Today, 40% innocence and 6% guilt; and on NBC Nightly News, 38% innocence and 3% guilt. ...
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Research has shown that familiarity induced by prior exposure can decrease analytic processing and increase reliance on heuristic processing, including the use of stereotypes (the familiarity-stereotyping effect). We hypothesize that the familiarity-stereotyping effect will occur only when a stereotype provides information that fits with the judgme...
Citations
... It is correlated to expectations of criminality and threat and the need for lesser certainty in decision-making. Relatedly, Black defendants are more likely to be assumed to be guilty due to such assumptions [55]. ...
Juries are a core component of the criminal justice system. Although marked with a history of prejudice, segmentation, and discrimination, the framework of the 6th Amendment calls for impartiality among a jury of peers who are selected for the pursuit of justice. Influencing jury decision-making is the perception of witnesses, defendants, and victims. Specific to this work, the characterization of the victim is often a function of in-group bias in which the jury, operating collectively, decides if it is to cognitively distance itself from the victim based on assigned attributes. The group's agreement with the assignment of negative attributes is especially apparent when the victim is a Black male. In the case of this analysis, teenage murder victim Jordan Davis was described as a man and characterized as an adult aggressor and deserving of blame. The analysis is integrative and considers this case to elaborate on the cognitive theories, system behavior, and cultural norms that frame the perceptive process of jurors. Also reflected are the implications of biased decision-making processes, as well as suggestions for ways to mitigate them.
... Cobertura mediática definida por cómo los medios tratan un caso en un periodo de tiempo mientras recibe interés noticioso,(Entman & Gross 2008). ...
... Consistent with pretrial journalism, many of the alleged juvenile delinquents portrayed in daily news' stories are young (ages 14 to 17 years), male, poor, and minority (e.g. Black, Hispanic) from single parent households (living alone or cohabitating with non-biological partner), thereby providing the public with a generalised, but easily accessible, negative association between crimes and guilt based on appearance (Dixon and Azocar 2007;Entman and Gross 2008;Welch 2007). Institutional discrimination against marginalised groups in many countries has prevented them from obtaining education, occupation, and housing opportunities, resulting in a multi-generational inability to advance socially and economically. ...
The purpose of this article was to improve the post-secondary vocational education curriculum for private security students by focusing on a particular applied skill—detection of juvenile shoplifters. Educators are tasked with helping students to identify racist beliefs and reduce worldwide organizational racism in the retail industry. Consistent with this goal, 166 urban college students in the U.S. provided physical appearance, behavior, and family characteristics comprising their stereotype of a juvenile shoplifter. After reading one of 10 shoplifting vignettes with different combinations of sex and race/ethnicity of 14-year-old shoplifter, students made decisions relevant to identification, surveillance, and consequences. Marginalized juveniles were selected the most for surveillance and given harsher, formal consequences consistent with predictions they would recidivate. The findings suggest that instructors must implement specific changes in their curriculum to guide students towards learning objective prevention measures instead of relying on consumer racial profiling. Instructors must teach students to pre-identify their biases and engage in critical thinking tasks to determine the best proactive detection strategies for identifying juvenile shoplifters without unfair treatment of consumers from marginalized groups in their own countries.
... These negative meanings, Gray (1997) continues, are still sharply focused on and animated in popular culture and media around race and sexuality. Copious academic research has revealed a consistent media bias against black people, both in the coverage of crime and more generally (Entman & Gross, 2008). Media representations are thus selected and constructed in ways that consistently promote the racial status quo of inequality and the subsequent injustices are construed as "common sense" (Larson 2006, 2). ...
