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There is an upsurge enthusiasm for utilizing biochar produced from waste-biomass in different fields, to address the most important ecological issues. This review is focused on an overview of remediating harmful contaminants utilizing biochar. Production of biochar utilizing various systems has been discussed. Biochar has received the consideration...
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... process depends on the type and nature of biomass used. Temperature is the main operating process condition that decides the product efficiency [61]. Generally, the yield of biochar decreases and production of syngas increases when the temperature is increased during the pyrolysis process. The mechanism of the pyrolysis process is shown in Fig. 1. Pyrolysis can be classified as a fast and slow pyrolysis process depending on the heating rate, temperature, residence time and ...
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Utilization of corncob as the feedstock for biochar production would be a great idea to achieve the waste management, environmental pollution remediation, and circular bioeconomy goals. To achieve this goal, corncob biochars were prepared at 350, 450, 550, and 650 °C and characterized for various physicochemical parameters in order to know the vari...
Citations
... kg per ton of agricultural residues and 239.29-256.00 L per ton of agricultural residues, respectively 59,61 . The market prices of biochar and bio-oil are 9.38 US$ per kg (109.9 ...
Deliberate open burning of crop residues emits greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This study investigates the environmental impacts (global warming potential, GWP) and economic impacts (net cash flow) of nine agricultural residue management schemes, including open burning, fertilizer production, and biochar production for corn residue, rice straw, and sugarcane leaves. The environmental assessment shows that, except the open burning schemes, fossil fuel consumption is the main contributor of the GWP impact. The fertilizer and biochar schemes reduce the GWP impact including black carbon by 1.88–1.96 and 2.46–3.22 times compared to open burning. The biochar schemes have the lowest GWP (− 1833.19 to − 1473.21 kg CO2-eq/ton). The economic assessment outcomes reveal that the biochar schemes have the highest net cash flow (222.72—889.31 US$2022/ton or 1258.15–13409.16 US$2022/ha). The expenditures of open burning are practically zero, while the biochar schemes are the most costly to operate. The most preferable agricultural residue management type is the biochar production, given the lowest GWP impact and the highest net cash flow. To discourage open burning, the government should tailor the government assistance programs to the needs of the farmers and make the financial assistance more accessible.
... The following items are included: • Direct Combustion: Direct combustion is the most basic and ancient technique for converting biomass into energy (Greenvolt, 2023;Luo and Zhou, 2012;Tursi, 2019). The process entails combusting biomass material, such as wood, agricultural residues, or municipal solid waste, in the presence of oxygen to generate heat (Amalina et al., 2022;Kalak, 2023;Yaashikaa et al., 2020). Subsequently, we can then use this thermal energy directly for heating applications or convert it into electrical power through steam generation. ...
... Biochar, a residue produced through pyrolysis, possesses various uses in agriculture as a substance added to soil to enhance its quality, aid in the retention of carbon, and promote the growth of plants. Syngas, as utilized in gasification, can serve as a source of energy or raw material for synthesizing various chemicals (Yaashikaa et al., 2020). • Improvements in Anaerobic Digestion: The process by which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of oxygen is known as anaerobic digestion (Jarvie, 2023;Mourshed et al., 2023;Ngan et al., 2020;Uddin and Wright, 2023). ...
... This method is widely recognized as a prevalent thermochemical technique (Suresh et al., 2020;Urrutia et al., 2022). The process usually operates at elevated temperatures, typically 600 to 900 °C, with moderate rates of heating and extended periods, which helps create syngas enriched with hydrogen (Gao et al., 2023;Yaashikaa et al., 2020). ...
The rising demand for renewable energy sources has fueled interest in converting biomass and organic waste into sustainable bioenergy. This study employs a bibliometric analysis (2013-2023) of publications to assess trends, advancements, and future prospects in this field. The analysis explores seven key research indicators, including publication trends, leading contributors, keyword analysis, and highly cited papers. We begin with a comprehensive overview of biomass as a renewable energy source and various waste-to-energy technologies. Employing Scopus and Web of Science databases alongside Biblioshiny and VOSviewer for analysis, the study investigates publication patterns, citation networks, and keyword usage. This systematic approach unveils significant trends in research focus and identifies prominent research actors (countries and institutions). Our findings reveal a significant increase in yearly publications, reflecting the growing global focus on biomass and organic waste conversion. Leading contributors include China, the United States, India, and Germany. Analysis of keywords identifies commonly used terms like "biofuels," "pyrolysis," and "lignocellulosic biomass." The study concludes by proposing future research directions, emphasizing advanced conversion technologies, integration of renewable energy sources, and innovative modelling techniques.
