Table 1 - uploaded by Shovon Goutam
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The non-uniform surface temperature distribution of a battery cell results from complex reactions inside the cell and makes efficient thermal management a challenging task. This experimental work attempts to determine the evolution of surface temperature distribution of three pouch type commercial cells: Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC)-based 20...
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Context 1
... type consisted of several consecutive continuous complete charge (constant current, CC) and discharge (CC) cycles with currents of 10 A, 20 A, 40 A, 60A, 80 A, up to 100 A. Sufficient rest time (1-3 h depending on the current rate) was incorporated between successive operations (charge/discharge) and cycles in order to allow the cell surface temperature to return to ambient temperature. The complete charge and discharge were performed according to the conditions presented in Table 1. On the other type of load profile, high-current micro-pulse cycling was incorporated. ...
Context 2
... despite of this geometrical variation, spatial temperature distribution showed similar evolution of the contour, as shown in The LTO anode based cells have a distinct difference compared to the other two cells (i.e., the NMC and LFP cells). Titanate based anode has a higher electrical conductivity and a bigger surface area, thus, it shows lower impedance compared to graphite anode (see Figure 2 and Table 1). One of the reasons behind this variation is the distinction of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formation and the thickness characteristics between graphite and tianate anodes [3,26]. ...
Citations
... Figure 10 illustrates typical battery thermal management methods. Temperature sensors, including thermistors (thermal resistors) [81,82] and thermocouples [83][84][85], are widely employed for temperature detection in LIBs. They calculate battery temperature parameters by affixing temperature sensors externally or embedding them internally, in conjunction with battery modeling, to supply valuable data for BMS design. ...
In the context of ‘energy shortage’, developing a novel energy-based power system is essential for advancing the current power system towards low-carbon solutions. As the usage duration of lithium-ion batteries for energy storage increases, the nonlinear changes in their aging process pose challenges to accurately assess their performance. This paper focuses on the study LiFeO4(LFP), used for energy storage, and explores their performance degradation mechanisms. Furthermore, it introduces common battery models and data structures and algorithms, which used for predicting the correlation between electrode materials and physical parameters, applying to state of health assessment and thermal warning. This paper also discusses the establishment of digital management system. Compared to conventional battery networks, dynamically reconfigurable battery networks can realize real-time monitoring of lithium-ion batteries, and reduce the probability of fault occurrence to an acceptably low level.
... Independent of the cell's material, whether it be Nickel Manganese Cobalt oxide (NMC), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium Titanate Oxide (LTO) or other comparable materials, the temperature of the positive tab was always observed to increase the most when charging/discharging is initiated. As the charging/discharging process progressed, the cell's surface temperature distribution was then observed to become more uniform, with its center area exhibiting the most significant temperature increase [6]. Recognizing such temperature characteristics is vital for understanding and optimizing LIB performance; however, surface temperature measurement is limited, as the cell's internal temperature gradient was also found to vary across its thickness [7]. ...
Thermal monitoring of lithium-ion batteries ensures their safe and optimal operation. To collect the most accurate temperature data of LIBs, previous studies used thermocouples in the cell and proved them to be technically viable. However, the cost and scale-up limitations of this method restricted its use in many applications, hindering its mass adoption. This work developed a low-cost and scalable screen-printed carbon black thermocouple to study its applicability for the thermal monitoring of LIB. Given the appropriate manufacturing parameters, it was found that thermal sensors may be printed on the electrodes, installed on a pouch cell, and once calibrated, operate with excellent sensitivity. However, to reliably use a printed carbon black thermocouple in operando of a pouch cell, its chemical resistance against electrolytes was found to require further development.
... In works [49,50], IRT and thermocouple measurements were used to compare the surface temperatures of lithium-ion polymer cells at various rates of discharge. The experimental measurement aimed at tracking the evolution of the surface temperature of commercial bag cells. ...
Lithium-ion batteries are considered the most suitable option for powering electric vehicles in modern transportation systems due to their high energy density, high energy efficiency, long cycle life, and low weight. Nonetheless, several safety concerns and their tendency to lose charge over time demand methods capable of determining their state of health accurately, as well as estimating a range of relevant parameters in order to ensure their safe and efficient use. In this framework, non-destructive inspection methods play a fundamental role in assessing the condition of lithium-ion batteries, allowing for their thorough examination without causing any damage. This aspect is particularly crucial when batteries are exploited in critical applications and when evaluating the potential second life usage of the cells. This review explores various non-destructive methods for evaluating lithium batteries, i.e., electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, infrared thermography, X-ray computed tomography and ultrasonic testing, considers and compares several aspects such as sensitivity, flexibility, accuracy, complexity, industrial applicability, and cost. Hence, this work aims at providing academic and industrial professionals with a tool for choosing the most appropriate methodology for a given application.
