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The voltammetric study of promethazine on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) coated gold electrode (MWNTs/Au) has been carried out. Promethazine can cause a sensitive anodic peak on it. In pH=4.0 phosphate buffer solution, the peak potential is 0.66 V (vs. SCE). The electrode process is adsorption-controlled, the adsorption amount is about 9.9×1...
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... allergic rhinitis, runny nose and sneezing as well as for sedation, anxiety relief and sleep aid (British pharmacopia, 2013;World Health Organization, 2015). Several methods used for determination of PMH include, spectrophotometric methods (Mezal, 2010;Al-Saidi and Hammza, 2014;Qader and Fakhre, 2017;Mahmood et al, 2018;Baker and Jalal, 2018;Abdulaziz et al, 2019;Taqi et al, 2019;Alrazzak, 2019;Ahmed et al, 2020;Al-Rufaie, 2021), titrimetric method (Pandey et al, 2017), flame emission and molecular absorption spectrophotometric (Al-khadimy, 2016), chemiluminescence (Sultan et al, 2003;Jabbar et al, 2015), flow injection analysis (Daniel and Gutz, 2003;Mezal ~ Hassan et al, 2011;Karim et al, 2012), chromatographic (Bosakova et al, 2002;Tesarova and Bosakova, 2003;Kumazawa et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2012), ion-selective electrode (Lima et al, 1997;Al-Saidi and Ahmed, 2011), voltammetric (Xiao et al, 2007), chemometric (Muthukutty et al, 2021), fluorimetric (Ensafi et al, 2018) and electrochemical (Ribeiro et al, 2008;Chen et al, 2014;Arumugam et al, 2020). ...
A simple, accurate and rapid spectrophotometric method has described for determination of promethazine.HCl in pharmaceutical preparation. The method is based on oxidative coupling reaction of promethazine.HCl with 2-Aminopyrimidinein the presence of sodium persulfate as an oxidant reagent to produce an intense yellow-orange coloured, water-soluble and stable for at least 55 min, which exhibit maximum absorption at 422 nm. The calibration graph showed that Beer's law is obeyed over the range 5-55 µg.ml-1 of promethazine HCl with a molar absorptivity of with a molar absorptivity of 6.89 × 10 4 L.mol-1 .cm-1 , limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0735 µg.ml-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.2451 µg.ml-1 , a relative standard deviation of ±(0.19-0.81)% depending of the concentration level. The recommended method has been successfully applied to the assay of promethazine hydrochloride in different pharmaceutical formulations.
... Interference is likely to be occured when there are many electroactive compounds in the sample, depending on their oxidation potential [17]. Voltammetric detection is more difficult, although it can be used when the peaks do not overlap much [18]. Because of the presence of linked pharmaceutical substances or dyes, neither approach is completely suitable for determining Promethazine in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. ...
In this study, a new flow injection analysis (FIA) based on a
microfluidic flow cell (MFC) with a sample capacity of 40 μL is
described. A Tungsten lamp directs light from a typical 2100P Portable
Turbidimeter apparatus into a quartz flow cell through a round sidewall
aperture of 2.0 mm and emerges through the identical aperture on
the opposite side of the flow cell, where a photodiode array (light
detector) detects the passing light. When compared to a traditional
cuvette (25 mm x 60 mm round) with the same nominal route length,
this technique improves sensitivity by around 4.0. This improvement
is due to the use of a short, narrow internal diameter microfluid as
the flow cell, which reduces physical dispersion. The designed flow
cell has been evaluated by developing a turbidimetric method for the
detection of promethazine in pure form or pharmaceutical dosages.
The developed method is based on forming of a yellowish ion-pair
association complex due to the reaction of promethazine and sodium
tetraphenylborate (STPB) in an acidic medium. At the flow optimum
conditions, the calibration curve (CC) and the limit of detection (LOD)
for promethazine were obtained 0.5-90 μg mL-1 and 0.35 μg mL-1.
respectively (R2 = 0.9955). The intra-day and inter-day precisions
(RSD%) of the FIA-MFC method for measuring promethazine at
concentrations of 20, and 50 μg mL-1 were achieved (2.0 and 1.6) and
(0.8 and 1.2), respectively
... Interference is likely to be occured when there are many electroactive compounds in the sample, depending on their oxidation potential [17]. Voltammetric detection is more difficult, although it can be used when the peaks do not overlap much [18]. Because of the presence of linked pharmaceutical substances or dyes, neither approach is completely suitable for determining Promethazine in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations. ...
