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Mechanism of emulsion stabilization: asphaltenic thin film formation at the oil/water interface (McLean and Kilpatrick, 1997a,b).
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In many oil production sites water injection is used as a piston to push the crude out of the well. As the age of the field progresses, the ratio of water to oil produced increases. Agitation of a water and crude oil mixture may give stable water-in-oil emulsion in which the water remains dispersed for a long period of time. These emulsions can cau...
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Processes of dehydration which are used to break up emulsions of crude oil and water, such as those that occur in the secondary recovery of petroleum by the injection of water or brine, were studied. The stability of representative systems comprised of hydrocarbons, brine and surfactants (both anionic and nonionic), and sometimes cosurfactants (alc...
Low salinity waterflooding has received increasing attention However, the increased oil recovery by low salinity is in most cases very limited Combining low salinity with other EOR methods has been our focus in recent years. The combined effect of brine chemistry and added surfactant on oil recovery was addressed by Alagic and Skauge in recent publ...
Oil/water interfacial tensions were measured for a number of heavy crude oils at temperatures up to 200°C. The influence of surfactant type, mono- and di-valent cation concentrations, reservoir brine and pH, on the attainment of low interfacial tension at elevated temperatures was studied. The experimental results are discussed in terms of reducin...
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... This results in the hydrated mineral oxides on the surface of solid particles carrying a negative charge, thereby diminishing the adsorption of solid particles to the surfactant [30]. Daaou and Bendedouch [31] highlighted that pH impacts the stability of crude oil emulsions, with both weak acid and strong alkali conditions destabilising the emulsion. This could explain the significant decrease in the oil removal rate of the solution when the pH exceeds 11. ...
Petroleum hydrocarbons as pervasive pollutants pose a significant threat to soil ecology and human health. Surfactant washing as an established technique can effectively remediate soils contaminated by hydrocarbons. Biosurfactants, which combine the properties of surfactants and environmental compatibility, have attracted increasing interest. However, due to the high production cost of biosurfactants, their practical application is restricted. This study addressed these limitations by selecting two biosurfactants, β-cyclodextrin (C1) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (C2), and developed a promising cleaning agent formula through compounding and the addition of suitable additives. When the volume ratio of C1 to C2 was 8:2 and an 8 g/L mixture of sodium humate and sodium carbonate electrolyte was added, the surfactant system's surface tension reached a minimum, yielding optimal oil removal. The formation and synergistic behaviour of mixed micelles of surfactants were explained using ideal solution theory and the Rubingh model. By optimising the oil washing process parameters-normal temperature of 25 °C, pH 11, washing time of 2 h, solid-liquid ratio of 1:5, and oscillation frequency of 200 r/min-the oil removal rate achieved 76%. This cleaning agent, characterised by low production cost, straightforward application, environmental compatibility, and rapid, significant cleaning effect, shows potential for field-scale purification of petroleum-contaminated soil.
... Moreover, functional surface group dissociation in an acidic medium contributes to an increase in charge densities. Oppositely, NaOH promotes the saponification of oil particles which decreases the oil adsorption on the bark surface (Daaou & Bendedouch, 2012, Yorgun & Yıldız, 2015, Ahmad et al., 2005and Souza et al., 2016. ...