... The Li-ion battery pack can experience internal or external shortcircuiting circumstances [93,94]. Regarding the internal short circuit, the Li-ion cell's interior temperature rises in response to an internal short circuit, which speeds up the breakdown of the lithium salt [95]. The graphite surface develops a crack as a result of this chemical reaction. ...
... Low temperatures can also hasten the failure mode in Li-ion battery cells, known as lithium plating [103]. Thermal management aims to balance safety and security with performance and deterioration [95,104]. As a result, to ensure system stability, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is critical to the security and dependability of battery packs. ...
Electric mobility (E-Mobility) has expedited transportation decarbonization worldwide. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could help transition gasoline-powered cars to electric vehicles (EVs). However, several factors affect Li-ion battery technology in EVs' short-term and long-term reliability. Li-ion batteries' sensitivity and non-linearity may make traditional dependability models unreliable. This state-of-the-art article investigated power fade (PF) and capacity fade (CF) as leading reliability indicators that help analyze battery reliability under various ambient temperatures and discharge Crates. Trends in LIBs applications for EVs and E-mobility are discussed. Furthermore , qualitative analysis and risk management were conducted to identify the reliable and unreliable zones of battery operation based on these indicators and the degradation circumstances implemented in recent publications. Besides, the influence of degrading circumstances on reliability indicators over the battery's lifespan, such as a high Crate at a low temperature throughout the battery's lifetime, has been presented in a comprehensive investigated case study in this work.
... OFS are nonelectrical and immune to electromagnetic interference [112,113]. Among OFS, fiber Bragg grating is superior in monitoring the surface temperature and strain of a cell [114,115]. ...
Lithium-ion batteries have become the primary electrical energy storage device in commercial and industrial applications due to their high energy/power density, high reliability, and long service life. It is essential to estimate the state of health (SOH) of batteries to ensure safety, optimize better energy efficiency and enhance the battery life-cycle management. This paper presents a comprehensive review of SOH estimation methods, including experimental approaches, model-based methods, and machine learning algorithms. A critical and in-depth analysis of the advantages and limitations of each method is presented. The various techniques are systematically classified and compared for the purpose of facilitating understanding and further research. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the prospect of using a knowledge graph-based framework for battery data management, multi-model fusion, and cooperative edge-cloud platform for intelligent battery management systems (BMS).
... While they have benefits like outstanding sensitivity, small dimensions, quick response, and inexpensive, they also have drawbacks such as wiring and location concerns that don't affect battery performance. The distribution of surface temperatures as well as areas of heat inside the battery can be observed using two prominent techniques, thermographic imaging [29] and infrared thermal imaging [30], both of which have intricate designs, poor spatial resolution, and limited temperature precision. Furthermore, as separate-point monitoring methods, these approaches are insufficient to obtain the spatially non-uniform temperature distribution. ...
Rechargeable batteries have recently experienced increases in productivity and the economy, solidifying their dominance in energy-intensive cultures. Regular performance monitoring is required to lessen the adverse environmental effects of batteries in the face of increased demand. The distinctive features of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) make them an ideal choice for energy storage. Battery management systems (BMSs) are needed to make sure that LIB systems are safe and operate effectively. Critical problems in the existing structure and operation of BMSs are their limited data storage capacity and weak computational power. This paper studies the idea and architecture of cloud-based smart BMSs and offers some viewpoints on their performance, usability, and advantages for upcoming battery applications. While some of the benefits of sensors have been recognized for more than a hundred years, the combination of diverse sensing technologies with novel battery platforms has the potential to revolutionize the sector by changing how both new and old lithium-ion devices are used. This paper also highlights current advances and their associated benefits focusing on electrochemical, mechanical, acoustic, and optical sensors that can potentially boost battery sustainability and longevity.
... Traditional temperature measurement methods for LIBs use thermistors 62,63 and RTD [64][65][66] to monitor the external temperature because they cannot withstand the harsh chemical environment inside the cell. However, with intensive research on battery heat production and the need for BMS design, appropriate temperature sensors need to be installed inside the battery to obtain internal temperature information. ...
In recent years, fire and explosion accidents caused by high temperatures of lithium-ion batteries have become increasingly frequent, and the safety and reliability of batteries have been of great concern. Battery temperature monitoring is an important means to prevent the occurrence of safety accidents, but at present, it mainly focuses on the external temperature and lacks the monitoring of internal temperature changes and measurement of physical parameters of the battery, which makes it difficult to effectively solve the safety problem of the battery. In this paper, starting from the thermal runaway safety problem faced by Li-ion batteries, we analyze the heat generation principle and temperature effect during battery operation, and discuss various methods of internal battery temperature monitoring, including in-situ temperature measurement, multi-parameter measurement inside the battery, temperature measurement based on thin-film sensors and distributed fiber optic sensors, and impedance-based temperature estimation. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of different sensing techniques are compared, and the challenges of inserting temperature sensors into real batteries are reviewed. Finally, this paper presents directions and difficulties for future research on internal temperature monitoring of Li-ion batteries.