In this study, a new flow injection analysis (FIA) based on a microfluidic flow cell (MFC) with a sample capacity of 40 µL is described. A Tungsten lamp directs light from a typical 2100P Portable Turbidimeter apparatus into a quartz flow cell through a round sidewall aperture of 2.0 mm and emerges through the identical aperture on the opposite side of the flow cell, where a photodiode array (light detector) detects the passing light. When compared to a traditional cuvette (25 mm x 60 mm round) with the same nominal route length, this technique improves sensitivity by around 4.0. This improvement is due to the use of a short, narrow internal diameter microfluid as the flow cell, which reduces physical dispersion. The designed flow cell has been evaluated by developing a turbidimetric method for the detection of promethazine in pure form or pharmaceutical dosages. The developed method is based on forming of a yellowish ion-pair association complex due to the reaction of promethazine and sodium tetraphenylborate (STPB) in an acidic medium. At the flow optimum conditions, the calibration curve (CC) and the limit of detection (LOD) for promethazine were obtained 0.5-90 µg mL-1 and 0.35 µg mL-1. respectively (R 2 = 0.9955). The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD%) of the FIA-MFC method for measuring promethazine at concentrations of 20, and 50 µg mL-1 were achieved (2.0 and 1.6) and (0.8 and 1.2), respectively.
... During the cycle sweep, O 3 = 0.01 V was found before O 1 , owing to the loss of an electron from a byproduct formed in the reaction pathway of the phenothiazine sulfoxide. The overall electrochemical mechanism and reaction pathway displayed in Scheme 2 and match with previously reported literature [42]. ...
Promethazine hydrochloride (PMHC) is a first-generation antihistamine drug used to treat allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, urticaria, etc., Overdosage of PMHC affects majorly the central nervous system such as respiratory tract, dermatologic, cardiovascular and hematologic. Hence, the detection of PMHC considered being an important factor in day to day life of the human. In this work, we developed barium tungstate (BaWO4) unified with oxidized carbon black (f-CB) via an eco-friendly synthesis technique to detect PMHC. As prepared BaWO4/f-CB composite was analyzed through various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The electrochemical property of the as-prepared composite was investigated through electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and voltammetric techniques with a disposable screen-printed electrode (SPCE) as a working electrode. BaWO4/f-CB/SPCE outcomes with least charge resistance, higher anodic current, dual wider linear range, lower limit of detection (29 nM) & limit of quantification (264 nM), excellent sensitivity, and selectivity towards PMHC. Additionally, the PMHC concentration in pharmaceutical formulations (medical wastes) largely pollutes the hydric resources. Hence, the lake water was chosen to analyze the practical feasibility of a proposed sensor. The practical utility of BaWO4/f-CB sensor fallout with good electrocatalytic activity at trace level detection of PMHC.
... Elektrokimyasal yöntemlerle prometazin tayini çalışmalarında farklı elektrot türleri ve modifiye elektrotlar tercih edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, camsı karbon elektrot [12][13][14][15][16], platin elektrot [14], altın elektrot [17,18], karbon pasta elektrot [19], bor katkılı elmas elektrot [20] gibi bazı elektrotlar çalışma elektrodu olarak sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Karbon bazlı olan kalem grafit elektrot ile prometazin tayini ise, karbon nanotüp ile modifikasyon içeren sadece bir çalışmada yer almaktadır [21]. ...
