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Mean spatial variations in a WT (°C), b pH, c EC (μS cm⁻¹), d TDS (mg L⁻¹), e Sal (mg L⁻¹), f SDT (cm), g D (cm), and h DO (mg L⁻¹)
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The knowledge on urban ecosystem dynamics is being increasingly felt due to unprecedented symptoms arising out of urbanization. This study is aimed to assess land use-land cover changes (LULCCs) around a wetland ecosystem using high spatial resolution CORONA and Google Basemap satellite imageries. The imageries were processed by digitizing land cov...
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Proper knowledge of hydrological response of a watershed is of utmost importance in order to implement watershed development works in the watersheds. Morphometric analysis of a watershed thus helps in understanding the hydrological response of watersheds in hydrological data-scarce conditions. The present study attempts to perform the morphometric...
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... In addition, wetlands provide specific ecosystem services and activities such as water resource conservation, runoff control and regional water balance maintenance, et al. (Zedler and Kercher, 2005;Meng and Dong, 2019;Hu et al., 2023). However, due to climate change, eutrophication, and anthropogenic activities, wetlands and their environments are severely changing (Mao et al., 2020;Dar et al., 2021;Rashid et al., 2023). Less than 6% of the earth's territory is made up of wetlands, and the majority of that land has deteriorated, putting the wetland ecosystem in grave danger (Zedler and Kercher, 2005;Endter-Wada et al., 2020;Endter-Wada et al., 2018;Dar et al., 2020). ...
Introduction: Wetland has been exposed to tremendous stresses and hazards, leading to many potential ecological risks in the past few decades. There is an urgent need to assess the ecological risk status of the wetland, especially when examining how the intensity of socio-economic growth, policy changes, and other variables affect land use and ecological risk changes.
Methods: This study models the LULC pattern in the Liaohe Estuary National Nature Wetland Reserve under various future scenarios in 2000–2040 and develops a long-term Pressure-State-Response ecological risk assessment model based on the characteristics of the northern wetland environment in China, combined with the simulated multi-scenario PLUS model.
Results: As the two most distinct vegetation types in the reserve area, Phragmites australis and Suaeda glauca presented decreasing trends of 59.7 ha/year and 9.0 ha/year in the economy development scenario (EDS), higher than 57.3 ha/year, 8.2 ha/year in the natural increase scenario (NIS), and 35.4 ha/year and 5.8 ha/year in the ecological protect scenario (EPS). From the core area to the buffer area to the outer experimental area, the slope rate of vegetation deterioration rises severely. In comparison to the scenario of EDS, the area of aquiculture and oil wells can be lowered by 11.4 ha/year and 1.1 ha/year with the application of ecological protection measures. Besides, under three scenarios, mean ecological risks are all showing an increasing trend from 2000 to 2040, which is generally higher in the EDS scenario than that in the NIS and EPS scenarios. The proportion of the high and very high level of ecological risk area continually increased from 28.8% to 40.4% from 2000 to 2040, which was mainly located in the south estuary and west urban areas. In addition, among the three protected areas, the ecological risk in the core area has a lower growth rate than that in the outer buffer zone and experimental zone.
Discussion: Aiming for the development of Liaohe Estuary National Park, these findings provide quantitative guidance for protecting and restoring natural resources.
... In the past century, approximately 70% of wetland areas have decreased because of increased human activities and climate change [3]. Urban wetlands-as an important component of urban ecosystems-are more vulnerable to human-induced disturbances [4]. Phytoplankton are fundamental to material and energy flow in aquatic ecosystems and are essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of wetland ecosystems [5]. ...
... Following alkaline potassium persulfate digestion, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were quantified using UV spectrophotometry. Ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 + -N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N), phosphate (PO 4 3− -P), suspended solids (SSs), and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) were measured following the standard procedures specified by China's EPA [39]. Photographic techniques and visual observation assessed aquatic plant coverage in wetland ecosystems. ...
