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Measured wake up signal (1), SPI clock (2), SPI data (3), SPI enable (4) and MSP430F5x power modes while receiving a wake up packet.
Source publication
In recent years there is growing pressure on the medical sector to reduce costs while maintaining or even improving the quality of care. A potential solution to this problem is real time and/or remote patient monitoring by using mobile devices. To achieve this, medical sensors with wireless communication, computational and energy harvesting capabil...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the type of Low Power Mode is important in which the microcontroller awaits the wake up signal, or processes it. For example, in Figure 7 it is shown how for our wake up receiver, the microcontroller can be in shut-down mode until it gets a wake up signal, and then with a few very short active modes, processes it. This is very important, because wake up receivers would not have good filtering and multi-frequency operations, and the sensors would overhear signals that are not intended for them. ...Similar publications
The role of affect and emotion in interactive system design is an active and recent research area. The aim is to make systems more responsive to user’s needs and expectations. The first step towards affective interaction is to recognize user’s emotional state. Literature contains many works on emotion recognition. In those works, facial muscle move...
Citations
... Another factor that needs to be considered is the organisational behaviour of the network protocols across power outages and how to process messages saved to nonvolatile memory (NVM) while off. Current implementations of wake-up methods [29,30,31,32,33,34] do not use NVM, rather they transmit information to a coordinator node immediately after receiving a wake-up signal, and do not store the state of neighbouring nodes. Intermittent nodes may not be able to acknowledge a wake-up, but may still be able to receive, instead storing into NVM. ...
... These devices achieve very low power but at the expense of a very low datarate under 300 bps A couple of the studied WuRxs were integrated to make a wireless sensor. The first [30] took an approach that used a master node to send wake-up packets to connected nodes. A coin cell battery powered the node, with an MSP430, at the core. ...
... For star networks with a higher capability central hub and wake-up radios on other nodes, RI allows the hub to efficiently schedule the readings from sensor nodes. One example is a wireless body area network (WBAN) [30], where a sensor nodes fitted with WuRx send readings to the receiver in slots after the wake-up. Also, a comparison using OMNeT++ to compare MAC protocols [92] determines that RI protocols are beneficial in mobile sink scenarios, such as a vehicle driving around an area with sensor nodes. ...
Wireless sensors and devices already form an integral part of modern society, but they are constrained by their battery life and the need to be recharged and replaced. To remove the need for batteries and the associated problems of recharging, energy harvesting (EH) can provide power from ambient energy in the environment, meaning large storage is not required as energy is continually replenished. However, the very low harvesting power of small harvesters means it is challenging to operate these devices. Existing work can split computation tasks in conditions where the power supply is intermittent, however, communication in these conditions has only been demonstrated with a nearby high capability device to communicate with. Alternatively, research has demonstrated that EH can power peer-to-peer mesh networked devices, but requiring higher capacity storage and fails with intermittent EH sources. Therefore, in this thesis I demonstrate how to achieve mesh networked communication of intermittently-powered devices. First the specific challenges of intermittent devices are looked at and why these conditions make communication difficult. In order to communicate in spite of this, I examine how wake-up receivers (WuRxs), rectifying antennas (rectennas) and industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band transceivers can be used to achieve point-to-point links. Resulting from this, higher power communications from 10 dBm to 15 dBm are shown to generally achieve better performance, due to greater transmitter efficiency and enabling lower power WuRx to effectively extend listening time. Once nodes are deployed, optimal real time operation is important in order to maximize the utility from the harvested energy, where wasteful transmitting or listening leads to suboptimal performance. I generalize the energy consumption for an EH node, including the consumption from each radio wake-up, in an analytical and simulated model to see how different parameters affect the resultant goodput, a measure of throughput. Consequently, splitting the energy equally between transmitting and receiving is shown to maximize performance, but the wake-ups reduce throughput and affects the optimum energy split. Whilst the theoretical analysis is helpful for shaping initial decisions, simulation is required for analysing network behaviour over multiple hops. Therefore, new routing methods for low duty cycle networks are implemented and measured in an intermittent scenario. Specifically, the existing protocol, routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL), is analysed iv under scarce EH conditions, where the intermittency caused by insufficient EH results in a collapse in multihop routing capability. Comparably, an alternative protocol opportunistic RPL (ORPL), can utilise the network without specifying potentially unavailable forwarders and instead dynamically utilizing available forwarders. This allows it to operate over multiple hops in spite of intermittency. Finally, combining both the benefits of ORPL and WuRx leads demonstration of multihop routing in intermittent networks with minimal EH requirements. By modelling several configurations of WuRx, the experiments investigate the trade-off between neighbour count and neighbour availability, as well as the number of hops to reach the destination. The highest range shows the greatest performance when considering routing to a fully powered root node. However, when the root node is intermittent, or when routing data to other intermittent destinations, the cost of the high power radio leads to lower delivery rates. Instead a balance is found, to reach sufficient forwarders to ensure packet delivery, but without compromising the duty cycle too much.