The world over, by no doubt, came to halt due to coronavirus disease (COVID-19)—the worst pandemic to be experienced in the twenty-first century. The virus was initially reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread across the globe. This pandemic has pushed countries into recessions, forcing sudden severe restrictions and curfews to people’s everyday lives. These restrictions have introduced new social life-styles such as social distancing, quarantining and regular use of hand sanitizers. The virus forced countries, corporate organisations and institutions into a new way of implementing work. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been the general playfulness about the virus that has seen an outpouring of memes and gags on social media platforms that invite academic scrutiny. In this chapter, we consider how humour has been used as a means of communicating indigenous ways of boosting the immune system and treating COVID-19 pandemic. We consider how memes gave people a sense of power to comment on prescribed treatments for the COVID-19 virus. Findings show that memes were used to challenge vaccines, commercialise indigenous herbs such as Zumbani/umsuzwane and constitute a social commentary on COVID-19 indigenous herbs.
... These negative meanings, Gray (1997) continues, are still sharply focused on and animated in popular culture and media around race and sexuality. Copious academic research has revealed a consistent media bias against black people, both in the coverage of crime and more generally (Entman & Gross, 2008). Media representations are thus selected and constructed in ways that consistently promote the racial status quo of inequality and the subsequent injustices are construed as "common sense" (Larson 2006, 2). ...
Not only did the COVID-19 pandemic infect large parts of the world’s population, but it also affected the mass media and the internet. The pandemic has gone viral on the internet. On one hand, COVID-19 is frequently concerned with “i-memes”, or social media-based memes (also known as internet memes), a popular form of communication among users. How do these internet memes comment on the COVID-19 pandemic? This question will be answered through influential examples that reflect the crisis discourse. The COVID-19 pandemic also generated viral hoaxes, fake news, misinformation and puns regarding the origin, scale, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the virus, a phenomenon the World Health Organization describes as “infodemic”. Using a critical review of literature based on a thematic approach, this chapter analyses the common “conspiracy theory” associated with the COVID-19 pandemic circulated on social media platforms.
... These negative meanings, Gray (1997) continues, are still sharply focused on and animated in popular culture and media around race and sexuality. Copious academic research has revealed a consistent media bias against black people, both in the coverage of crime and more generally (Entman & Gross, 2008). Media representations are thus selected and constructed in ways that consistently promote the racial status quo of inequality and the subsequent injustices are construed as "common sense" (Larson 2006, 2). ...
Is it okay to meme and laugh during the pandemic? What does laughter mean amidst moments of crises? This research explores laughter during health disasters and pandemics. It takes particular focus at the case of listeriosis and COVID-19 which both affected South Africa while only the latter affected Zimbabwe. The comparative study explores the use of memes in the two countries as important tools in health communication revealing, among other things, citizens’ fear of death, despondency as Black Social Media used its digital leisure, spaces and resources to challenge the system, that is, White monopoly capital and industry by critiquing the system via laughter and uncomfortable memes and commentary. Internet memes remain a central language in the digitally colonized space of human communication, and interaction help society critique, question, desensitize, rebel and correct itself. It also allows power to escape, play along or threaten the subjects and citizens, depending on the depth of citizenship in a given state.
... These negative meanings, Gray (1997) continues, are still sharply focused on and animated in popular culture and media around race and sexuality. Copious academic research has revealed a consistent media bias against black people, both in the coverage of crime and more generally (Entman & Gross, 2008). Media representations are thus selected and constructed in ways that consistently promote the racial status quo of inequality and the subsequent injustices are construed as "common sense" (Larson 2006, 2). ...
At the end of 2019, the world was engulfed by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that interrupted life as we had known it. The virus was believed to have originated from a Chinese district of Wuhan in the Hubei province. As the pandemic swept across the globe, people made different readings of its spread, effects and control. An infodemic ensued whereby some people discussed its cause, treatment and impact by sharing news, disseminating fake news, conspiracy theories and humorous memes. Most citizens in the Global South have experienced different kinds of crises such as leadership, environmental issues due to climate change, electoral violence, economic crises and corruption, among others. To negotiate some of these challenges gossip, fake news, conspiracy theories, ridicule and humour in the form of jokes and satire have been critical. This humour could be spread through cartoons in mainstream media or through alternative social media platforms (wo)maned by citizens now empowered to create, package and distribute content without the intervention of trained media professionals but with the risk of political leaders pouncing on deviants even in these clandestine public spheres.