... The transformation of waste biomass into valuable goods such as biochar, syngas, and bio-oil can be accomplished using this process. This technology offers an alternate method for converting discarded biomass into higher-value products, such as biochar [63]. The precise properties and content of the biomass used during the pyrolysis process were directly proportional to the amount of biochar created throughout the process. ...
... The reactor is then exposed to a temperature elevation that fell somewhere in the range of 180-250 °C, while the pressure is maintained in the traditional manner within the range of 10-60 bar and operate above the saturation pressure depending on the operating temperature. The presence of these conditions resulted in the formation of a hydrothermal environment [63]. Certain conditions, such as heat and pressure, are necessary for the occurrence of complex chemical reactions. ...
... The process of producing biochar using hydrothermal carbonization method [63] ...
Biochar has emerged as a promising soil supplement, offering a sustainable solution for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agricultural soils over the past two decades. Produced through the pyrolysis of organic materials under anaerobic conditions, biochar’s quality is heavily influenced by pyrolysis conditions and feedstock types. This comprehensive review investigates the biochar’s potential to reduce GHG emissions from agricultural soils and explores sustainable production methods and innovative technologies to combat climate change. This study highlights biochar’s impacts on soil quality, carbon storage, microbial activity, and GHG emissions as a soil supplement that reduces agricultural GHG emissions. Addressing historical research gaps, the investigation proposes comprehensive biochar soil management studies to mitigate global warming since agriculture contributes considerably to global emissions. The review highlights the necessity of co-existing GHG emission data and computer analysis of their warming potentials, along with aging studies on biochar production. Stressing the importance of distinguishing biochar-induced changes from inherent soil features, the review advocates for effective GHG emission-reducing management techniques. Additionally, it calls for the development of tracking and monitoring methods to identify carbon storage locations, trace carbon dioxide origins, and evaluate biochar’s impact on soil ecosystem GHG flow. To achieve significant reductions in GHG emissions, the review suggests analyzing the dynamics of biochar generation and related processes to gain insights into their long-term effects. By promoting sustainable solutions to mitigate soil and agriculture-based emissions, this review aims to support provincial and federal governments in meeting their carbon reduction targets outlined in the Paris Agreement.
Graphical Abstract
... where Ln(X) is the natural logarithm of x. Other methods include using a proper closed form using the devices of t Maple [31], Marine Predator algorithm [32], hybrid analytics [33], and the Hessian function [34]. ...
Photovoltaics have the characteristic of being an effective representation of the nonlinearity contained in the panels, this is very important in achieving a renewable energy supply system. There have been several models for photovoltaics proposed in several literatures to analyze their characteristics, but a comprehensive analysis still needs to be carried out to obtain a simple model in PV modeling so that manufacturers can easily implement it. Based on empirically derived one, two and three diode circuit modeling. However, an extensive model analysis of the unique characteristics for modeling PV at the maximum power point (MPP) has not been carried out, therefore researchers will conduct a comprehensive review to obtain a model that is suitable for manufacturers. Based on the IEC standard EN 50530, the absolute error around the MPP must be ± 1%. Therefore, this paper proposes an empirically based analysis model regarding the accuracy of PV models to reconstruct the characteristics of PV panels. Limitations of PV modeling were identified based on simulation results obtained with MATLAB and characteristic indices, besides that this paper also provides input for future research directions.
... However, this methodology requires knowledge of the reactor type, a specific operating temperature, and a limited oxygen environment [96]. Determining biochar particulars is relevant for evaluating the chemical composition, properties, and reactivity of the biochar surface [97]. ...
