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Probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms mostly of human origin which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host and enable to prevent or improve some diseases. Probiotics may be a natural temporary constituent of the resident intestinal microflora, but their concentration is not sufficient for therapeutic purpos...
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... are defined as living microorganisms which, on ingestion in certain numbers, exert health benefits beyond inherent general nutrition. Mechanism of action of probiotics is seen in Figure 2. There is now good evidence that certain strains of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria can influence immune function through a number of different pathways including effects on enterocytes, antigen presenting cells (including both circulating monocytes and local dendritic cells [DCs]), regulatory T cells, and effector T and B cells. ...
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... Probiotics intended for enhancing reproductive health in cows must fulfill specific criteria to ensure efficacy. These criteria include the ability to (i) positively impact the host, (ii) maintain high cell counts and viability over an extended period, (iii) adhere to the epithelium and establish colonization within the lumen of the genital tract, (iv) produce antimicrobial substances targeting pathogens, (v) stabilize the initial microbiota, providing health benefits, (vi) align with the female reproductive physiology, and (vii) exhibit non-pathogenic characteristics [64,67] (Figure 2). Crucially, effective probiotics should adhere firmly to the mucosa and mucus, facilitating the saturation of adhesion receptors and enabling aggregation with pathogens. ...
Uterine disease in cattle impairs reproductive performance and profitability and increases antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. Thus, probiotics offer a promising alternative therapy. This review presents conceptual findings on the efficacy of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and fertility in cows. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. individually or as composite formulations are known to improve fertility. Strategic intravaginal administration of these formulations would likely enhance uterine immunity, particularly during the postpartum period. While current findings on the benefits to uterine health are encouraging, there is still significant knowledge missing, including a lack of empirical information from large-scale field trials. This review underscores the need for evidence-based guidelines for probiotics, such as genomic selection of formulations, targeted delivery, or potential synergy with other interventions. Future research should address these gaps to maximize the potential of probiotics in managing uterine diseases and enhancing the reproductive health of dairy cattle.
... For the most part, live apathogenic bacterial strains are used in animals and poultry that are generally considered as probiotics are Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. sporogenes, L. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus; Bacillus subtilis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae [6]. Probiotics have various mechanisms of action such as inhibition of all pathogens by producing organic acids and antibacterial substances such as hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins and defensins [7]; probiotics compete with pathogenic bacteria on both intestinal epithelial binding sites and for essential nutrients [8]; enhance the immune response by releasing regulatory T cells, effector T and B cells and antigen-presenting cells [9]. ProbChick ® is a feed additive for poultry that have multiple types of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum, L. sporogenes, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also contain digestive enzymes, which maintain good gut flora leads to a high rate of feed utilization and increase weight gain of broiler, inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut and enhance the immune response of broiler [10]. ...
... The Association of American Feed Control Officials [AAFCO] publications listed the microorganisms that can be used as DFM products and have been approved by FDA ( Table 1). Probiotics also can exclude pathogenic bacteria by competitive adhesion to epithelial binding sites [31], and therefore the time of a probiotic administration is critical for the outcome of its use; since it is most effective when applied to the host before the pathogens enter the intestine naturally or experimentally and multiply [28]. Aguiar et al. [37], investigated three B. subtilis isolates in vivo to be used as a probiotic to reduce colonization of C. jejuni based on their motility. ...
This handbook focuses on the use of antibiotic alternatives in poultry and fish feed. Chapters in the book cover a range of natural ingredients in feed and the impacts of these natural feed additives on growth, production, reproduction and health status of poultry and fish. All chapters give a holistic approach to how organic feed additives (herbal plants and their extracts, probiotics, peptides, etc.) can positively impact animal health and production.
Key Features:
- presents 13 chapters contributed by 38 experts and scientists of animal, poultry and fish nutrition, poultry and fish physiology, toxicology, pharmacology, and pathology
- highlights the significance of herbal plants and their extracts and derivatives, cold-pressed and essential oils and fruits by-products
- covers the effects of special ingredients such as immunomodulators, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics
- provides the reader an updated perspective on the use of additives in poultry and fish industry as growth promoters and their role in developing bacterial resistance to antibiotics
- covers the main poultry species, egg-laying hens, quails, geese, ducks, turkey, and commercial fish
- includes references for advanced readers
This book will be useful for poultry and fish keepers and researchers in animal nutrition, pharmacology, and veterinary sciences. Professionals involved in the poultry and fish feed industry will also find the information useful for product development.