... The performance of WBSN model can be evaluated by three QoS parameters: consumed energy, the accuracy of the system and the reliability of system. The factors that affect these three parameters are communication protocols, sleep/ wake time of sink and relay node, sensor interaction and data abstraction modes of the network [8,11,12]. Figure 1 shows the underneath techniques which work for the above said QoS parameters of WBSN. ...
... Adaptive BaSis layered architecture shows that the weighted combination of prior knowledge and time stamped predictions based upon the observed decisions improve the efficiency of the system [30]. There are few techniques mentioned in state-of-art are energy saving algorithms, network coding, duty cycle, data processing in network, placement of sensor and choice of network communication techniques [12,16,17,31]. This paper proposed Gait Adaptive Duty Cycle scheme to reduce the energy consumption, enhance the accuracy and reliability of WBSN model. ...
To proliferate the traditional healthcare industry, the deep research is going on Wireless Body Sensor Network (WBSN). Many healthcare deployment models are designed for continuous and uninterrupted remote health monitoring system. But the Quality of Standard like energy, reliability and accuracy are to be pinned more. The Gait Adaptive Duty Cycle-Human Activity Recognition (GADC-HAR) is proposed with better performance in terms of energy, reliability and accuracy. To enhance the performance of model the two techniques were adopted: (i) design Energy Efficient and Reliable algorithm for the network coding (ii) optimization of sleep/wake timer to synchronise Controller Node with relay node. The performance validation is done with the real time implementation of GADC-HAR. The forty subjects (young and adult with same gender ratio) are examined with a 360 s activity pattern, a strategic process of self-optimization is adopted for gait cycle synchronization. At the end model is evaluated as 48.5% more energy efficient and packet loss ratio is reduced by 7.92%. Based on the gait cycle, population categories are sub-categorised in normal young/adult and fast young/adult subjects. GADC-HAR young normal 10.45%, young fast 11.28%, adult normal 25% and adult fast 25.13% were more accurate than WBSN-HAR generic model.
... 28 Marinkovic stated that portable devices provide opportunities to increase the proficiency of medical students and residents. 19 Jane and Kim described a threestage evaluation of a 'smartphone health app' device. They concluded that the evaluation tool developed and tested in their study was appropriate and widely applicable in evaluating mHealth applications to determine whether they were reliable and useful. ...
Objective
Electronic healthcare applications and programmes enable the use of computers, networks, and information technology to improve healthcare quality and patient safety, and secure confidential access to health information in order to enable individuals and communities to make the best possible health decisions. We study conflicts challenging users of e-health electronic applications and programmes in Riyadh.
Methods
We use a cross-sectional descriptive design to target all healthcare professionals who interact with e-health applications and programmes. Healthcare providers took a questionnaire survey online.
Results
Of the 169 responses to our questionnaire, 78.1% are female, and 46.2% are aged between 31 and 40 years. As many as 59.2% always use these applications, and 33.7% use them occasionally. Only 7.10% of the participants rarely or never use them. As many as 31.4% recognized that these applications led to conflicts at the workplace. Of these, 50.6%, 13.6%, and 35.8% stated that they caused decision-related, ethical, and other types of conflicts, respectively.
