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Mechanical properties of the interpenetrating network PVA/alginate hydrogels with different mass fractions of PVA along (‖) and perpendicular (⊥) to the fibrous directions: tensile stress–strain curves (a), tensile stress (b), tensile strain (c) and tensile fracture energy (d)
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Bioinspired hierarchical fibrous structures were constructed in an interpenetrating poly(vinyl alcohol, PVA)/alginate hydrogel network to improve its mechanical properties. The interpenetrating hydrogel network with hierarchical fibrous structures was prepared by combining the confined drying method and freeze-thaw method. First, Ca2+ cross-linked...
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... Furthermore, these versatile materials display International Journal of Bioprinting biomimetic qualities and harbor anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and even anticancer properties. The past studies on hydrogels are primarily focused on enhancing the mechanical properties of hydrogel, spawning several strategies that improve the mechanical performance of hydrogels, including topological crosslinking structures, 1 nanocomposite structures, 2 interpenetrating network structures, 3 strengthened hydrogen bonding, 4 and co-crosslinking structures. 5 In general, an effective approach should allow for the incorporation of stimulusresponsive functional groups into the hydrogel structure. ...
The integration of conductive hydrogels and advanced three-dimensional (3D) printing is a trigger of the development of biomedical sensors for healthcare diagnostics and personalized treatment. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styr ene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a versatile conductive hydrogel materials renowned for its exceptional conductivity and hydrophilicity, and 3D printing technology allows for precise and customized fabrication of electronic components and devices. In this review, we aim to explore the potential of 3D-printed PEDOT/PSS conductive hydrogel in the fabrication of biomedical sensors, with a focus on their distinct characteristics, application potential, and systematic classification. We also discuss the methods for fabricating PEDOT:PSS hydrogel electronic devices by employing 3D printing techniques, including extrusion-based 3D printing technology (fused deposition modeling, direct ink writing, and inkjet printing), powder-based 3D printing technology (selective laser sintering and selective laser melting), and photopolymerization-based 3D printing technology (stereolithography and digital light processing). The applications of 2D/3D-printed PEDOT:PSS hydrogels in biomedical sensors, such as strain sensors, pressure sensors, stretchable sensors, electrochemical sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and electrocardiogram sensor, are also summarized in this review. Finally, we provide insights into the development of 3D-printed PEDOT:PSS-based biomedical sensors and the innovative techniques for biomedical sensor integration.
... The sample was placed in FTIR spectrometer and measured how much of the beam and at which frequencies the sample absorbs the infrared light and the qualitative analysis of the sample was done. 15 The IR spectrum of hydrogel was recorded using a Fourier transmission infrared spectrometer, model Nicolet 7700 with a spectral range of 4000cm -1 -350cm -1 ...
... Nisin is well evidenced as a potent antimicrobial peptide and has been reported to have extensive applications in the pharmaceutical industry. 15 The antibacterial and anti-fungal activity of Nisin against E. faecalis, S. mutans, C. albicans were performed by agar well diffusion method and recorded by measuring the zone of inhibition (Table 1). Studies conducted using organisms isolated from root canal systems indicated that nisin was more effective than calcium hydroxide in inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis and S. gordonii cells. ...
The incidence of oro-dental disorders has emerged as a serious threat to the healthcare sector owing to the increasing complexity of the oral microbiome. Significant advances in biomaterial research have led to the advent of a plethora of drug delivery systems including nanocarriers, dendrimers, hydrogels and other kinds of stimuli-responsive polymeric biomaterials. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) have engendered considerable interest in the past decades as potential alternatives to traditional disinfecting agents and also emerged as potent antibiofilm agents. Among the most viable approaches in targeted drug delivery, hydrogels incorporated with AMPs are emerging as bio-functional platforms yielding increased stability and bioavailability. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Nisin are studied using microbiological methods followed by the synthesis of Nisin loaded PVA-Alginate hydrogel for dental treatment. The physicochemical characteristics of Nisin loaded hydrogel were done by swelling behavior, release kinetics assay, FTIR spectroscopic methods and cytotoxicity studies. Nisin showed antibacterial activity towards clinical isolates of drug-resistant bacteria and the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion studies demonstrated that Nisin could control the bacterial count in the test sample. The polymerization of Nisin into hydrogels was done and the physico-chemical characterization of Nisin loaded hydrogel network could be envisaged as a potential drug delivery platform for oral infections. Nisin loaded PVA-Alginate biocompatible hydrogel exhibited apparent swellable, flexible, nonhaemolytic materials and active antimicrobial and nontoxic materials. Physicochemical properties of these Nisin loaded PVA-Alginate biocompatible hydrogels have great potential in biomaterial-based drug delivery systems in controlling the growth and proliferation of major oro-dental pathogens. This could be exploited for the temporary biocompatible dental filling materials to treat the caries. Exploring potential nisin loaded hydrogel delivery systems will provide a brighter future of more friendly, effective and personalized treatment to deal with dental caries.
