Fig 1 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Mechanisms of allergy induction in murine models. During allergic sensitization, antigen-presenting cells (e.g. DCs) induce the generation of Th2 cells (Humeniuk et al., 2017). Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 promote eosinophil recruitment (eosinophilia) and induce tissue inflammation, which is exacerbated by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2; Box 1) action. Th2 cells also interact with B cells to induce the production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1, which bind to effector cells (e.g. mast cells) at mucosal surfaces (Galli and Tsai, 2012; Nials and Uddin, 2008). Allergic inflammation is induced upon repeated contact with the allergen, which promotes the release of inflammatory mediators affecting the surrounding tissues and leading to symptom development (Nials and Uddin, 2008).
Source publication
The worldwide prevalence of allergic diseases has drastically increased in the past decades. Recent studies underline the importance of microbial exposure for the development of a balanced immune system. Consequently, probiotic bacteria are emerging as a safe and natural strategy for allergy prevention and treatment. However, clinical probiotic int...
Similar publications
Respiratory allergy is a common disease with an increased prevalence worldwide. The effective remedy is still unknown, and a new therapeutic approach is highly desirable. The review elaborates the influence of probiotic bacteria on respiratory allergy prevention and treatment with particular emphasis on the impact of the current methods of their ad...
Citations
... Ghosh et al. reported that the Lactobacillus rate in the elderly was significantly higher than the Child/Teen/ Young/Middle-aged groups in North America and European individuals [54]. The age of the host can likewise influence probiotic study outcomes in humans [55]. Kwok et al. demonstrated that response in the small intestine to probiotics supplementation is likely age-specific [56]. ...
Objective
To explore the potential association between dietary live microbes and the prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD).
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, data of 9791 participants aged 20 years or older in this study were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2018. Participants in this study were classified into three groups according to the Sanders’ dietary live microbe classification system: low, medium, and high dietary live microbe groups. COPD was defined by a combination of self-reported physician diagnoses and standardized medical status questionnaires. Logistic regression and subgroup analysis were used to assess whether dietary live microbes were associated with the risk of COPD.
Results
Through full adjustment for confounders, participants in the high dietary live microbe group had a low prevalence of COPD in contrast to those in low dietary live microbe group (OR: 0.614, 95% CI: 0.474–0.795, and p < 0.001), but no significant association with COPD was detected in the medium and the low dietary live microbe groups. This inverse relationship between dietary live microbe intake and COPD prevalence was more inclined to occur in smokers, females, participants aged from 40 to 59 years old and non-obese participants.
Conclusion
A high dietary live microbe intake was associated with a low prevalence of COPD, and this negative correlation was detected especially in smokers, females, participants aged from 40 to 59 years old and non-obese participants.
... Allergic diseases are often manifested by immune system responses including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis, food allergies, hay fever, and anaphylaxis [2,3]. Overall, the number of people with allergic diseases in the world is more than one billion, and it is estimated that it will increase to about four times in the next few decades [4]. It affects people of all ages and is often seen in children [5]. ...
Allergic illnesses occur when an organism's immune system is excessively responsive to certain antigens, such as those that are presented in the environment. Some people suffer from a wide range of immune system-related illnesses including allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, hay fever, and even anaphylaxis. Immunotherapy and medications are frequently used to treat allergic disorders. The use of probiotics in bacteriotherapy has lately gained interest. Probiotics are essential to human health by modulating the gut microbiota in some ways. Due to probiotics' immunomodulatory properties present in the gut microbiota of all animals, including humans, these bacterial strains can prevent a wide variety of allergic disorders. Probiotic treatment helps allergy patients by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and enhancing intestinal permeability, which is important in the battle against allergy. By altering the balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, probiotics can heal allergic disorders. Numerous studies have shown a correlation between probiotics and a reduced risk of allergy disorders. A wide range of allergic disorders, including atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic retinitis and food allergies has been proven to benefit from probiotic bacteria. Therefore, the use of probiotics in the treatment of allergic diseases offers a promising perspective. Considering that probiotic intervention in the treatment of diseases is a relatively new field of study, more studies in this regard seem necessary
... Additionally, considering the pretreatment skin microbiome of a host is important so as to avoid unwanted interactions between probiotics and the existing microbes. It is reasonable to assume that this priority effect could cause probiotics to have trouble establishing or persisting, or it could result in varied success, depending on the condition of the prior host microbiota (49,51). In this study, most of the metabolite interactions that we observed fit an antagonistic model ( Fig. 4B and C; Fig. S3). ...
