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Human body surface area (BSA) is the preferred denominator for physiological indices of body metabolism and for drug dosages. The Du Bois and Du Bois height/weight nomogram, used for fast and convenient estimation of patients BSA, is not suitable for all populations due to ethnic differences in body shape and build. The purpose of this study was to...
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Citations
... Although the use of equation 3 using the MS (APHV) and BSA are not ruled out since the explanatory power is relatively similar to equations 1 and 2, respectively. In fact, BSA has been widely accepted as the most appropriate biometric unit to normalize physiological indices related to Table 1 Anthropometric and body composition characteristics of young basketball players aligned by chronologic age and APHV body metabolism in individuals of different body sizes [37]. Well, a recent study has evidenced a high positive relationship between MS determined by anthropometry with BSA in children and adolescents and its possible use as a predictor of MS [38]. ...
Background
Fat Free Mass (FFM) is an important and essential indicator in various sports populations, since greater muscle and bone mass generates greater strength, endurance and speed in athletes.
Objective
The purpose of the study was to validate Body Surface Area (BSA) as an anthropometric indicator to estimate FFM in young basketball players.
Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 105 male basketball players of the Brazilian Basketball Confederation of Sao Paulo (Campinas), Brazil. The age range was 11 to 15 years. Weight and height were evaluated. BSA, body mass index (BMI) and maturity status (MS) were calculated. Total body scanning was performed by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The components were extracted: Fat mass (FM), Fat free mass (FFM), percentage of fat mass (%FM) and bone mass (BM). The data were analyzed using the correlation coefficient of concordance (CCC) in terms of precision and accuracy.
Results
Three regression equations were generated: equation 1 had age and body weight as predictors [FFM= -30.059+(2.926*age)+(0.625*Weight)] (R² = 92%, precision = 0.96 and accuracy = 0.99), equation 2 used age and BSA [FFM=-45.719+(1.934*age)+(39.388*BSA)] (R² = 94%, precision = 0.97 and accuracy = 0.99) and equation 3 was based on APHV and BSA [FFM=-15.284+(1.765*APHV)+(37.610*(BSA)] (R² = 94%, precision = 0.96 and accuracy = 0.99).
Conclusions
The results suggest the use of anthropometric equation using decimal age and BSA to estimate FFM in young basketball players. This new method developed can be used to design, evaluate and control training programs and monitor the weight status of athletes.
... The body surface area is of great interest for clinicians because it is widely used for determining drug dosages and for calculating the needs of patients for parenteral fluids and electrolytes [45]. From Saudi newborns in Abha, two simplified equations based on weight and height were created to calculate body surface area in Saudi newborns [42] and in adults [46]. Table 2 shows a total of 167 studies assessing anthropometrics in Saudi children and adolescents. ...
Anthropometric measurements are the first step in determining the health status in children and adolescents. Clinicians require standardized protocols for proper assessment and interpretation. Therefore, this study aims to review the literature of international and Saudi national guidelines and studies previously conducted in Saudi children and adolescents to provide recommendations to establish Saudi guidelines in line with the Saudi 2030 Vision. Systematic search was conducted in
several databases: Medline, PubMed, Saudi Digital Library and Google Scholar from January 1990 to January 2021. Further, 167 studies measured anthropometrics in Saudi children/adolescents; 33 of these studies contributed to the establishment/adjustment of Saudi growth charts or specific cutoffs or studied the trend of growth in representative samples or adjusted the international curves to be
used in Saudis. This review warrants updating growth charts and establishing the standard cutoffs of Saudi adolescent anthropometrics to avoid over/underreporting. This review provides insights and recommendations regarding the resources that can be used to establish national guidelines in anthropometric measurements for Saudi children/adolescents. This review will help policymakers and the Ministry of Health to establish standardized protocols to be used in Saudi Arabia for
anthropometric measurements that may assist in detecting malnutrition.
... There is a bigger issue. There are large numbers of alternate empirical formulas, 20 of which are shown in Table One, in chronological order [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. With so many choices, which should physicians and medical researchers use? ...
We construct a new formula for body surface area based on geometric means. This we show, by means of Bland-Altman analysis and use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Anderson-Darling tests, to be statistically equivalent to the arithmetic average of existing formulas. The result, the geometric mean formula (GMF) is the expression BSA = 0.00878108*W0 .434972*H^ 0.67844. We show also that body surfaces areas predicted by the GMF obey a lognormal distribution.
... Studies have also assessed different variables that may impact on estimating WBSA. Some equations were developed with the use of specific ethnic populations from non-Western countries to evaluate the impact of ethnicity (Banerjee and Sen, 1955;Lee et al., 2008;Mehra, 1958;Nwoye, 1989;Nwoye and Al-Shehri, 2003;Stevenson, 1937). Some studies have found that sex-specific (Tikuisis et al., 2001) and body mass index (BMI)specific (Livingston and Lee, 2001) equations improved the accuracy of equations. ...