With the acceleration of urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem functions of urban wetlands are facing serious challenges. The loss of aquatic plants in urban wetlands is becoming more frequent and intense due to human activities; nevertheless, the effects of aquatic plants on wetland ecosystems have received less attention. Therefore, we conducted field investigations across 10 urban wetlands in Jinan, Shandong Province, as a case in North China to examine the relationships between aquatic plant coverage and phytoplankton diversity, as well as resource use efficiency (RUE) in urban wetlands. Multivariate regression and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyze the water quality, phytoplankton diversity, and RUE. The results demonstrate that the increase in aquatic plant coverage significantly reduced the concentration of total nitrogen and suspended solids’ concentrations and significantly increased the phytoplankton diversity (e.g., species richness and functional diversity). The aquatic plant coverage significantly affected the composition of phytoplankton functional groups; for example, functional groups that had adapted to still-water and low-light conditions became dominant. Furthermore, the increase in phytoplankton diversity improved phytoplankton RUE, highlighting the importance of aquatic plants in maintaining wetland ecosystem functions. This study may provide a scientific basis for the management strategy of aquatic plants in urban wetlands, emphasizing the key role of appropriate aquatic plant cover in maintaining the ecological stability and ecosystem service functions of wetlands.
... The elevated levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), Alkalinity and electrical conductivity (EC) are primarily attributed to two key factors. Firstly, Solid waste material discarded into the lagoon contribute to the release of elements such as phosphate, nitrates, and sulfates into the surrounding environment, contributes significantly to the observed high magnitudes of these parameters [30]. Secondly, the release of sewage and effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and suburban areas further exacerbates the situation by introducing additional contaminants into the water body, thereby influencing the TDS, EC, and alkalinity values [31]. ...
... The average value of Total Phosphorus increased from 1.362 mg/L in 2010 to 3.725 mg/L in 2022. Studies [18], [30], [38] suggest that the lagoon appears to be in a hyper eutrophic state owing to the high values of Total Phosphorous (TP) as the high density of algae blooms are indicative of A strong correlation between SO4 2 -Mg 2+ means the wastes from around the area find their way into the lagoon, thus reflecting their shared introduction into the lagoon ecosystem due to anthropogenic activities [39]. A strong negative correlation was found between SiO₄²⁻ Within the context of the research conducted to assess the overall water quality of Brari Nambal Lagoon, Weighted Arithmetic water quality index method was used. ...
The experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the water quality of the Brari Nambal lagoon located in Srinagar city of Kashmir valley. To undertake this study, analysis of physicochemical parameters was carried out at three sampling sites during the winter season of 2022. These results were compared with the data of 2010, 2013, 2016, and 2019 for the same season to determine the changes that have occurred within this time frame. Comparative analysis of data revealed that TP,-PO-3 , NH₄-N, NO-₃N and TDS levels have been increased from 2010 to 2022. Further, the data related to physicochemical parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation method. Water quality of the lagoon was also examined based on the water quality index. Based on current experimental analysis, it is evident that this lagoon is being impacted by increased human activities in its surrounding area, leading to increased urban intensification. This, in turn, affects the overall hydrochemistry of the lagoon. The flexibility to address these issues within the lagoon's ecosystem can be maintained until external management strategies are implemented to strengthen its natural balance. Implementing specific remedial measures is crucial for the effective management of the lake and the preservation of its natural quality, provided they are executed correctly.
... This focus on the dynamics of environmental change in wetlands emphasizes the importance of conserving these ecosystems. Dar et al. (2021) investigated structural changes in the urban wetland of Kashmir Himalaya based on trophic changes from 1980 to 2017. Their results showed that the wetland developed hypertrophic conditions and became smaller and shallower structurally, because of human activities. ...
... Because most parts of the wetland were under eutrophic conditions due to attention to TSI, the maximum Secchi visibility depth in 2018 was the same as the western parts (station 1). Dar et al. (2021) classified the trophic conditions of the urban wetland of Kashmir Himalaya as hypertrophic. This study showed that the eastern part of Anzali Wetland was hypertrophic in 2014 and 2018. ...