Conclusion
We conducted this study among healthcare providers in Riyadh, KSA, and found that the use of e-health applications and programmes encountered some difficulties.
... LPWAN standards and 5G technology are suitable for long-term operational devices equipped with lowcapacity energy storage, or maintenance-free devices possibly equipped with energy harvesting modules [17,18]. Mobile monitoring devices have many research challenges aimed at ultra-low power consumption demands [19][20][21][22]. To address these constraints, there is a significant need for smart software control algorithms using machine learning principles for automated and intelligent device management [23][24][25]. ...
Nowadays, there is a significant need for maintenance free modern Internet of things (IoT) devices which can monitor an environment. IoT devices such as these are mobile embedded devices which provide data to the internet via Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). LPWAN is a promising communications technology which allows machine to machine (M2M) communication and is suitable for small mobile embedded devices. The paper presents a novel data-driven self-learning (DDSL) controller algorithm which is dedicated to controlling small mobile maintenance-free embedded IoT devices. The DDSL algorithm is based on a modified Q-learning algorithm which allows energy efficient data-driven behavior of mobile embedded IoT devices. The aim of the DDSL algorithm is to dynamically set operation duty cycles according to the estimation of future collected data values, leading to effective operation of power-aware systems. The presented novel solution was tested on a historical data set and compared with a fixed duty cycle reference algorithm. The root mean square error (RMSE) and measurements parameters considered for the DDSL algorithm were compared to a reference algorithm and two independent criteria (the performance score parameter and normalized geometric distance) were used for overall evaluation and comparison. The experiments showed that the novel DDSL method reaches significantly lower RMSE while the number of transmitted data count is less than or equal to the fixed duty cycle algorithm. The overall criteria performance score is 40% higher than the reference algorithm base on static confirmation settings.
... At the same time, the ENS must satisfy complex information processing to select proper sensor sampling. Marinkovic and Popovici [35] developed a method for suppressing the communication energy dissipation in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) sensor node. The method adapts wireless wakeup functionality enabled by a Wake-Up Receiver (WUR). ...
Smart manufacturing employs embedded systems such as CNC machine tools, programable logic controllers, automated guided vehicles, robots, digital measuring instruments, cyber-physical systems, and digital twins. These systems collectively perform high-level cognitive tasks (monitoring, understanding, deciding, and adapting) by making sense of sensor signals. When sensor signals are exchanged through the abovementioned embedded systems, a phenomenon called time latency or delay occurs. As a result, the signal at its origin (e.g., machine tools) and signal received at the receiver end (e.g., digital twin) differ. The time and frequency domain-based conventional signal processing cannot adequately address the delay-centric issues. Instead, these issues can be addressed by the delay domain, as suggested in the literature. Based on this consideration, this study first processes arbitrary signals in time, frequency, and delay domains and elucidates the significance of delay domain over time and frequency domains. Afterward, real-life signals collected while machining different materials are analyzed using frequency and delay domains to reconfirm its (the delay domain’s) significance in real-life settings. In both cases, it is found that the delay domain is more informative and reliable than the time and frequency domains when the delay is unavoidable. Moreover, the delay domain can act as a signature of a machining situation, distinguishing it (the situation) from others. Therefore, computational arrangements enabling delay domain-based signal processing must be enacted to effectively functionalize the smart manufacturing-centric embedded systems.
... Today, more and more wearable devices are appearing, which collect health information, such as electrocardiograph (ECG), electroencephalograph (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), blood pressure, body temperature, and other vital signals, for utilization in health monitoring and medical diagnosis through a wireless body area network (WBAN), as shown in Figure 1 [1]. These kinds of wearable biomedical sensor nodes are battery-powered in the majority of instances, and the battery needs to be charged or replaced periodically. ...
Insufficient power supply is a huge challenge for wireless body area network (WBAN). Body channel wireless power transfer (BC-WPT) is promising to realize multi-node high-efficiency power transmission for miniaturized WBAN nodes. However, the behavior of BC-WPT, especially in the multi-node scenario, is still lacking in research. In this paper, the inter-degeneration mechanism of a multi-node BC-WPT is investigated based on the intuitive analysis of the existing circuit model. Co-simulation in the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and Cadence platform and experiments in a general indoor environment verify this mechanism. Three key factors, including the distance between the source and the harvester, frequency of the source, and area of the ground electrodes, are taken into consideration, resulting in 15 representative cases for simulation and experiments studies. Based on the simulation parameters, an empirical circuit model to accurately predict the received power of multiple harvesters is established, which fits well with the measurement results, and can further provide guidelines for designs and research on multi-node BC-WPT systems.