Measurements of whole body surface area (WBSA) have important applications in numerous fields including biological anthropology, clinical medicine, biomechanics, and sports science. Currently, WBSA is most often estimated using predictive equations due to the complex and time consuming methods required for direct measurement. The main aim of this study was to identify whether there were significant and meaningful differences between WBSA measurements taken using a whole body three-dimensional (3D) scanner (criterion measure) and the estimates derived from each WBSA equation identified from a systematic review. The study also aimed to determine whether differences varied according to body mass index (BMI), sex, or athletic status. Fifteen WBSA equations were compared with direct measurements taken on 1,714 young adult subjects, aged 18-30 years, using the Vitus Smart 3D whole body scanner, including 1,452 subjects (753 males, 699 females) from the general Australian population and 262 rowers (148 males, 114 females). Mixed-design analysis of variances determined significant differences and accuracy was quantified using Bland-Altman analysis and effect sizes. Thirteen of the 15 equations overestimated WBSA. With a few exceptions, equations were accurate with a low-systematic error (bias ≤2%) and low-random error (standard deviation of the differences 1.5-3.0%). However, BMI did have a substantial impact with the accuracy of some WBSA equations varying between the four BMI categories. The Shuter and Aslani: Eur J Appl Physiol 82 (2000) 250-254 equation was identified as the most accurate equation and should be used for Western populations 18-30 years of age. Care must be taken when deciding which equation to use when estimating WBSA.
... Similarly, many centers have pointed out the miscalculation of the liver volume with common formulas and have worked out their own. 6,[19][20][21] This highlights the fact that there is no universal formula for estimating the standard liver volume; rather, results are more accurate if the formula is derived from the population that it serves. ...
An accurate assessment of donor and recipient liver volumes is essential in living donor liver transplantation. Many liver donors are affected by mild to moderate steatosis, and steatotic livers are known to have larger volumes. This study analyzes errors in liver volume estimation by commonly used formulas and the effects of donor steatosis on these errors. Three hundred twenty-five Asian donors who underwent right lobe donor hepatectomy were the subjects of this study. The percentage differences between the liver volumes from computed tomography (CT) and the liver volumes estimated with each formula (ie, the error percentages) were calculated. Five popular formulas were tested. The degrees of steatosis were categorized as follows: no steatosis [n = 178 (54.8%)], ≤ 10% steatosis [n = 128 (39.4%)], and >10% to 20% steatosis [n = 19 (5.8%)]. The median errors ranged from 0.6% (7 mL) to 24.6% (360 mL). The lowest was seen with the locally derived formula. All the formulas showed a significant association between the error percentage and the CT liver volume (P < 0.001). Overestimation was seen with smaller liver volumes, whereas underestimation was seen with larger volumes. The locally derived formula was most accurate when the liver volume was 1001 to 1250 mL. A multivariate analysis showed that the estimation error was dependent on the liver volume (P = 0.001) and the anthropometric measurement that was used in the calculation (P < 0.001) rather than steatosis (P ≥ 0.07). In conclusion, all the formulas have a similar pattern of error that is possibly related to the anthropometric measurement. Clinicians should be aware of this pattern of error and the liver volume with which their formula is most accurate.
... The plaster-like or coating -like method involved using scanning, cutting and measuring with electronic equipment. NWoye LA et al,2003 – The method included coating with a polythene sheet, measurement by both weight comparison method and with a planimeter. This was an entirely traditional coating and integration methods. ...
Body surface area (BSA) is probably the most used tool for indexing physiological functions. The most relevant past and present measuring methods have been examined, and an analysis of selected methods used to measure and to estimate was performed. The evaluation of methods demonstrates a relationship between past and present measuring methods, but also highlights the doubtfulness of their suitability due to the criteria used to select the population for measurements and to estimate BSA by formulae, due to the weight variance according to the same height and the lack of a numeric estimate of the body shape. The use of BSA formulae generated from a population with anthropometric measures different from those of a population where the formulae are applied, and the change in today's BSA towards 1.73 m(2) can induce risks by incorrectly estimating GFR and in planning dialysis prescriptions.
... O peso corporal (PC) é uma das medidas mais utilizadas para a avaliação e o manejo de pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Cálculo de medicamentos, balanço hídrico, fluxo e tempo de diálise e necessidades nutricionais são baseados no valor de PC e superfície corporal 12 . Valores incorretos podem contribuir para erro no diagnóstico e na conduta terapêutica, tanto por subestimar, quanto por superestimar as necessidades dos pacientes. ...
Body weight (BW) is widely used to evaluate and manage clinical situations therefore assessment errors can influence the ichosen therapies.
To assess the variability in values of BW obtained by using different equipment (weight scales).
A cross sectional study was performed to assess BW of 360 adult patients in eight units including clinical and surgical specialties Three types of scales were used: a portable domestic model and a fixed platform model, both from the units and a portable digital model previously calibrated and used as standard reference equipment. Self-reported weight (SRW) was also compared to weight assessed with the reference equipment. The values were compared trough paired-samples t-test using SPSS software.