Wetlands play an important role in conserving biodiversity, the hydrosphere’s equilibrium, and the maintenance of daily livelihood; therefore, the trophic process hastens the succession procedure in them, resulting in structural changes in the landscape. The study aimed to monitor and investigate the impact of the trophic procedure on landscape structural changes in Anzali Wetland, specifically domains related to vegetation canopy and water bodies, over 24 years. The TSI (trophic state index) of the Anzali Wetland, a vital habitat in the south of the Caspian Sea, was estimated by using the Carlson TSI for 1994, 2002, 2014, and 2018. Based on satellite data for these years, the structural landscape changes were also measured using metrics such as the number of patches (NumP), class area (CA), mean patch size (MPS), and mean shape index (MSI) of the measured patch using in Patch Analyst. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was then used to calculate the correlation between the two variables of trophic index modifications and landscape metrics. Results showed that the TSI of the wetland touched 59.51 in 1994 and then reached 65.10 in 2018. Its water body area, which was 5283.90 ha in 1994, decreased to 4183.92 ha in 2018, indicating the greatest decrease in the area from 2002 to 2018. In addition, the maximum area of vegetation canopy in 2018 was 11696.31 ha. The trophic exhibited a positive correlation of 0.8 with the area of the vegetation canopy and a positive correlation of 0.4 with the NumP of the vegetation canopy. It also had an inverse correlation of −0.4 with the area and NumP of the water body. Based on the study findings, changes in the trophic level of Anzali Wetland can be regarded as a direct factor influencing the vegetation canopy and water body.
... The acidic pH recorded in the lower sediments also supports the above findings regarding the downward leaching of N and P. Overall, the physicochemical parameters indicate nutrient-rich sediments that reflect increased inputs of pollution sources to the wetland ecosystem. This gives evidence of the shifting land use patterns and impacts of human interactions in the catchments ( Dar et al., 2021d ). These harmful human activities have most likely increased the nutrient delivery and buildup of allochthonous materials in the wetlands. ...
The potential impacts of dredging on the physicochemical characteristics of sediments are poorly understood in the Himalayas. The present study was conducted to examine the impacts of dredging activities on the sediment physicochemical characteristics of Brari Nambal wetland located in Kashmir Himalaya. A UWITEC gravity corer was employed to retrieve the sediment core from the wetland. The sediment core was subsampled at regular 2 cm intervals, air dried, powdered, and removed of any foreign materials. The sediment samples were examined for various physicochemical variables pH, salinity, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio following standard procedures. The vertical variations in the concentration of physicochemical parameters showed a strong heterogeneity throughout the length of the core. The C/N ratio revealed that the primary productivity and inflows of sewage and raw faecal matter from the catchment are the principal sources of nutrient enrichment to the wetland. Regression analysis displayed significant ( p < 0.05) positive and negative associations among various physicochemical parameters highlighting the role of EC, OC, and depth in the differences and overall distribution of different physicochemical variables. Principal component analysis (PCA) lead to the formation of two principal components (PCs) with PC1 and PC2 accounting for 49% and 22% of variation respectively. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was carried out between the sediment physicochemical characteristics of a dredged (Brari Nambal) and an un-dredged (Khushalsar) wetland. The results of the ANOVA test revealed that significant ( p < 0.05) variations in various physicochemical parameters such as pH, N, and C/N exist between the dredged and un-dredged wetlands. The findings of the study demonstrate that dredging can be adopted as a viable method of wetland restoration for preventing eutrophication and increasing the water storage capacity of the wetland ecosystems. The study’s findings can serve as benchmark data for wetland restoration for other urban wetlands across the Himalayas.
... I. Rashid et al. Environmental Research 229 (2023) 115967 wetland has decreased by approximately 0.43 km 2 which can be attributed to various pressures such as siltation, algal bloom, changing land cover patterns, and global climate change (Dar et al., 2021b;Bakker et al., 2013). Notably, built-up areas increased in the Bodsar wetland catchment during the 42-year period, which could directly affect wetland nutrient influx, and enhance eutrophication, and sedimentation (Badar et al., 2013b;Amin et al., 2014). ...
... Similarly, Rashid et al. (2017a,b) assessed the degradation status of the Dal Lake ecosystem using the land use, population, and water quality data. Dar et al. (2021b) assessed the trophic state index of the Khushalsar Wetland using only water quality and LULC data. All of this points to the fact that these studies either focused on wetlands or were information-deficient when it comes to robust catchment-scale assessments. ...