In the study, polymeric nanowire structured electrodes (KGE-AY-NT1 and KGE-AY-NT2) based on pencil graphite electrode (KGE) were prepared for promethazine determination. Parameters such as number of cycles, scan rate and pH of the media are optimized. As a result of the experiments, the optimum number of cycles, scan rate, pH of the media were determined as 4, 100 mV/s and 4, respectively. Electrodes were prepared by cyclic voltammetry (CV) method. The performance of electrodes on promethazine determination was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The linear working range was reached in the 0.05-0.3 mM promethazine concentration range (KGE-AY-NT1; R 2 = 0.9995 and KGE-AY-NT2; R 2 = 0.9996). The detection limits (LOD) for KGE-AY-NT1 and KGE-AY-NT2 electrodes were found to be 0.015 mM and 0.012 mM, respectively (S/N=3). The interference effect was examined, and the experimental results showed that the selectivity and sensitivity of KGE-AY-NT1 and KGE-AY-NT2 electrodes to promethazine were not significantly affected by the presence of interfering species. The developed electrodes were applied in the determination of promethazine doped into the urine sample by the standard addition method and it was determined that the recovery values of the method were close to 100%.
... However, the stability, reproducibility, and linearity of these electrodes are poor. The use of carbon nanomaterials, conducting polymers and metallic particles, such as a graphite powder-ionic liquid-coated gold electrode (graphite-IL/Au) [23], a multiwalled carbon nanotube-modified gold electrode (MWCNT/AuE) [24], ZnO combined with poly(p-amino benzene sulfonic acid) (ZnO-p (ABSA)) [25], a reduced graphene oxide-modified glassy carbon electrode (rGO/GCE) [26], a nickel-doped bismuth sulfide-modified glassy carbon electrode (Ni-Bi 2 S 3 /GCE) [27], and a gold nanoparticlemodified carbon paste electrode (AuNP-CPE) [28], has been proposed to increase the promethazine detection sensitivity. However, the limit of detection (LOD) of these electrodes is not sufficiently low to detect trace levels of promethazine. ...
... J mol −1 K −1 ), T is the temperature (298 K), α is the transfer coefficient (α = 0.5 for the adsorption-controlled process), n is the number of electrons transferred, and F is Faraday's constant (96,487 C mol −1 ). Therefore, based on the slope of 0.059 ± 0.001, the number of electrons involved in the rate-determining step was calculated to be 1.97 ± 0.05 (n≈2), consistent with other reports [24,28,42]. ...
A simple, sensitive, and effective adsorptive stripping voltammetric sensor for the detection of trace-level promethazine was created based on a gold nanoparticle-graphene nanoplatelet-modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNP-GrNP/GCE). AuNP-GrNP nanocomposites were synthesized using an electroless deposition process, and the morphology was characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior and detection of promethazine at the AuNP-GrNP/GCE were investigated utilizing cyclic voltammetry and adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The AuNP-GrNP/GCE showed outstanding synergistic electrochemical activity for promethazine oxidation, a highly active surface area, great adsorptivity, and outstanding catalytic properties. The electrolyte pH, amount of AuNP-GrNP nanocomposite, preconcentration potential (vs. Ag/AgCl), and time were optimized to obtain a high performance electrochemical sensor. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor displayed two linear concentration ranges from 1.0 nmol L⁻¹ to 1.0 μmol L⁻¹ and from 1.0 to 10 μmol L⁻¹. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.40 and 1.4 nmol L⁻¹, respectively. This sensor displayed high sensitivity, a capability for rapid analysis, and excellent repeatability and reproducibility. The developed sensor was effective and practical for promethazine detection in biological fluids and forensic samples, and the obtained results exhibited excellent agreement with the results obtained using the method described in the British Pharmacopoeia.
Graphical abstract
... Elektrokimyasal yöntemlerle prometazin tayini çalışmalarında farklı elektrot türleri ve modifiye elektrotlar tercih edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, camsı karbon elektrot [12][13][14][15][16], platin elektrot [14], altın elektrot [17,18], karbon pasta elektrot [19], bor katkılı elmas elektrot [20] gibi bazı elektrotlar çalışma elektrodu olarak sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Karbon bazlı olan kalem grafit elektrot ile prometazin tayini ise, karbon nanotüp ile modifikasyon içeren sadece bir çalışmada yer almaktadır [21]. ...