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... A polyvalent ion binding reaches the cross-linking with two carboxylic functional groups on adjacent polymer chains. Besides, this reaction can be accompanied by the chelation of calcium ions at the hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups of sodium alginate chain [38]. Wang [39] found that the best per cent of CaCl2 cross-linker used was 2 % because the function of Ca 2+ enlarged the material suction space. ...
Biomaterials composed of food polysaccharides are of great interest for future biomedical applications due to their great biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and complex architectural designs that play a crucial role in the modulation of cell adhesion and proliferation. In this work, a facile approach was designed to obtain novel 3D alginate-CaCO3 hybrid hydrogel particles in situ. Controlling the gel concentration from 3 to 20 mg·mL−1 allows us to control the alginate-CaCO3 hydrogel particles' size and density (size variation from 1.86 to 2.34 mm and density from 1.22 to 1.29 mg/mm3). This variable also has a considerable influence on the mineralization process resulting in CaCO3 particles with varied sizes and amounts within the hydrogel beads. The measurements of Young's modulus showed that the inclusion of CaCO3 particles into the alginate hydrogel improved its mechanical properties, and Young's modulus of these hybrid hydrogel particles had a linear relationship with alginate content and hydrogel particle size. Cell experiments indicated that alginate-CaCO3 hybrid hydrogel particles can support osteoblastic cell proliferation and growth. In particular, the amount of hydroxyapatite deposition on the cell membrane significantly increased after the treatment of cells with hybrid hydrogel particles, up to 20-fold. This work offers a strategy for constructing inorganic particle-doped polysaccharide hybrid hydrogel scaffolds that provide the potential to support cell growth.
Although tumor‐antigen‐based therapeutic cancer vaccines are a potential cancer immunotherapy strategy, recent clinical trials show low efficacy for multiple reasons. One method that has been recently investigated to improve the efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines is the development of implantable vaccines for sustained delivery of antigens and CD8 T cell activation. Here, we optimized the composition for an implantable vaccine scaffold composed of alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, and poly(methyl vinyl ether‐ alt‐maleic anhydride) loaded with tumor antigens. Considering the adjuvant property of aluminum compounds, aluminum ion was used to crosslink alginate in the scaffold. The scaffold showed an effective antigen incorporation efficiency of 90.34 ± 0.55% using ovalbumin as the model antigen and 89.67 ± 2.8% using B16‐F10 cell lysate. SEM analysis of the scaffold showed pore size ranging from 5 to 10 μm. Cell viability analysis using mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages proved the cytocompatibility of the scaffold. In vitro antigen release studies using ovalbumin showed 8.42% release for a period of 14 days. In vivo antitumor analysis carried out in subcutaneous mouse B16‐F10 melanoma model demonstrated that the scaffold vaccine reduced the rate of tumor growth and improved survival in tested animals. The median survival time increased from 29 days in untreated animals to 58 days in scaffold vaccine‐implanted animals.
Industrial waste contains numerous organic dyes, which have become a significant concern in contemporary times. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate copper-doped zinc oxide nanocomposite (NC), and polyvinyl alcohol/starch copper-doped zinc oxide nanocomposite hydrogel (HG) were synthesized. The characterization study through SEM, BET, and XRD showed good porosity, specific surface area, and successful formation of materials, while FTIR study confirmed efficient adsorption of dye. The results showed that 5.4, 5.8, and 6.7 pH at pHpzc were found for PVA/SA/HG, PVA/SA/NC/HG, and PVA/starch/NC/HG, respectively. The batch study was performed under optimal conditions (adsorbent dose of 0.05 g, acidic pH 2 and 3, contact time 60 min, temperature 30 °C, shaking speed 120 rpm, and dye concentration of 50 mg/L) to get maximum removal efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacity of polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/hydrogel was 52.1 mg/g and for polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/nanocomposite hydrogel 67.98 mg/g, while for polyvinyl alcohol/starch/nanocomposite hydrogel it was found out to be 59.86 mg/g. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic models were best fitted. Thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption process which exhibits removal of acidic dye reactions is exothermic in nature. The impact of detergents and surfactants on adsorption revealed that detergents decrease the adsorption capacity, while electrolytes showed that the adsorption potential of all selected acidic dye hydrogels decreased as the electrolyte concentration increased. The desorption experimental results indicated that the maximum desorption occurred at a NaOH concentration of 0.4 M. In summary, the synthesized hydrogels are promising as potential adsorbents for wastewater treatment.