Wetland degradation through a diverse spectrum of anthropogenic stressors worldwide has taken a heavy toll on the health of wetlands. This study examined the health of a semi-urban wetland Bodsar, located in the Kashmir Himalaya using multicriteria analysis approach assimilating data on land use land cover (LULC), landscape fragmentation, soil loss, and demography. Wetland and catchment-scale land system changes from 1980 to 2022 were assessed using high-resolution imagery. Fragmentation of the natural landscape was assessed using the Landscape Fragmentation Tool (LFT) and soil loss was assessed using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). In addition, the water quality was examined at 12 sites distributed across the wetland using standard methods. Satellite data revealed 12 categories of land use with areas under exposed rock, orchards, built-up and sparse forest having increased by 1005%, 623%, 274%, and 37% respectively. LFT indicated that the core (>500 acres) and core (<250 acres) zones decreased by approximately 16% and 64%, respectively, whereas the areas under the perforated, edge and patch classes increased significantly. RUSLE estimates show a ∼77% increase in soil erosion from 116.26 Mg a-1 in 1980 to 205.68 Mg a-1 in 2022, mostly due to changes in LULC. Total phosphorus (0.195-2.04 mg L -1), nitrate nitrogen (0.306-2.79 mg L -1), and total dissolved solids (543-774 mg L-1) indicated nutrient enrichment of the wetland influenced by anthropogenically-driven land system changes. The wetland degradation index revealed that 21% of the wetland experienced high-to-severe degradation, 62% experienced moderate degradation, and 17% did not face any significant degradation pressure. The novel GIS-based approach adopted in this study can act as a prototype for ascertaining the catchment-scale degradation of wetlands worldwide.
... More specifically, it should be noted that fourteen studies focused on J&K (Rashid et al., 2016(Rashid et al., , 2017Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Meer & Mishra, 2020a;Rather & Dar, 2020;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020bDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021a, b;Meer et al., 2021;Rasool et al., 2021;Romshoo et al., 2021), two studies were focused on Punjab (Bajwa & Chauhan, 2019;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b, one study is related to Kurukshetra city, Haryana (Anees et al., 2018a(Anees et al., , 2018b seven studies were related to Delhi and its adjacent areas (Janmaijaya et al., 2018;Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2018;Pramanik & Punia, 2019;Tripathy & Kumar, 2019;Paul et al., 2021), four studies were concerned to Jaipur city and Rajasthan (Chandra et al., 2018;Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2018;Laskra & Sharma, 2019;Naik & Sharma, 2021), one study each was focused on Chandigarh city (Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2020) and Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
... The general LUC of J&K are Agriculture, Forest, pastures, Aquatic vegetation, Marshy land, Barren land/wasteland, fallow land, Built-up/settlement, Plantation/ Horticulture/orchards, Water, Road, scrub, snow, exposed rocks, open space (Dar et al., 2021a(Dar et al., , 2021b(Dar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cMeer & Mishra, 2020aMeer et al., 2021;Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Rashid et al., 2016Rashid et al., , 2017Rasool et al., 2021;Rather & Dar, 2020;Romshoo et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b. Agriculture, orchards, built-up, and forests are some of the LUC of the Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
... The general LUC of J&K are Agriculture, Forest, pastures, Aquatic vegetation, Marshy land, Barren land/wasteland, fallow land, Built-up/settlement, Plantation/ Horticulture/orchards, Water, Road, scrub, snow, exposed rocks, open space (Dar et al., 2021a(Dar et al., , 2021b(Dar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cMeer & Mishra, 2020aMeer et al., 2021;Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Rashid et al., 2016Rashid et al., , 2017Rasool et al., 2021;Rather & Dar, 2020;Romshoo et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b. Agriculture, orchards, built-up, and forests are some of the LUC of the Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
The sole purpose of this review paper is to reveal the land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the study region (Northern India) from 2017 to 2021. The researchers discovered that no systematic review of the LULC dynamics of the study region had been conducted so far. This study used a novel systematic review procedure (i.e., the ICA framework) to conduct the review process. The data for this study were retrieved from the Web of Science of Clarivate Analytics, using keywords related to LULC. A thorough review of 29 full-text articles was done to examine the primary land use classes (LUC), techniques used, factors responsible, and dynamics of the major land classes. Most articles included agriculture, built-up, water bodies, and plantations as the main LULC categories. Most of them used on-screen digitisation and supervised algorithms to classify LULC classes and incorporated accuracy assessment to validate their results. It was also found that almost all the papers cited climate change, increasing population, urbanisation, and economic considerations as the main drivers responsible for the changes that occurred in different LULCs. The findings of the various studies revealed that horticulture and built-up areas have increased while agricultural, forest cover and open spaces have decreased to a greater extent. Environmental negatives of LULC dynamics of the region suggested that LULC change is not favourable everywhere. Thus, to control the haphazard LULC change, the government must come up with a substantial land conversion policy in the region with ground-level implantation that will restrict the people from blind land conversion.