Çalışmada, prometazin tayini için kalem grafit elektrot (KGE) temelli polimerik nanotel yapılı elektrotlar (KGE-AY-NT1 ve KGE-AY-NT2) hazırlanmıştır. Döngü sayısı, tarama hızı ve ortam pH değeri gibi parametreler optimize edilmiştir. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda, optimum döngü sayısı 4, tarama hızı 100 mV/s ve ortamın pH değeri 4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Elektrotlar dönüşümlü voltametri (CV) yöntemi ile hazırlanmıştır. Elektrotların prometazin tayini üzerindeki performansı ise diferansiyel puls voltametrisi (DPV) yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Doğrusal çalışma aralığına 0.05-0.3 mM prometazin derişim aralığında (KGE-AY-NT1; R2=0.9995 ve KGE-AY-NT2; R2=0.9996) ulaşılmıştır. KGE-AY-NT1 ve KGE-AY-NT2 elektrotlar için gözlenebilme sınırları (LOD) sırasıyla 0.015 mM ve 0.012 mM olarak bulunmuştur (S/N=3). Girişim etkisi deney sonuçları, KGE-AY-NT1 ve KGE-AY-NT2 elektrotlarının prometazine karşı seçicilik ve hassasiyetinin, girişim yapan türlerin varlığından önemli ölçüde etkilenmediğini göstermiştir. Geliştirilen elektrotlar, standart ekleme yöntemi ile idrar numunesine katkılandırılmış prometazinin tayininde uygulanmış ve yöntemin geri kazanım değerlerinin %100’e yakın olduğu belirlenmiştir.
... A 270 mV of displacement for more negative potentials with maximum current 2.9 times higher when compared with bare GCE, suggesting the formation of phenazothiazonium ion and the oxidation of hydroxylated structures of PMZ. 33,[39][40][41] In addition, the cyclic voltammograms registered for PMZ on fMWCNT-PEI/GCE (Fig. 1d) clearly showed the presence of two well defined peaks in anodic sweep and one reduction peak in cathodic sweep in the first scan. On the first scan, the anodic peaks were observed in 0.77 V (A 13 ) and 1.04 V (A 14 ) with the corresponding current of 4.62 μA and 5.74 μA, respectively; the cathodic peak was observed in 0.22 V (C 5 ) with the corresponding current of −2.49 μA. ...
... This result is in agreement with previous studies that reported that the electrochemical oxidation of PMZ is favored in acidic medium. 38,40,48 In addition, Fig. 4a also shows that the peak potential changes linearly toward less positive values with the increase of the pH between 2.0 and 8. The influence of the supporting electrolyte composition on the PMZ peak was also assessed by testing the BR buffer, phosphate buffer, Sörensen buffer, and HCl, all at pH 2.0 (Fig. 4b). ...
... Although involving different transducers, and some of them based on different detection techniques (such as amperometry, 38 cyclic voltammetry, 53,54 and differential pulse voltammetry 33,37,39,55,56 ), and electrolytes (such as H 2 SO 4 , 38 phosphate, 37,39,40,[53][54][55]57 and acetate buffer 33 ) at a variety of pH, similar linear ranges were overall obtained for all the studies, including this work, with the exception of Alizadeh et al. 53 These authors 53 developed the most sensitive but a much more complex transducer using a carbon paste electrode modified with molecularly imprinted polymer, which presents two linear ranges of 7 × 10 −9 to 4 × 10 −7 mol l −1 and 4 × 10 −7 to 7 × 10 −6 mol l −1 , and obtaining LD of 3.2 × 10 −9 mol l −1 . As regards to the DL, the reached value was lower than the one attained with a carbon nanotubes paste electrode modified with SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 and DNA, 57 and being comparable with those reported for a GCE modified with reduced graphene oxide, 38 bare GCE 56 and a graphite powder-ionic liquid paste coated gold electrode. ...
A sensor based on polyethylenimine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon electrode (fMWCNT-PEI/GCE) was developed for promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) detection in pharmaceutical samples. PMZ is oxidized at the modified electrode at more negative potentials and with higher sensitivity than at the bare electrode. The morphological characterization of the sensor surface showed a homogeneous layer with size distribution of the diameters of the PEI-fMWCNT ranging from 22–47 nm. The characterization of the electrochemical behavior suggested that an equal number of electrons and protons participate in the PMZ irreversible oxidation on the fMWCNT-PEI/GCE. The optimized conditions were Sörensen buffer at pH 2.0, frequency of 90 s⁻¹, amplitude of the pulse of 40 mV, and height of the potential step of 2 mV. Based on the most sensitive peak, at ca. −0.75 V, which is related to the formation of the phenazothiazonium ion, the PMZ calibration curve was obtained with sensitivity of 3.21 × 10⁻³ A mol⁻¹ l, a linearity range of 4.97 × 10⁻⁷ to 5.03 × 10⁻⁶ mol l⁻¹, and a detection limit of 2.31 × 10⁻⁷ mol⁻¹ l. This methodology was successfully validated in pharmaceutical samples by comparison with the standard method of the Pharmacopoeia, showing high potential applicability of the fMWCNT-PEI/GCE.