The difference between weights assessed by the reference equipment and SRW was 445+/-3.359 g (P=0.015), it was -182+/-2.323 g (P=0.140) for portable domestic scales and 137+/-2.412 g (P=0.218) for platform fixed scales. Values obtained from SRW, portable domestic scales and fixed platform scales were strongly correlated to the mean value of weight assessed by the reference equipment (r=0.973, r=0.987 and r=0.986, respectively). Nevertheless, considering analyses of each patient, errors of magnitude greater than 500 g occurred in 78.8% of SRW, 80.6% of the portable domestic scales and 40% of the fixed platform scales.
In general, the scales tested were neither accurate nor precise for measuring BW, considering the percentage of error in the evaluation of each patient and the variability observed.
... O peso corporal (PC) é uma das medidas mais utilizadas para a avaliação e o manejo de pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Cálculo de medicamentos, balanço hídrico, fluxo e tempo de diálise e necessidades nutricionais são baseados no valor de PC e superfície corporal 12 . Valores incorretos podem contribuir para erro no diagnóstico e na conduta terapêutica, tanto por subestimar, quanto por superestimar as necessidades dos pacientes. ...
OBJETIVO: Verificar a variabilidade entre valores de peso corporal (PC) obtidos por meio de diferentes instrumentos de aferição (balanças). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal que avaliou o PC de 360 adultos, em oito unidades de internação (UI) de especialidades clínicas e cirúrgicas, utilizando três tipos de balanças: portátil doméstica e fixa de plataforma, das UI de origem, e portátil digital, sendo a última previamente calibrada e adotada como padrão de referência. O peso informado (PI) pelos pacientes também foi comparado à balança de referência. Os valores foram comparados através de teste t para amostras pareadas no software estatístico SPSS. RESULTADOS: A diferença entre a balança de referência e o PI foi de 445±3.359g (p=0,015), de -182±2.323g (p=0,140) nas balanças portáteis domésticas e de 137±2.412g (p=0,218) com as de plataforma. Tanto PI quanto peso aferido por balança portátil doméstica e de plataforma apresentaram forte correlação com o valor médio de peso aferido na balança digital (r=0,973, r=0,987 e r=0,986), respectivamente. Entretanto, considerando a análise de cada paciente, a ocorrência de erros superiores a 500 g, para mais ou para menos, foi de 78,8% dos pesos informados, 80,6% para as balanças portáteis e 40% para as balanças de plataforma. CONCLUSÃO: De modo geral, as balanças testadas não foram acuradas e precisas em estimar o PC dos pacientes avaliados, dado o percentual de erro nas avaliações para cada sujeito e a variabilidade observada.
Within chemotherapy, estimates of a patient’s body surface area (BSA) are used to calculate drug dosages. However, the use of BSA for calculating chemotherapy dosage has been heavily criticised in previous literature, with potentially significant implications for the effectiveness and toxicity of treatment. BSA has been found to be a poor indicator of optimal drug exposure that does not account for the complex processes of cytotoxic drug distribution and elimination. In addition, differences in BSA estimates between existing formulae have been shown to be so large that they can affect patients’ mortality, particularly in patients with atypical body types. This uncertainty associated with BSA prediction may decrease the confidence of practitioners when determining chemotherapy dosages, particularly with regards to the risk of excess toxicity from over-dosing, or a reduced anti-cancer effect due to under-dosing. The use of national dose-banding in the UK may in some cases account for possible inaccuracies, but the threshold of variance in this case is small (+/−6%). Advanced body measurement techniques, utilising digital tools such as three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, capture accurate external dimensions and detailed shape characteristics of the human body. Measures of body shape describe morphological variations that cannot be identified by traditional anthropometric techniques and improve the prediction of total body fat and distribution. It is our view that the use of advanced body measurement techniques can provide practitioners with tools for prescribing chemotherapy dosages that are valid for individuals, regardless of their body type.
Solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure of people and related health risk is mainly examined by estimating the received UV radiant exposure. However, for several effects such as DNA-damage, vitamin D photosynthesis or the probability of developing skin cancer, UV radiant energy is important and with that the size of exposed skin area. There is also a complex interaction between body shape and behavior like sun exposure habits, so that careful analysis is necessary when estimating health effects from UV exposure. In this paper, knowledge on body shape and methods of calculating the total body surface area (BSA) are summarized. BSA depends mainly on the height and weight of a person as well as on gender, ethnicity and body shape. BSA and body shape differ significantly between different populations and both change during life. This paper proposes formulas for BSA that consider height, weight, gender, ethnicity and body shape. As the exposed BSA depends on clothing, finally an approach is presented which aims to calculate the size of body parts released by real garments. In summary, this paper will enable future researchers to quantify the exposed BSA by best matching their study population and consequently investigate risks caused by solar UV exposure.