... This means that mixed probiotics can potentially interact in unpredictable ways, which is an important consideration when designing future probiotic cocktails for further assessment. This variety in mechanism and interaction types could be one reason for the wide variation in how some hosts respond to probiotic treatment (49). ...
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) is a pathogen that infects amphibians globally and is causing a biodiversity crisis. Our research group studies one of the species affected by Bd , namely, the Colorado boreal toad ( Anaxyrus boreas boreas ).
... Increasing issues of host-associated factors such as sex, age, genetic makeup, and resident microbiological composition might determine an individual's response to a specific probiotic treatment. These factors are thought to influence the marked difference in probiotic strains colonization between individuals [53]. Taken together, outcomes of probiotic prevention in the clinical setting are greatly influenced by host factors. ...
Background
The extra-intestinal effects of probiotics for preventing allergic diseases are well known. However, the probiotic components that interact with host target molecules and have a beneficial effect on allergic asthma remain unknown. Lactobacillus gasseri attenuates allergic airway inflammation through the activation of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in dendritic cells. Therefore, we aimed to isolate and investigate the immunomodulatory effect of the PPARγ activation component from L. gasseri .
Methods
Culture supernatants of L. gasseri were fractionated and screened for the active component for allergic asthma. The isolated component was subjected to in vitro functional assays and then cloned. The crystal structure of this component protein was determined using X-ray crystallography. Intrarectal inoculation of the active component-overexpressing Clear coli (lipopolysaccharide-free Escherichia coli ) and intraperitoneal injection of recombinant component protein were used in a house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma mouse model to investigate the protective effect. Recombinant mutant component proteins were assayed, and their structures were superimposed to identify the detailed mechanism of alleviating allergic inflammation.
Results
A moonlighting protein, glycolytic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), LGp40, that has multifunctional effects was purified from cultured L. gasseri , and the crystal structure was determined. Both intrarectal inoculation of LGp40-overexpressing Clear coli and intraperitoneal administration of recombinant LGp40 protein attenuated allergic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma. However, CDp40, GAPDH isolated from Clostridium difficile did not possess this anti-asthma effect. LGp40 redirected allergic M2 macrophages toward the M1 phenotype and impeded M2-prompted Th2 cell activation through glycolytic activity that induced immunometabolic changes. Recombinant mutant LGp40, without enzyme activity, showed no protective effect against HDM-induced airway inflammation.
Conclusions
We found a novel mechanism of moonlighting LGp40 in the reversal of M2-prompted Th2 cell activation through glycolytic activity, which has an important immunoregulatory role in preventing allergic asthma. Our results provide a new strategy for probiotics application in alleviating allergic asthma.
... The relevance of the lung microbiome to host health cannot be overlooked as it can contribute to lung immunity and protect against infections [58]. Alterations of the microbiome may contribute to increased inflammation and result in a poorly regulated immune response [59,60]. Although further studies are needed to establish a direct influence of the lung microbiome in the development of severe pneumonia and progression of diseases such as COVID-19, studies such as this one contributes to our understanding of the microbial communities and their possible relation to disease severity and outcomes in patients who require mechanical ventilation. ...
Background
Studies of the respiratory tract microbiome primarily focus on airway and lung microbial diversity, but it is still unclear how these microbial communities may be affected by intubation and long periods in intensive care units (ICU), an aspect that today could aid in the understanding of COVID19 progression and disease severity. This study aimed to explore and characterize the endotracheal tube (ETT) microbiome by analyzing ETT-associated microbial communities.