Oily wastewater is one of the most hazardous contaminants that can hurt the ecosystem. There is an urgent need to adopt an efficient, eco-friendly, and low-cost material to replace the old traditional treatment methods of oily wastewater that were very expensive in addition to their relatively low efficiency. Eucalyptus bark is considered one of the materials that are rarely used in this field, although it has the characteristics that qualify it to be a distinguished and promising one. The optimum conditions of using Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Blue gum) bark in the removal of oil from prepared aqueous solutions were concluded before applying in the treatment of real oily industrial wastewater from New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt. The sequential optimization adsorption results were as follows: initial oil concentration, 500 mg/l; adsorbent dosage, 0.5 g/l; pH, 3; exposure time, 45 min; temperature, 20 °C; and shaking rate, 300 rpm. The pretreatment of biomass with H3PO4 proved it to be superior in the oil removal process where the efficacy reached 450.69 mg/g, while the unmodified form came second where the adsorption efficacy reached 395.86 mg/g, after that the NaOH-modified form came third by efficacy reached 315.85 mg/g. The results of SEM elucidated this order of efficacy according to the porosity of the bark surface. FTIR analysis indicated that OH, carboxylic C = O, and carboxylic C-O groups are the contributing groups in the oil adsorption process for the three forms of Eucalyptus bark. The reusability of Eucalyptus bark using n-hexane for one cycle reached 96.34, 97.13, and 95.83% for unmodified, H-modified, and OH-modified forms, respectively, and for five cycles reached 56.29, 58.01, and 55.81% for unmodified, H-modified, and OH-modified forms, respectively. The application of Eucalyptus bark in the H-form in the treatment of real oily wastewater was achieved by efficacy ranging between 91.46 and 96.23% which proves the excellence of Eucalyptus bark in the treatment of oily wastewater.
... The type of this emulsion was oil-in-water type emulsion. Commonly, the pH effect on emulsion dispersion stability is associated with the ionization of surface-active component polar groups, which results in sufficient electrostatic repellent interaction to destabilize the cohesion of interfacial film [18]. ...
Lignin-based carriers are a promising biodegradable platform for the delivery system. Lignin with a much smaller particle size had been utilized as the encapsulation matrix for the active ingredient from herbicide, pelargonic acid (PA). PA is a saturated fatty acid with nine carbons (C9:0) that occurs naturally in a variety of vegetables and fruits. The PA-lignin emulsion had successfully formulated with the optimum condition stirring speed of 5000 rpm for 5 min in pH 5, with a droplet size of about 100 nm. There was no noticeable separation for 14 days and the zeta potential value was confirmed in the stable range. The presence of lignin as a carrier of pelargonic acid was proven not to solely disrupt the pelargonic acid effect on killing weeds. The residue analysis also showed a decrease after seven days of treatment. This finding showed the green technology platform to substitute chemical-based herbicides, which have potential applications in agricultural fields.
... Asphaltenes, resins, organic acids and solid clay particulates are examples of substances which typically promote stabilisation of the emulsion droplet interface (Kilpatrick, 2012). Adsorption of these 'surface-active agents' or surfactants is dependent upon the characteristics of both the dispersed and continuous phase, including the presence of metal cations (Rayhani et al., 2022), aqueous phase pH (Daaou and Bendedouch, 2012) and other, competing surface active material (Zaki, 1997). ...
... However, the pH range at which this occurs is not universal and is highly dependent on other variables such as oil viscosity, water cut, brine composition, fine solids, agitation and temperature (Strassner, 1968). With regards to both macroscopic and microscopic effects of pH, studies indicate maximum emulsion stabilisation can be achieved over a vast pH range with no consensus as to whether acidic, alkaline or neural conditions are favourable (Daaou and Bendedouch, 2012;Strassner, 1968;Oloro, 2018;McLean and Kilpatrick, 1997;Jones et al., 1978). The range in observations highlights the complexity of preventing such emulsion formation. ...
... The recovery of compounds of interest from dairy waste can generate environmental and economic gains (Cao et al., 2020;Gopinatha Kurup et al., 2019;Kavacik & Topaloglu, 2010;Osset-a´lvarez et al., 2019). Previous studies have reported different technologies for fat separation, such as centrifugal force (Khatri & Shao, 2017), use of solvents (Phan et al., 2016), heating and decanting (Shahryar Jafarinejad, 2019), acid/aqueous hydrolysis (Daaou & Bendedouch, 2012), or combined methodologies (El-Naas et al., 2014). Centrifugation has been reported to be a simple, reliable, and economical method of fat separation (Khatri & Shao, 2017). ...