... Probiotics exert their biological effect using different mechanisms of action as shown in Figure 4, these include; inhibition of the growth of pathogenic bacteria (competitive exclusion), reduction of bacterial and/or toxin translocation, modulation of the intestinal immune system, production of specific substance such as bacteriocins, modifications of the structure and function of intestinal epithelium, competitive adhesion to epithelial receptors, vitamin absorption and provision of other nutrients [19,20]. ...
Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern that requires immediate attention. Major causes of development of antimicrobial resistance in microbial cells are overuse of antimicrobials along the food chain especially in livestock, in preventing infections as well as misuse of antimicrobials by patients. Probiotics could be a viable alternative to antibiotics in the fight against antimicrobial resistance. Probiotic strains can act as a complement to antimicrobial therapy, improving antimicrobial function and enhancing immunity. However, there are safety concerns regarding the extensive use of live microbial cells especially in immunocompromised individuals; these include microbial translocation, inhibition of other beneficial microorganisms and development of antimicrobial resistance, among other concerns. Inevitably, ghost probiotics have become the favored alternative as they eliminate the safety and shelf-life problems associated with use of probiotics. Ghost probiotics are non-viable microbial cells (intact or broken) or metabolic products from microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts have biologic activity in the host and confer health benefits. Ghost probiotics exert biological effects similar to probiotics. However, the major drawback of using ghost probiotics is that the mechanism of action of these is currently unknown, hence more research is required and regulatory instruments are needed to assure the safety of consumers.
... In this way pathogenic bacteria are excluded from the site of replication. Probiotics also produce some antimicrobial sub- stances like bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxide and organic acids [77]. Organic acids decrease the pH of intestine which helps absorption of minerals (calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, and manganese) and protein. ...
... Organic acids decrease the pH of intestine which helps absorption of minerals (calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, and manganese) and protein. Probiotics help to regenerate intestinal mucosa, upregulate the mucous production and intestinal motility, modulate host immune system by stimulation of antibody production and natural killer cells [77], and improve the digestion by increasing the secretions of digestive enzymes. Probiotics can also reduce the blood cholesterol level by virtue of their bile salt hydrolase activity which lower the chances of cardiovascular disease [78]. ...
Antibiotics used to be supplemented to animal feeds as growth promoter and as an effective strategy to reduce the burden of pathogenic bacteria present in the gastro-intestinal tract. However, in-feed antibiotics also kill bacteria that may be beneficial to the animal. Secondly, unrestricted use of antibiotics enhanced the antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. To overcome above problems, scientists are taking a great deal of measures to develop alternatives of antibiotics. There is convincing evidence that probiotics could replace in-feed antibiotics in poultry production. Because they have beneficial effects on growth performance, meat quality, bone health and eggshell quality in poultry. Better immune responses, healthier intestinal microflora and morphology which help the birds to resist against disease attack were also identified with the supplementation of probiotics. Probiotics establish cross-feeding between different bacterial strains of gut ecosystem and reduce the blood cholesterol level via bile salt hydrolase activity. The action mode of probiotics was also updated according to recently published literatures, i.e antimicrobial substances generation or toxin reduction. This comprehensive review of probiotics is aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of probiotics as a potential alternative strategy to replace the antibiotics in poultry.
... Inhibitory chemicals can operate as a barrier against the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens in the host's intestine, on its surface, or in the culture media [18] . Organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, lactoferrin, and bacteriocin are produced by probiotic bacteria and may have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects [48,49] . The external environment has a specific impact on aquatic species' gastrointestinal microbiota as there is a flow of water from the environment to the digestive tract. ...