Methods
This descriptive study was carried out on adult patients subjected to invasive mechanical ventilation from 2 to 21 days. ETT samples were obtained from 115 patients from ICU units in two hospitals. Bacteria isolated from endotracheal tubes belonging to the ESKAPE group were analyzed for biofilm formation using crystal violet quantification. Microbial profiles were obtained using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene.
Results
The ETT microbiome was mainly composed by the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Microbiome composition correlated with the ICU in which patients were hospitalized, while intubation time and diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) did not show any significant association.
Conclusion
These results suggest that the ICU environment, or medical practices, could be a key to microbial colonization and have a direct influence on the ETT microbiomes of patients that require mechanical ventilation.
... The allergy/asthma induced by OVA, rBet, or HDM does not fully reflect the human allergy state, which is a multifactored disease. The animal model-based researches are mostly 'clear' benchmark, which is focused only on a selected aspect of allergy (does not include factors such as age, gender, hormones, resident microbiota, air pollution, dietary impact, additional epithelial barrier disturbances, accompanying diseases, drugs, and many others) (Spacova et al., 2018). For these reasons, the clinical trials with oral administration of probiotic in an allergy do not look so promising. ...
Respiratory allergy is a common disease with an increased prevalence worldwide. The effective remedy is still unknown, and a new therapeutic approach is highly desirable. The review elaborates the influence of probiotic bacteria on respiratory allergy prevention and treatment with particular emphasis on the impact of the current methods of their administration – oral and intranasal. The background of the respiratory allergy is complex thus, we focused on the usefulness of probiotics in the alleviation of different allergy factors, in particular involved in pathomechanism, local hypersensitive evidence and the importance of epithelial barrier. In this review, we have shown that (1) probiotic strains may vary in modulatory potential in respiratory allergy, (2) probiotic bacteria are beneficial in oral and intranasal administration, (3) recombinant probiotic bacteria can modulate the course of respiratory allergy.
... This raises important questions of a potential to partly restore "diseased" respiratory microbiomes using microbiota-directed or host-targeted therapies such as probiotics and/or metabolite supplementation. To date, several studies have attempted to investigate the efficacy of probiotics in asthma [134][135][136] and multi-drug resistant lung infections [137], and while these have produced contradictory results, the increasing awareness of host-associated factors that determine how an individual responds to probiotic treatment has been gained [138]. ...
The respiratory tract harbors a stable and diverse microbial population within an extracellular mucus layer. Mucus provides a formidable defense against infection and maintaining healthy mucus is essential to normal pulmonary physiology, promoting immune tolerance and facilitating a healthy, commensal lung microbiome that can be altered in association with chronic respiratory disease. How one maintains a specialized (healthy) microbiome that resists significant fluctuation remains unknown, although smoking, diet, antimicrobial therapy, and infection have all been observed to influence microbial lung homeostasis. In this review, we outline the specific role of polymerizing mucin, a key functional component of the mucus layer that changes during pulmonary disease. We discuss strategies by which mucin feed and spatial orientation directly influence microbial behavior and highlight how a compromised mucus layer gives rise to inflammation and microbial dysbiosis. This emerging field of respiratory research provides fresh opportunities to examine mucus, and its function as predictors of infection risk or disease progression and severity across a range of chronic pulmonary disease states and consider new perspectives in the development of mucolytic treatments.
... Allergens act on innate immune cells. Repeated contact with an allergen triggers the activation of mast cells and basophils and the release of allergic mediators, resulting in symptoms ranging from sneezing and itchy rashes to severe shortness of breath and anaphylaxis [1][2][3]. Currently, the list of allergic diseases published by the WHO includes asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, rhinosinusitis, anaphylaxis, atopic eczema, hives, and angioedema, as well as secondary reactions caused by drugs, foods, or insects [4]. ...
... Today, approximately 1 billion people worldwide suffer from allergies, and these numbers are estimated to increase to 4 billion in the next 30-40 years [1]. In recent years, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased greatly, to the point that 30-40% of the world's population now suffers from one or more allergic diseases. ...