... However, it is vulnerable to fire hazards (Putatunda et al., 2019). The utilization of acid hydrolysis has a low cost, but it is non-continuous process (Daaou & Bendedouch, 2012). In combination methods, a bed bioreactor and polyvinyl alcohol may be used. ...
... Previous studies that evaluated the fat separation technologies were experimental approaches and aimed to identify an adequate, efficient, and low-cost technology (Daaou & Bendedouch, 2012;El-Naas et al., 2014;Khatri & Shao, 2017). However, they were not supported by a model to help select the ideal technology. ...
This paper presents a multi-criteria model to identify the best technology for separating fat from dairy waste and evaluates the economic feasibility of its implementation. Also, the model incorporates the analysis of the project specificities. The methodology was structured in four steps: (i) identification of criteria and technologies by systematic literature review; (ii) acquisition of qualitative information (linguistic variables) from Brazilian and international experts; (iii) application of the TOPSIS 2-tuple multi-criteria linguistic method to rank the technologies; and (iv) evaluation of the economic viability of the best technology identified using the EMIM (expanded multi-index methodology). Separation by centrifugal force, solvent, heating/decanting, acid hydrolysis, and combined methods were the separation technologies most used in the literature and, therefore the considered alternatives. The model was validated in a dairy industry that produces 3,000 m ³ /day of waste, with 3% fat. The performance of the technologies concerning five criteria was between medium poor and good for both groups of experts. Also, the experts indicate centrifugal force as the preferred technology. This technology is economically viable, as it presented a high degree of return and low levels of risks and sensitivities. It is estimated a potential profit of R$ 55 million (NPV) over the project’s entire life cycle, equivalent to an annual return of approximately R$ 14 million (ANPV). This represents an Additional Return on Investment—ROIA of 51.17% annually. The Payback discounted occurs in the first year of its implementation. Similar analyses may apply the model we propose for other contexts involving technologies selection.
... Stable emulsion production was involved in various industrial processes, including mayonnaise production, detergency, drug emulsions, agricultural sprays, and cosmetics (Mamdouh, 2005). On the other hand, in the petroleum industry, emulsification encountered in oil production, transportation, processing, and stockpiles (Daaou and Bendedouch, 2012;Kokal, 2005;Kilpatrick, 2012;Tajnor Suriya Taju Ariffin et al., 2016) is harmful because it causes a significant pressure drop, pump malfunctions, productivity decline, overused consumption of transportation energy, and corrosion of equipment (Kokal, 2005;Kilpatrick, 2012;Hu and Guo, 2001;AntônioCarlos et al., 2001;Evdokimov et al., 2003;Mousavi-Dehghani et al., 2004;Kokal and Al-Ghamdi, 2005;Lim, 2016). Crude oil emulsion formation and stabilisation mechanisms have attracted more attention in recent decades (Mackay et al., 1973;Johansen et al., 1989;Sjoblom et al., 1990;Sztukowski et al., 2003;Bouriat et al., 2004;Freer and Radke, 2004;Ortiz et al., 2010;Pauchard et al., 2014;Ashoorian et al., 2021). ...
... The emulsions formed by the model oils in which the asphaltenes extracted from Venezuelan heavy oil and Burgan oil have higher stability at high or low pH (PoteauJean-Francois Argillier, 2005;Elsharkawy et al., 2008). On the contrary, Mortada Daaou and Dalila Bendedouch discussed that, compared with an acidic or basic environment, the neutral medium is more favourable to the stability of Hassi-Messaoud crude oil (Daaou and Bendedouch, 2012). ...
... Because of this, the crude oil emulsions (W/O emulsions) in the acidic to the neutral region (pH 3 and pH 6) are more stable than in the basic area (pH 11). These results are consistent with the results of Strassner (1968) (Strassner, 1968) while differing from those reported by Daaou et al. (2012) (Daaou and Bendedouch, 2012), who investigated the effect of water pH on Hassi-Messaoud crude oil emulsion and found that a weakly acid environment produced the least stable emulsion. ...