Intensive striped catfish farming has resulted in various health difficulties for the species and significant financial losses for farmers due to fish losses and high treatment costs for veterinary pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics. As such, these drugs are increasing the strain of drug-resistance pathogenic microbes and residual effect on fish muscles. Also, the larval survival of striped catfish is meager compared to other species. Diseases like Edwardsiellosis are prevalent in striped catfish, causing high mortality, which probiotics can reduce. Probiotics are live microbes added in feed or in water that can modify the host-associated microbial community. Probiotics reach the gut of fish where they proliferate and either compete for the nutrients, act as a bactericide, or barrier against the growth of opportunistic bacteria. Probiotics promote the growth and survival of striped catfish larvae and other fish species by stimulating fish's non-specific or innate immune system and better feed utilization. As a result, striped catfish farmers should be encouraged to use probiotics, and researchers should conduct more research on this topic.
... Dentre os mecanismos de ação dos probióticos, destacam-se a inibição de patógenos pela produção substâncias antibacterianas, como as bacteriocinas, ácidos orgânicos, peróxido de hidrogênio e defensinas, inibição competitiva pelo bloqueio de adesão das bactérias patogênicas aos locais de ligação epitelial intestinal, modulação das respostas imune do hospedeiro, regeneração da mucosa intestinal e secreção de enzimas digestivas (Tiwari et al., 2012;Alagawany et al., 2018). ...
A microbiota residente das aves de produção apresenta-se com uma grande variedade de microrganismos comensais e/ou mutualistas, que colonizam desde o papo, permeando através do proventrículo, ventrículo, intestino delgado e suas porções (duodeno, jejuno, íleo) e intestino grosso (cecos, cólon e reto). Atuam no metabolismo dos nutrientes da dieta gerando metabolitos importantes para o equilíbrio do microbioama intestinal e na preservação da parede tecidual dos órgãos intestinais, resultando em melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes da dieta, bem como, maior produtividade animal. O conhecimento sobre esse ecossistema e como ele funciona, é de extrema importância, pois através de aditivos funcionais pode-se influenciar a microbiota intestinal, melhorando a absorção e o desempenho animal. Esta revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo principal indicar os principais aspectos da microbiota intestinal das aves de produção e seus habitats e, alguns dos principais aditivos melhoradores de microbiota utilizados na nutrição animal para garantir a sanidade do ambiente intestinal das aves. A metodologia adotada foi um estudo descritivo, resultando em uma revisão bibliográfica embasada em artigos científicos mundiais.
... Dentre os mecanismos de ação dos probióticos destaca-se a inibição de patógenos pela produção substâncias antibacterianas, como as bacteriocinas, ácidos orgânicos, peróxido de hidrogênio e defensinas, inibição competitiva pelo bloqueio de adesão das bactérias patogênicas aos locais de ligação epitelial intestinal, modulação das respostas imune do hospedeiro, regeneração da mucosa intestinal, secreção de enzimas digestivas (Tiwari, et al., 2012;Alagawany, et al., 2018). ...
Os antibióticos equilibradores de microbiota vêm sendo utilizados na alimentação animal desde a década de 50, por promoverem benefícios a saúde dos animais, entretanto o uso prolongado desses aditivos desencadeou a problemática da resistência bacteriana, o que levou os órgãos mundiais e nacional (WHO, UE, FDA e MAPA) a proibição de diversos aditivos. Contudo, aves em sistemas industriais são submetidas à ambientes adensados e desafiados, tornando impossível a isenção de compostos na dieta que modulem a microbiota intestinal e consequentemente favoreçam beneficamente a digestibilidade e absorção dos nutrientes da dieta. Neste aspecto a utilização de aditivos equilibradores de microbiota alternativos ao antibiótico como, prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico tornam-se indispensáveis, por estes serem naturais, não causarem resistência bacteriana e promoverem mútuos benefícios à saúde animal. Com isso, está revisão tem por objetivo elucidar os benefícios dos aditivos equilibradores de microbiota na alimentação de aves poedeiras comerciais, com ênfase nos efeitos produzidos a partir da modulação da microbiota residente. A metodologia adotada foi o estudo descritivo, resultando em uma revisão bibliográfica embasada em artigos científicos mundiais.