... WBAN technology has critical applications concerning mHealth energy efficiency because mHealth sensors must be portable and unobtrusive (i.e., small and light), which limits their available battery capacity. Nevertheless, implantable WBAN sensors require a long battery life (Marinkovic & Popovici, 2012). In this situation with rather small battery volume and particularly high demands on battery life, a possible solution would involve reducing the amount of electricity that the sensors consume. ...
... In this situation with rather small battery volume and particularly high demands on battery life, a possible solution would involve reducing the amount of electricity that the sensors consume. To this end, Marinkovic and Popovici (2012) developed a wake-up receiver (WUR) with a static power consumption of only 270 nW. The actual sensor consumed no energy in its sleep mode, but a signal from the master node oul always wak t up A smartp on 's audio output could provide power supply for external sensors. ...
In this paper, we review the technological bases of mobile health (mHealth). First, we derive a component-based mHealth architecture prototype from an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)-based multistage research and filter process. Second, we analyze medical databases with regard to these prototypic mhealth system components.. We show the current state of research literature concerning portable devices with standard and additional equipment, data transmission technology, interface, operating systems and software embedment, internal and external memory, and power-supply issues. We also focus on synergy effects by combining different mHealth technologies (e.g., BT-LE combined with RFID link technology). Finally, we also make suggestions for future improvements in mHealth technology (e.g., data-protection issues, energy supply, data processing and storage).
... Therefore, many energy efficient MAC protocols such as [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] have been proposed. In addition, other MAC protocols are proposed to improve Quality of Service (QoS) through data classification such as [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], and data prioritization such as [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. However, WBAN system without emergency traffic handling is incomplete. ...
... The battery replacement of implanted sensor nodes is inappropriate and in the case of wearable sensor nodes, it creates a discomfort for the patient. Increasing the network lifetime to the utmost level is among the major issues of WBANs [15,16,25,38,77]. In [21], an energy efficient MAC protocol is proposed to handle both emergency and periodic data. ...
In Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), emergency traffic handling is essential for saving human life. The traffic must be delivered instantaneously without loss and with least delay since a delay may endanger human life. Because of the importance of emergency traffic handling, several researchers have explored and proposed different emergency traffic protocols. In this paper, we provide a thematic review of the emergency traffic Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in WBANs. Zigbee standard and baseline MAC as used in WBANs are also analyzed in terms of emergency traffic handling. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the existing emergency traffic MAC protocols is made and their performance analysis is performed based on delay, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and energy consumption. Currently, no review work has been done on emergency traffic MAC protocols in WBANs. This paper, therefore, serves as the first, and adds enhancement to the emergency traffic handling at MAC layer in WBANs. We believe the paper will stimulate a better way of solving the emergency traffic handling problem.
... 1957 : lancement du premier satellite artificiel Spoutnik qui sera suivi par de nombreux autres destinés à la télévision. Ils communiquent dans les bandes C (4-8 GHz) et Ku (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). 1976 : L'Advance Mobile Phone System, le premier réseau de téléphonie mobile apparaît aux États-Unis. ...
... 1. Dispositifs hyperfréquences reconfigurables : état de l'art (a) (b) Parallèlement, de nouvelles technologies font leur apparition : tablettes, montres connectées, lunettes connectées, enceintes audio connectées, caméras et appareils photos connectés. .. Hormis les applications grand public, des besoins en dispositifs connectés sont également exprimés dans les domaines de la santé (implants, biocapteurs) [12] et de l'industrie. Celle-ci s'intéresse notamment au développement des réseaux de capteurs communicants autonomes [13,14] et des technologies d'étiquetage [15]. ...