... Lithium-ion battery systems satisfy these requirements to the highest degree for plug-in hybrid and pure electric vehicles. However, they have other issues such as sensitivity to temperature, Goutam et al. [3] and vibration, Andwari et al. [4]. The battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a key component of the overall battery system, which must ensure the optimum operating conditions for the battery system. ...
... Behi et al. [47] investigated experimentally and numerically the thermal performance of several passive BTMS for the Li-ion batteries. Six configurations were considered, as follows: (1) no heat dissipation method (thermal insulation was applied to the battery), (2) natural convection, (3,4) Al and Cu (respectively) meshes wrapping the battery tightly, Jilte et al. [48] proposed a novel BTMS for 18650 Li-ion batteries using two different PCMs, as shown in Figure 8. It was reported that the metal matrix structure was the most effective in reducing the battery simulator surface temperature. ...
... Behi et al. [47] investigated experimentally and numerically the thermal performance of several passive BTMS for the Li-ion batteries. Six configurations were considered, as follows: (1) no heat dissipation method (thermal insulation was applied to the battery), (2) natural convection, (3,4) Al and Cu (respectively) meshes wrapping the battery tightly, Jilte et al. [48] proposed a novel BTMS for 18650 Li-ion batteries using two different PCMs, as shown in Figure 8. ...
Electric vehicles battery systems (EVBS) are subject to complex charging/discharging processes that produce various amount of stress and cause significant temperature fluctuations. Due to the variable heat generation regimes, latent heat storage systems that can absorb significant amounts of thermal energy with little temperature variation are an interesting thermal management solution. A major drawback of organic phase change materials is their low thermal conductivity, which limits the material charging/discharging capacity. This review paper covers recent studies on thermal performance enhancement of PCM thermal management for electric vehicles batteries. A special focus is placed on the constraints related to electric vehicles battery systems, such as mass/volume minimization, integration with other battery thermal management systems, operational temperature range, adaptability to extreme regimes and modulation of the melting/solidification behavior. The main research outcomes are as follows: quantitative/comparative assessment of common enhancement technique in terms of performance; approaches to deal with special constraints related to EVBS from the thermal control point of view.
... : Density C: Specific heat capacity K: Thermal conductivities Q : Volumetric heat source Shovon Goutam et al. [36] selected a systematic pattern to study the effect of current rates on the thermal behaviour of LIB. In this way, it was possible to analyze and observe the temperature evolution and variations between narrower intervals of current rates. ...
Lithium-ion batteries can be employed in various applications, including grid integration, electric vehicles, grid support, and consumer electronics. Lithium-ion batteries are currently one of the most important options for storing electrical energy. Therefore, modelling lithium-ion batteries and examining their temperature distribution and heat transfer using different calorimetric techniques is very important mostly for safety concerns. Thus, the study of battery heat transfer helps designers to propose and develop a suitable cooling or thermal management system. Different sources including overpotential contribute to heat generation. Different understandings were achieved from the previous modelling and experimental studies which involve the necessity for more accurate heat generation measurements of lithium-ion batteries, and improved modelling of the heat generation specifically comprehended at large discharge and charge rates for different applications including electric vehicles.
... This concludes in decreasing specific heat capacity and increasing cross-plane thermal conductivity the closer the measurement point comes to the tabs and vice versa. The leading cause is the current distribution inside the cell, which is higher at the tabs and lower at the distal ends of the battery cell [35][36][37][38], causing faster and more significant heating at higher current rate locations. That aspect also needs to be considered regarding upcoming thermal management systems. ...
This study used thermal impedance spectroscopy to measure a 46 Ah high-power lithium-ion pouch cell, introducing a testing setup for automotive-sized cells to extract the relevant thermal parameters, reducing the time for thermal characterisation in the complete operational range. The results are validated by measuring the heat capacity using an easy-to-implement calorimetric measurement method. For the investigated cell at 50% state of charge and an ambient temperature of 25 °C, values for the specific heat capacity of 1.25 J/(kgK) and the cross-plane thermal conductivity of 0.47 W/(mK) are obtained. For further understanding, the values were measured at different states of charge and at different ambient temperatures, showing a notable dependency only on the thermal conductivity from the temperature of −0.37%/K. Also, a comparison of the cell with a similar-sized 60 Ah high-energy cell is investigated, comparing the influence of the cell structure to the thermal behaviour of commercial cells. This observation shows about 15% higher values in heat capacity and cross-plane thermal conductivity for the high-energy cell. Consequently, the presented setup is a straightforward implementation to accurately obtain the required model parameters, which could be used prospectively for module characterisation and investigating thermal propagation through the cells.