Emulsification plays a crucial role in various areas. However, undesirable emulsions, especially water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, formed during crude oil production, transportation, processing, and stockpiling, become significant issues in the petroleum industry. Various studies have focused on evaluating the factors affecting emulsion stability and their mechanisms, which hardly explain the relationship with emulsion formation. This study assessed the effects of pH and cations on the transformation of emulsion types and their stability based on the observed emulsion formation process and emulsion particle sizes. It was found that the final W/O emulsions were transformed from water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions for all brine conditions. At neutral pH, more W/O emulsions were formed through the transformation of W/O/W emulsion, but the high pH broke down most of the W/O/W emulsion into free water and oil. Emulsion particles’ zeta potential or electrokinetics plays a significant role in W/O/W emulsion stability at high pH. The transformation of emulsion types in cation solutions was similar to neutral pH; the amount of W/O emulsion depends on cation species. The W/O/W emulsion stability under different pH in the following order: neutral pH < low pH < high pH, whereas final W/O emulsion stability is as follows: high pH < low pH < neutral pH; MgCl2 < CaCl2 < NaCl. The stability of the emulsion is influenced by the properties of the crude oil, such as viscosity and TAN/TBN ratio, which affect the oil film thickness of the W/O/W. Based on these findings, a stability mechanism is proposed for the emulsion under different pH and cations.
... The changes of pH from one cycle to another were proven to be insignificant (P < 0.005) which represent a good stability of the formulated emulsion system. Daaou and Bendedouch (2012) reported that the ionization of polar groups of film active components that cause sufficient electrostatic repulsive interactions to unravel interfacial film cohesion is typically due to the pH effect on the emulsion stability. ...
Adhesive joints as versatile methods offer several advantages, including eliminating galvanic corrosion for metallic adherents and overall weight saving. This work's goal is to establish a systematic methodology for determining the strain rate-dependent interface properties of adhesively bonded joints loaded in mode II. Double lap joints consisting of aluminum Al 6061-T6 bonded with polymer adhesive were used to investigate the delamination failure process. The strain rate-dependent interface properties were determined based on hybrid experimental and computational approaches. Both experiments and finite element simulations were conducted at displacement rates of 5, 50, and 500 mm/min using an end-notch flexure specimen. The strain rate-dependent interface strength properties were verified based on the finite element simulation results. The experimental and simulated mode II load–displacement curves showed promising findings and correlation. Hence, establishing a validated methodology fulfills the industrial requirement of an accurate predictive model with a minimum number of testing and material property data.KeywordsAdhesively bonded jointsMode II fracture toughnessCohesive zone modelFinite element simulation
... Problems occurred are due to the high stability level of the emulsion formed and its viscosity. Stability of the emulsion depends on the water properties such as the water pH and the additive content from oil production stimulating activity [6]. Especially in crude oil fields which possess a high capacity of water, fine oil droplets and their combination result in a stable emulsion formed. ...
... In order to use the surfactant effectively and at the same time help to safeguard the environment, it is essential to determine the composition of the surfactants. Chemical surfactants such as Tween 20, Brij 97, SDS and hydrolysed lecithin [9]; Span 20 and Span 80 [10]; SDS, DTPB, C10E3 [6]; Span 83 [11]; Cocamide DEA [12]; and A-MeG [13] might have detrimental effects to equipment used, human health and the environment as they consist of several toxic compounds. ...