... Nevertheless, the aforementioned methods are relatively high cost, time consuming, expensive instrumentations. Distinctively, the electrochemical methods (especially using nanomaterials modified electrode) have proved to be outstanding choices to determine drugs and therapeutic complexes, meanwhile, they are simple, low cost and need a short time for investigation with better selectivity and great sensitivity [11][12][13][14][15]. Therefore, the exploitation of efficient nanostructured material modified electrochemical technique is an essential task for the research. ...
The innovation of novel and proficient nanostructured materials for the precise level determination of pharmaceuticals in biological fluids is quite crucial to the researchers. With this in mind, we synthesized iron molybdate nanoplates (Fe2(MoO4)3; FeMo NPs) via simple ultrasonic -assisted technique (70 kHz with a power of 100W). The FeMo NPs were used as the efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical oxidation of first-generation antihistamine drug- Promethazine hydrochloride (PMH). The as-synthesized FeMo NPs were characterized and confirmed by various characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX and Elemental mapping analysis and electron impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, the electrochemical characteristic features of FeMo NPs were scrutinized by electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry technique (DPV). Interestingly, the developed FeMo NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (FeMo NPs/GCE) discloses higher peak current with lesser anodic potential on comparing to bare GCE including wider linear range (0.01 – 122 µM), lower detection limit (0.01 µM) and greater sensitivity (0.97 µAµM⁻¹cm⁻²). Moreover, the as-synthesized FeMo NPs applied for selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability and storage ability to investigate the practical viability. In the presence of interfering species like cationic, anionic and biological samples, the oxidation peak current response doesn’t cause any variation results disclose good selectivity towards the detection of PMH. Additionally, the practical feasibility of the FeMo NPs/GCE was tested by real samples like, commercial tablet (Phenergan 25 mg Tablets) and Lake water samples which give satisfactory recovery results. All the above consequences made clear that the proposed sensor FeMo NPs/GCE exhibits excellent electrochemical behavior for electrochemical determination towards oxidation of antihistaminic drug PMH.
... + 1.19 (R 2 = 0.974). From Fig. 6H, the calculated slope value is to be 29 mV/pH, suggests that the unequal number of electrons and protons involved in the electrochemical reaction at YM NSs/GCE [63,64]. ...
Metal molybdates has paid emerging attention in variety of energy and environmental applications owing to their extra-ordinary physicochemical properties. In this regard, novel rose petal-like yttrium molybdate nanosheets (YMoO4; YM NSs) was successfully designed through a simple wet chemical method and fabricated as advanced bifunctional catalytic material. The as-prepared YM NSs catalyst were systematically scrutinized in terms of their crystal structure, morphologies, and optical properties using XRD, Raman, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, XPS and UV-DRS analysis. The bifunctional electro- and photocatalytic activity of as-prepared YM NSs was investigated towards the detection and degradation of β-adrenergic receptor-blocker agent acebutolol (ACB) for the first time. Interestingly, the YM NSs modified glassy carbon electrode (YM NSs/GCE) demonstrates an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards ACB with wider linear response ranges (0.01–9.6 µM, 13–1632 µM), lower detection limit (2.5 nM), good sensitivity (2.21 µA µM⁻¹cm⁻²) and excellent selectivity even in the existence of some common cations, anions and biological substances. The sensor (YM NSs/GCE) was successfully applied to determine the level of ACB in tablet, urine and water samples. Furthermore, the YM NSs was performed as superior photocatalyst for the degradation of as detected ACB. The YM NSs could degrade above 99% and mineralize above 74% of ACB aqueous suspension under visible light irradiation with superior recycling stability.