... CRML studies focus on the role media takes in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies of marginalized and underrepresented people and institutional systems of oppression (Baynes, 2002;Bergstrom et al., 2018;Dixon, 2008;Entman & Gross, 2008;Joanou, 2017;King 2017;Yosso, 2002). While still 4 focusing on analysis, CRML moves beyond the development of informed citizens and calls for further analysis of the lived experiences of marginalized populations. ...
... Adopted from Entman and Gross (2008) The patterns observed in the chart above matched other studies of the ways practicing teachers confront racialized topics within their classrooms (Journell, 2011) and led us to look closer at the ways PSTs discussed topics and how they were learning to do CRML through racialized controversial topics. Below we explore three themes that connect back to this chart and illustrate how PSTs did or did not successfully engage in CRML: (1) digging deeper: finding accurate information; (2) valuing confrontations of controversial topics; and (3) confronting and examining media bias. ...
This paper examines how teacher candidates come to understand the role that media plays in perpetuating and reinforcing stereotypical views of marginalized groups through engagement in weekly news groups. This study sought to look at how critical media skills influenced how students interacted with media content. Findings suggest that by critically engaging in controversial current event topics that participants began to recognize the value and importance in finding multiple and reliable sources. They also began to question and interrogate the problematic ways that race and racism is portrayed in and through the media.
... Stereotypes impact the way we interact with others-often "without our knowledge" and in ways that "may even contradict our conscious beliefs" (DiBrito et al., 2019, p. 303). The media is one source of stereotypic information (Entman & Gross, 2008;Fiske, 2018). In the media and beyond, Black people are often stereotyped as aggressive and criminal (Beale, 2006), while Latinos are often portrayed as illegal (Mata & Herrias, 2006) and violent (Dixon & Azocar, 2007). ...
Prior research suggests the media depict White female victims more sympathetically than their minority counterparts, yet no researcher has yet examined this proposition at the multivariate level. Moreover, prior research on media portrayals generally include White versus non-White or White versus Black comparisons, but no researcher has yet compared media accounts of White, Black, and Latina female victims. Based on critical race feminism, we expected news coverage of White, Black, and Latina victims to vary in key ways. We examined narratives at the bivariate and multivariate levels, and we contextualized findings with story excerpts. Stories about White female victims were more likely to contain sympathetic themes-such as themes of religiosity and reported media attention-and to result in overall sympathetic narratives compared to stories about minority victims, whereas overall narratives about Latina and Black female victims were often unsympathetic. Our findings align with the "ideal victim" stereotype and may help explain the differential treatment of White and minority female victims by the criminal justice system.
... Too, women suffer no loss of self-esteem as a result of their poor performance because poor performance already is anticipated due to stereotype threat (Fogliati, 2013;Steele, 1997). For young Black men, their depiction in media as thugs, pimps, dope dealers, hip hoppers and gang bangers who disrespect and often abuse women tend to serve as the stereotypical representations of all African American men (Bjornstrom, 2010;Entman, 2008;Jackson, 2005;Kitwana, 2002). So, when black men do act out and mirror these stereotypes, there is never any discussion about psychological wounding (hooks, 2004;Smith, 2011). ...
Media spectacle has become an important way countries, culture, and commerce is expressed in the global marketplace. Media spectacle is a combination of power and capital and in its final form produces ideology. The U.S. is the global leader in the production and distribution of media, accounting for one-third of more than $90 billion annually in worldwide film distribution alone. U.S. media representations can be distinctive due to their racial dialogue and International college students with little exposure to the U.S. outside of media depictions arrive in America with perceptions that may be detrimental to campus climate. Supported by two independent qualitative studies, this chapter interrogates implications media representations may have for cross-cultural interactions. We identify ways U.S. colleges and universities are addressing campus climate issues, and how these efforts may not be enough. We call for increased diversity training across curricula to promote greater tolerance.