Surfactants are used to lower the interfacial tension by adsorption process at the interface between oil and water. Chemical surfactants pose detrimental effects to equipment used and the environment as it consists of toxic compound. Environmentally friendly surfactant such as biosurfactant nowadays is the most sought after as perceived to be biodegradable, less toxic, high selectivity and biocompatible over chemical surfactant. In this study, stability of water-in-oil
emulsion was observed using A-MeG (chemical surfactant) and Hylocereus undatus foliage (biosurfactant) at varying concentrations (samples A, B, C) via several measurement methods namely; droplet size, surface tension, rheology and creaming index. Results revealed that sample A with A-MeG and sample C with Hylocereus undatus foliage had smaller droplet sizes at 7.844 μm and 8.032 μm, respectively; lower average interfacial tension at 29.0 mN/m and 29.2 mN/m, respectively; higher average viscosity at 0.004061 mPa.s and 0.004171 mPa.s, respectively; which indicated that both were the most stable emulsion samples. Sample A with A-MeG had high creaming index, however, no water separation was recorded. While, sample C with Hylocereus undatus foliage recorded lower creaming index which indicated high stability. In conclusion, it is proven that there is a possibility of using Hylocereus undatus foliage in stabilising the water-in-oil emulsion.
... On the other hand, the emulsifying activity of biopolymer at pH 9 was 24.96 ± 0.06%, which declined after 24 h. Generally, the effect of pH on the stability of emulsion is attributed to the ionization of polar groups inducing electrostatic repulsion for disrupting interfacial cohesion (Daaou and Bendedouch 2012). An efficient emulsifier should retain at least 50% of its primary activity for at least 24 h (Roychowdhury et al. 2021). ...
Marine microbes produce polysaccharides with unique physicochemical and functional properties that help them survive in harsh marine environments. However, only a handful of marine exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have been reported to date. The present study explored the seashore of Visakhapatnam, India, to report a novel exopolysaccharide designated as Br42 produced by Brevibacillus borstelensis M42. The isolate was identified through morphological, biochemical, phylogenetic, and genome sequencing analysis. The studies on fermentation kinetics revealed that EPS Br42 was a primary metabolite with a maximum production of 1.88 ± 0.02 g/L after 60 h when production broth was fortified with 2% glucose. Additionally, EPS Br42 was found to be a heteropolysaccharide consisting of glucose and galacturonic acid with a molecular weight of about 286 kDa. Interestingly, this molecule possesses industrially relevant functional properties such as water-holding (510 ± 0.35%), oil-holding (374 ± 0.12% for coconut oil and 384 ± 0.35% for olive oil), and swelling capacities (146.6 ± 5.75%). EPS Br42 could form an emulsion that was stable at a wide pH range for about 72 h and, in fact, performed better as compared to Span 20, a commercially used synthetic emulsifier. Moreover, this EPS was also found to be heat stable and exhibited non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. These physicochemical and functional properties of polysaccharides suggest that the EPS Br42 has potential for multifarious industrial applications as an emulsifier, stabilizer, viscosifier, and binding agent.
... The presence of ions, such as MgCl 2 and NaCl, can increase stability by forming a layer between the oil droplets and the water molecules, which leads to the immersion of the oil particles in the polar phase [32]. Daaou and Bendedouch (2012) [33] reported the effect of pH on the destabilisation of oil emulsions. The authors found that the most stable form of an oil-in-water emulsion occurs at neutral pH (pH 7). ...
... The presence of ions, such as MgCl 2 and NaCl, can increase stability by forming a layer between the oil droplets and the water molecules, which leads to the immersion of the oil particles in the polar phase [32]. Daaou and Bendedouch (2012) [33] reported the effect of pH on the destabilisation of oil emulsions. The authors found that the most stable form of an oil-in-water emulsion occurs at neutral pH (pH 7). ...
The growing interest in innovations regarding the treatment of oily wastewater stems from the fact that the oil industry is the largest polluter of the environment. The harm caused by this industry is seen in all countries. Companies that produce such wastewater are responsible for its treatment prior to disposal or recycling into their production processes. As oil emulsions are difficult to manage and require different types of treatment or even combined methods, a range of environmental technologies have been proposed for oil-contaminated effluents, such as gravity separation, flotation, flocculation, biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, and membranes. Natural materials, such as biopolymers, constitute a novel, sustainable solution with considerable potential for oily effluent separation. The present review offers an overview of the treatment of oily wastewater, describing current trends and the latest applications. This review also points to further research needs and major concerns, especially with regards to sustainability, and discusses potential biotechnological applications.