Sugarcane has primarily been used for sugar and ethanol production. It creates large quantities of residual lignocellulosic biomass such as sugarcane bagasse, leaves, tops, and vinasse. Biomass is a sustainable prospect for biorefineries aiming to optimize production processes. We detail recent research developments in recycling sugarcane, including energy generation and pyrolysis to obtain biofuels, for example. To produce biochar, the energy cost of operating at high temperatures and large-scale production remain as obstacles. The energy generation prospects can be enhanced by pellet production; however, it requires an improvement in quality control for long-term storage or long-distance transportation. In civil construction, the materials still need to prove their long-term efficiency and reliability. Related to adsorbent materials, the use of sugarcane bagasse has the advantage of being low-cost and environmentally friendly. Nevertheless, the extraction, functionalization, and modification of cellulose fibers, to improve their adsorption properties or even mode of operation, still challenges. The synthesis of nanostructures is still lacking high yields and the ability to scale up. Finally, controlling dispersion and orientation and avoiding fiber agglomeration could improve the mechanical response of composites using sugarcane bagasse. The different possibilities for using sugarcane and its residues reinforce the importance of this material for the industry and the global economy. Thus, the present work addresses current challenges and perspectives of different industrial processes involving sugarcane aiming to support future research on waste-derived subjects.
... Non-woody biomass includes aquatic plants, food processing waste, biomass residues acquired from animal and human and municipal solid waste (Mariyam et al., 2022). The lignocellulose content and characteristics (ash content, calorific value, bulk density, void, age) differs based on the nature and source of lignocellulosic biomass (Yaashikaa et al., 2020). LB has low sulphur and nitrogen content, therefore produces no to very little CO 2 upon conversion, which is a point of interest in addition to their low cost and abundant availability . ...
... The process happens in three major zones, such as, clean zone (adsorption takes place), mass transfer (process of adsorption is in progress) and finally, exhausted zone (equilibrium is achieved). During the process of adsorption, the exhausted zone gets increased and clean zone gets decreased (Yaashikaa et al., 2020). ...
... Biochar or pre-treated biomass correlates with torrefied biomass, pyrochar (derived from slow pyrolysis), and hydro chars (produced from hydrothermal carbonization). Heating rate, residence duration, temperature and pressure are among the factors that determine this transformation (20). There are three main groups of thermochemical conversion pathways based on the primary product they produce. ...
Improving energy security and lowering greenhouse gas emissions need the utilization of renewable resources like biomass. The production of power, heat, and biofuels from biomass has gained significant attention in the current energy scenario. The current study highlights the developments, advancements, and future possibilities of merging thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes for the manufacture of value-added chemicals and green fuels. While biological processes have extensive processing times and low product yields, thermochemical methods are limited by high processing costs and temperature requirements. The integration of thermochemical and biochemical conversion processes facilitates the circular economy and improves resource usage. Despite the wide range of feasible integration scenarios, the majority of research that is now accessible in the literature concentrates on the developments in thermochemical or biochemical processes as a standalone conversion pathway. The present review aids in gaining a basic understanding of potential routes to unlock pathways for complete biomass conversion. Pyrolysis, as well as hybrid conversion techniques, are the most appealing methods from an economic evaluation standpoint. In this work, a techno-economic analysis of the significant conversion processes has also been presented. Examining the environmental impact and costs of alternative waste conversion processes is necessary when obtaining energy from garbage or biomass. So, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a useful method for comparing the environmental effects of various waste-to-energy options. To increase the production of biofuels, further research is required in the areas of feedstock pretreatment, catalyst development, and total production system optimization.
... The main biochemical process includes fermentation and anaerobic digestion, thermochemical biomass conversion appears to be superior to the former [12]. The different thermochemical conversion of biomass processes includes combustion, gasification, liquefaction, and pyrolysis [13,14]. While liquefaction produces ethanol from biomass using high pressure and certain gases [15]. ...
