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Measurements on the rhamphotheca (beak): area of rhinotheca (1), height (2) and width (3) of nares, ocular area (4), ocular width (5) and height (6), height of rhamphotheca (7), area of gnathotheca (8) and area of nares (9).
Source publication
It is well documented that size of various body parts tends to correlate within the same individual. In the current study, we explore the relationship between body weight and some area and lineal beak measurements in a sample of 17 corpses of Greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber roseus (10 immatures and 7 adults), collected and after obtaining bea...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the following traits were obtained with the Digimizer version 4.6.1 software (available at www.digimizer.com) on the rhamphotheca (beak): area of rhinotheca (the sheath covering the maxilla), area of gnathotheca (the sheath covering the mandibular), height of rhamphotheca, ocular area, ocular height, ocular width, height, width and area of nares (Fig. 1). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test was done to detect differences between immature and adult animals. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) from var-covar matrix was done to ...
Context 2
... the following traits were obtained with the Digimizer version 4.6.1 software (available at www.digimizer.com) on the rhamphotheca (beak): area of rhinotheca (the sheath covering the maxilla), area of gnathotheca (the sheath covering the mandibular), height of rhamphotheca, ocular area, ocular height, ocular width, height, width and area of nares (Fig. 1). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) test was done to detect differences between immature and adult animals. A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) from var-covar matrix was done to ...
Citations
... Scientists have been in studying the morphology, ecology, and evolution of the flamingos, developing research projects that help toward elucidating feeding habits (Polla et al. 2018;Kumssa and Bekele 2014), interactions with other animals in the wild (Hurlbert and Chang 1983;Hurlbert et al. 1986;Jaslow et al. 1997), mating and reproduction in captivity (Stevens 1991;O'Connell-Rodwell et al. 2004;King and Bracko 2014), morphology and evolution (Mayr 2015;Casanova and Arcas 2019), welfare and diseases (Wyss et al. 2015;Finlay et al. 2017), and the behavioral complexity and multiple displays exhibited by these birds (Bildstein et al. 1991Bouchard and Anderson 2011;Anderson et al. 2018a, b;Rose and Croft 2020). Flamingos have a broad behavioral repertoire, due to their high sociability, but also because of their unique anatomy, which allows a greater range of motion and movements (Brown and King 2005). ...
We provide a systematic review of the current scope of published behavioral research on flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), to answer the following questions: (1) what is the profile of ethology and behavioral research on flamingos, (2) which are the behaviors displayed by flamingos already observed and described in nature and captivity, and (3) what are the prospects in the ethological research of the group? Eighty-eight studies, from 1978 to 2020, met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Most involved maintenance and social behaviors in the context of ecology and welfare. Furthermore, most studies were performed on animals in captivity and controlled conditions, but there was a recent trend of studies in the field, mainly in South America and the Caribbean. The most studied species were greater and American flamingos, but there is a recent rise in studies on Chilean and Andean flamingos in Latin America. Most ethological studies on this group included quantitative analyses, ignoring a more qualitative perspective of the individuals' displays. Behavior description can also help in comparative studies between flamingo species and other water birds. Expanding research to Andean, James's, and lesser flamingos is a priority, since their populations are more vulnerable. Ethological research can help identify the threats and measure the impacts on these species, which can be useful for setting up management plans and conservation actions to mitigate the damage and avoid extinction.