... La technologie proposée repose sur le micro-usinage de membranes de polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184). L'intérêt de ce matériau polymère réside dans sa très grande souplesse qui permet l'actionnement de membranes au prix d'efforts De manière similaire, la technologie des membranes de PDMS a été utilisée dans la conception de plusieurs déphaseurs [144,7] illustrés Figure 2. 12. Cette fois, une ligne microruban est métallisée sur un substrat de quartz et c'est le plan de masse, supporté par une membrane de PDMS, qui est rendu mobile. ...
Il y a à l'heure actuelle un grand besoin en systèmes et composants agiles pour les dispositifs front-end RF. Dans cette thèse, deux approches innovantes sont développées pour la conception de tels dispositifs RF. Dans un premier temps, un mécanisme de reconfiguration micro-mécanique est développé. Cette approche vise à contrôler la hauteur d'un gap d'air inséré dans le substrat de composants microrubans afin d'en modifier les dimensions électriques. Les choix de conception et la fabrication d'un déphaseur à ligne micro-ruban ainsi que d'une antenne accordable en fréquence sont discutés. Une solution d'actionnement piézoélectrique basse tension (+/- 30 V) est retenue. La figure de mérite obtenue dans le cas du déphaseur atteint jusqu'à 313 °/dB ce qui dépasse l'état de l'art en matière de déphasage analogique. Dans le cas de l'antenne, le potentiel d'agilité en fréquence atteint 35 % autour d'une fréquence centrale de 55 GHz. Contrairement aux solutions classiques à base de semiconducteurs ou de RF-MEMS, ce mécanisme de reconfiguration n'impacte pas les performances de l'antenne dont l'efficacité de rayonnement est proche de 94 %. Dans un second temps, c'est un mécanisme micro-fluidique qui est étudié. L'agilité en fréquence d'antennes est créée par l'écoulement successif de liquides de permittivités différentes dans des micro-canaux intégrés au substrat. L'accord en fréquence atteint alors la très large ampleur de 51 % pour une fréquence centrale de 22 GHz. Cette étude s'accompagne de la recherche et caractérisation diélectrique de plusieurs fluides dans l'optique d'augmenter aussi bien la plage d'accord en fréquence que les performances de rayonnement des antennes
... The optional address field contains the destination node ID for identifying the intended receiver. While most designs in our literature survey use node IDs up to 2 bytes [38], [42], the size of this field can be varied depending on the capabilities of the WuRx as discussed below. One of the dimensions of our taxonomy, described next, considers the benefits and costs of addressing inside the packet. ...
... As such, it is able to receive the wake-up beacon immediately with reduced latency, however, the energy consumed is non-negligible. Several existing MAC protocols, VLPM [135] Wh-MAC [42], [106], On-Demand MAC [136], [137], and GWR-MAC [140], [141], have been proposed for the star topology, applying this schema using existing wakeup radios to WBAN. The authors assume that the wakeup beacon contains the target destination node address allowing other nodes in the network to keep their main radio in sleep state. ...
... However, we argue that the MAC protocols suitable for WBAN should be bi-directional so that anomaly can be reported effectively and on-demand. Protocols such as those presented in [42], [135], [136], [140] are best suited for this. For communicating data, WBAN applications require either star or single-hop network, therefore, the complex routing protocol is not essential. ...
In wireless environments, transmission and recep- tion costs dominate system power consumption, motivating re- search effort on new technologies capable of reducing the foot- print of the radio, paving the way for the Internet of Things. The most important challenge is to reduce power consumption when receivers are idle, the so called idle-listening cost. One approach proposes switching off the main receiver, then introduces new wake-up circuitry capable of detecting an incoming transmission, discriminating the packet destination using addressing, then switching on the main radio only when required. This wake- up receiver (WuRx) technology represents the ultimate frontier in low power radio communication. In this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review of the research progress in wake- up radio (WuR) hardware and relevant networking software. First, we present an overview of the WuR system architecture, including challenges to hardware design and a comparison of solutions presented throughout the last decade. Next, we present various Medium Access Control (MAC) and routing protocols as well as diverse ways to exploit WuRs, both as an extension of pre-existing protocols and as a new concept to manage low-power networking.