In order to design and optimize thermochemical systems for the production of bioenergy understanding the energy capacity of the pistachio shell and its kinetics of degradation is crucial. The Thermogravimetric analysis at different heating rates of biomass was studied along with thermodynamic study, primary characterizations like the composition of biomass, heating value and a reaction mechanism-assisted kinetic model. Nitrogen gas flow rate is used for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which is performed at 10, 15, 20 and 30 ℃/min different heating rates from room temperature to 900 ℃. The output also shows that maximal degradation took place between 180 and 430 °C. The various iso-conversional models, such as Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Starink and Friedman, are used to calculate kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, which give the average value of activation energy as 172.29, 170.47, 169.79, and 193.25 kJ/mol. The average values of Gibbs free energy for the FWO, KAS, Starink and Friedman techniques were found to be 176.49, 1176.54, 176.29, and 175.78 kJ/mol, respectively.
Graphical Abstract
... Gasification also takes place in the absence of oxygen, but at higher temperatures than pyrolysis (750-900 • C), and it is mainly aimed at obtaining syngas products (85% on average), rather than biochar (10% on average), that can be used directly for heating or for further processing into hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrothermal carbonization uses elevated temperatures (180-300 • C) and high pressures (5-20 MPa) in a water-rich environment, producing hydrochar (as opposed to products from dry processes such as pyrolysis) and bio-oil, as well as traces of gases [85,86]. Although hydrothermal carbonization also has its own advantages, such as the ability to process wet MSS without drying, pyrolysis is often preferred for biochar production from MSS due to its higher carbon content, elimination of pathogen contents, flexibility in operating conditions, energy recovery, and established technology. ...
Municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an inevitable byproduct of wastewater treatment, with increasing amounts year by year worldwide. The development of environmentally and economically acceptable methods for the sustainable management of MSS is a major environmental challenge. Nowadays, sludge management practices, besides the commonly used stabilization methods, focus attention on alternative sludge-disposal pathways, which encompass enhanced energy and valuable-resource recovery. This review presents the recent advances in the recovery of selected value-added products from sludge. Because of the high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, waste MSS can be a nutrient source (e.g., struvite). This paper discusses the conditions of and advances in the technology of struvite recovery. As in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) of biological sludge, alginate-like exopolymers (ALEs) are present in MSS systems that treat municipal wastewater. The yields, dynamics in content, and characterization of ALEs and their possible applications were analyzed. MSS is an important source of humic substances. Their occurrence, characterization, and yields in various types of MSS (e.g., untreated, composted, and digested sludge) and main methods of application are presented. The important aspects and trends of MSS pyrolysis, including the thermochemical conversion to biochar, are discussed in this review. The characterization of biochar derived from MSS and the assessment of the environmental risks are also covered. This paper explores the potential use of biochar derived from MSS in various applications, including soil amendment, carbon sequestration, and environmental remediation.
... These physicochemical properties vary depending on the feedstock and can be employed for various applications, including soil remediation and amelioration, carbon sequestration, wastewater decontamination, electrode materials, catalysts and more 31,32 . Focusing on water purification, biochar has found wide usage in the adsorption of contaminants like heavy metals, microplastics, and nutrients, 33,34 . Consequently, this application has extended to the exploration of using physical adsorbents like biochar for mitigating HAB toxins [35][36][37][38][39][40] . ...
The present study assessed the effective use of biochar for the adsorption of two potent HAB toxins namely, Microcystin-LR (MCLR) and Saxitoxin (STX) through a combination of dosage, kinetic, equilibrium, initial pH, and competitive adsorption experiments. The adsorption results suggest that biochar has excellent capabilities for removing MCLR and STX, with STX reporting higher adsorption capacities (622.53–3507.46 µg/g). STX removal required a minimal dosage of 0.02 g/L, while MCLR removal needed 0.4 g/L for > 90%. Similarly, a shorter contact time was required for STX removal compared to MCLR for > 90% of toxin removed from water. Initial pH study revealed that for MCLR acidic conditions favored higher uptake while STX favored basic conditions. Kinetic studies revealed that the Elovich model to be most suitable for both toxins, while STX also showed suitable fittings for Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order in individual toxin systems. Similarly, for the Elovich model the most suited kinetic model for both toxins in presence of each other. Isotherm studies confirmed the Langmuir–Freundlich model as the best fit for both toxins. These results suggest adsorption mechanisms including pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction, and dispersive interactions.