... These allergies are caused by the response of an inappropriate immune response of Th2 lymphocytes to different antigens, including environmental or food antigens. The activation of this response leads to the secretion of interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and an allergen-specific IgE production, which drives allergic inflammation [1,10]. Interferon (INF)-γ inhibits Th1 activity by inducing these cytokine responses, thus maintaining an allergic phenotype [23]. ...
Allergies are an increasing global public health concern, especially for children and people living in urban environments. Allergies impair the quality of life of those who suffer from them, and for this reason, alternatives for the treatment of allergic diseases or reduction in their symptoms are being sought. The main objective of this study was to compile the studies carried out on probiotics as a possible therapy for allergies. The most studied allergies on which probiotics have been shown to have a beneficial effect are rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Most studies have studied the administration of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in children and have shown beneficial effects, such as a reduction in hyperreactivity and inflammation caused by allergens and a decrease in cytokine release, among other beneficial effects. In the case of children, no clear beneficial effects were found in several studies, and the potential risk from the use of some opportunistic bacteria, such as probiotics, seems controversial. In the studies that reported beneficial results, these effects were found to make allergy symptoms less aggressive, thus reducing morbidity in allergy sufferers. The different effects of the same probiotic bacteria on different patients seem to reinforce the idea that the efficacy of probiotics is dependent on the microbial species or strain, its derived metabolites and byproducts, and the gut microbiota eubiosis of the patient. This study is relevant in the context of allergic diseases, as it provides a broader understanding of new alternatives for the treatment of allergies, both in children, who are the main sufferers, and adults, showing that probiotics, in some cases, reduce the symptoms and severity of such diseases.
... In addition to the microbiota composition, the skin microbiota diversity is also linked to human health. As stated by the hygiene [55], old friends and biodiversity [56] hypotheses, microbial exposure in early childhood is linked to activation of immune regulatory pathways and reduction in overactive immune responses associated with immune-mediated conditions, such as allergic and inflammatory diseases [57,58]. For example, attendance of day care in the first years of life and growing up or living in a farm environment has a positive effect on skin microbiome diversity [58,59]. ...
The human skin microbiota forms a key barrier against skin pathogens and is important in modulating immune responses. Recent studies identify lactobacilli as endogenous inhabitants of healthy skin, while inflammatory skin conditions are often associated with a disturbed skin microbiome. Consequently, lactobacilli-based probiotics are explored as a novel treatment of inflammatory skin conditions through their topical skin application. This review focuses on the potential beneficial role of lactobacilli (family Lactobacillaceae) in the skin habitat, where they can exert multifactorial local mechanisms of action against pathogens and inflammation. On one hand, lactobacilli have been shown to directly compete with skin pathogens through adhesion inhibition, production of antimicrobial metabolites, and by influencing pathogen metabolism. The competitive anti-pathogenic action of lactobacilli has already been described mechanistically for common different skin pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Cutibacterium acnes, and Candida albicans. On the other hand, lactobacilli also have an immunomodulatory capacity associated with a reduction in excessive skin inflammation. Their influence on the immune system is mediated by bacterial metabolites and cell wall-associated or excreted microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). In addition, lactobacilli can also enhance the skin barrier function, which is often disrupted as a result of infection or in inflammatory skin diseases. Some clinical trials have already translated these mechanistic insights into beneficial clinical outcomes, showing that topically applied lactobacilli can temporarily colonize the skin and promote skin health, but more and larger clinical trials are required to generate in vivo mechanistic insights and in-depth skin microbiome analysis.
... In addition to the core heartlands of gut and immune health, emerging target conditions for probiotic therapy include subfertility [23], liver disease [24], mood disorders [25], cognition [26], oral health [27], asthma [28], metabolic disease [29], hypercholesterolaemia [30], and obesity [31]. ...
Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently under study have the potential to change scientific understanding as well as nutritional and healthcare applications of these interventions. The expansion of related fields of microbiome-targeted interventions , and an evolving landscape for implementation across regulatory, policy, prescriber, and consumer spheres, portends an era of significant change. In this review we examine recent, emerging, and anticipated trends in probiotic and prebiotic science, and create a vision for broad areas of developing influence in the field. Background and Current State