... Endo et al. (2014) revealed that, type of food medium/ matrix, cell conditions and moisture content intensity play an important part in probiotic survival during processing and storage for long-term. Probiotics mechanism of action has been listed in the Fig 1 ( Tiwari et al., 2012). ...
... Other suitable media for the delivery of probiotics may be fruit juices, desserts and cerealbased products with probiotics (Cargill, 2009). Betoret et al. (2003) in his study on vacuum impregnated development of (Tiwari et al., 2012). Current Trends in Non-Dairy Probiotics and Their Acceptance among Consumers: A Review probiotic-enriched dried fruits reported that using advanced technologies, certain structural features of fruit and vegetable matrices can be altered by manipulating their constituents in a controlled manner such as pH alteration and culture media fortification. ...
Probiotics are defined as formulations of live microorganisms that exert health benefits mainly through their action on gut and gastrointestinal tract when consumed in vital amounts. Consumers have become more health conscious now and they are searching for health probiotic equivalents. Looking upon the health benefits conferred by probiotics, the present review emphasizes the recent developments and commercialization of non-dairy probiotic products in different forms worldwide. Dairy probiotics are known to induce allergy and intolerance to lactose among the consumers. The chief benefits of non-dairy beverages specifically fruit juices are their nutritional values, flavor and refreshing quality. The diverse food mediums of dairy food carriers are the major limitations for the survival of the probiotics whereas the probiotic strains from non-dairy sources are acceptable. In addition to the viability of the probiotics used in fermented products of non-dairy origin, functional and technological characteristics are tremendously vital to get modest benefits in the global market.
... Probiotics are living-microorganism supplements that if administered in adequate doses could benefit the host animal by balancing the microbial population in its gastrointestinal tract. These microorganisms compete for adhesion sites with their enteropathogenic peers (Fuller, 1989;Reid et al., 2003;Tiwari et al., 2012), which is complemented by the secretion of bacteriocins by probiotics and peristaltic movements of the intestine (Isolaury et al., 2001;Monteagudo-Mera et al., 2019). Detailed studies on the diversity of natural microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of guinea pigs are limited; however, it is estimated that 320-376 bacterial genera exist under equilibrium conditions with the host (Hildebrand et al., 2012). ...
Background:
For more than 50 years, antibiotics have been used to maintain animal welfare and improve efficiency. Recently, antibiotics were found in the muscle, liver, and kidney of guinea pig carcasses put up for sale and human consumption, which is a public health issue. Probiotics are supplements of live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate doses, could replace growth-promoting antibiotics.
Aim:
This study analyzed the effect of the administration of an oral probiotic mixture on the guinea pigs productive performance (Cavia porcellus).
Methods:
Fifty male guinea pigs, weaned at 14 days of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design of five treatments with ten repetitions for each group. The treatments were CONTROL group without probiotic; PROB 1 given 1 ml of probiotic; PROB 2 with 2 ml of probiotic; PROB 3 with 3 ml of probiotic; and antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) was given 300 ppm zinc bacitracin. The microorganisms used in the probiotic were Enterococcus hirae, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus frumenti, Lactobacillus johnsoni, Streptococcus thoraltensis, and Bacillus pumilus. Productive parameters were evaluated from weaning to 70 days of age.
Results:
No statistically significant difference was found between the treatments on forage dry matter intake (DMI), concentrateconcentrate DMI, or total concentrate DMI (p > 0.05). Similarly, no statistical difference was found between the treatments in terms of final weight or weight gain (p > 0.05). Regarding the feed conversion ratio (FCR), there was a significant difference between treatments (p = 0.045); the CONTROL group had the highest FCR, followed by the AGP group, with the best FCR observed in the PROB 3 group (p < 0.05). In addition, significant statistical differences were found between CONTROL and PROB 2 (p < 0.05). Likewise, a significant linear effect of increasing doses of the probiotic was found (p = 0.01), which indicated that the feed conversion was better with a higher dose.
Conclusion:
The treatments evaluated in this study significantly impacted the FCR in guinea pigs for fattening. Increasing doses of probiotics had a linear effect on FCR.