... More specifically, it should be noted that fourteen studies focused on J&K (Rashid et al., 2016(Rashid et al., , 2017Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Meer & Mishra, 2020a;Rather & Dar, 2020;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020bDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021a, b;Meer et al., 2021;Rasool et al., 2021;Romshoo et al., 2021), two studies were focused on Punjab (Bajwa & Chauhan, 2019;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b, one study is related to Kurukshetra city, Haryana (Anees et al., 2018a(Anees et al., , 2018b seven studies were related to Delhi and its adjacent areas (Janmaijaya et al., 2018;Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2018;Pramanik & Punia, 2019;Tripathy & Kumar, 2019;Paul et al., 2021), four studies were concerned to Jaipur city and Rajasthan (Chandra et al., 2018;Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2018;Laskra & Sharma, 2019;Naik & Sharma, 2021), one study each was focused on Chandigarh city (Sultana & Satyanarayana, 2020) and Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
... The general LUC of J&K are Agriculture, Forest, pastures, Aquatic vegetation, Marshy land, Barren land/wasteland, fallow land, Built-up/settlement, Plantation/ Horticulture/orchards, Water, Road, scrub, snow, exposed rocks, open space (Dar et al., 2021a(Dar et al., , 2021b(Dar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cMeer & Mishra, 2020aMeer et al., 2021;Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Rashid et al., 2016Rashid et al., , 2017Rasool et al., 2021;Rather & Dar, 2020;Romshoo et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b. Agriculture, orchards, built-up, and forests are some of the LUC of the Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
... The general LUC of J&K are Agriculture, Forest, pastures, Aquatic vegetation, Marshy land, Barren land/wasteland, fallow land, Built-up/settlement, Plantation/ Horticulture/orchards, Water, Road, scrub, snow, exposed rocks, open space (Dar et al., 2021a(Dar et al., , 2021b(Dar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cDar et al., 2021aDar et al., , 2021bDar et al., , 2021cMeer & Mishra, 2020aMeer et al., 2021;Mushtaq & Lala, 2017;Rashid & Aneaus, 2019Rashid et al., 2016Rashid et al., , 2017Rasool et al., 2021;Rather & Dar, 2020;Romshoo et al., 2021;Singh et al., 2020aSingh et al., , 2020b. Agriculture, orchards, built-up, and forests are some of the LUC of the Kullu valley of HP (Vaidya et al., 2018). ...
The sole purpose of this review paper is to reveal the land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the study region (Northern India) from 2017 to 2021. The researchers discovered that no systematic review of the LULC dynamics of the study region had been conducted so far. This study used a novel systematic review procedure (i.e., the ICA framework) to conduct the review process. The data for this study were retrieved from the Web of Science of Clari-vate Analytics, using keywords related to LULC. A thorough review of 29 full-text articles was done to examine the primary land use classes (LUC), techniques used, factors responsible, and dynamics of the major land classes. Most articles included agriculture , built-up, water bodies, and plantations as the main LULC categories. Most of them used on-screen digitisation and supervised algorithms to classify LULC classes and incorporated accuracy assessment to validate their results. It was also found that almost all the papers cited climate change, increasing population, urbanisation, and economic considerations as the main drivers responsible for the changes that occurred in different LULCs. The findings of the various studies revealed that horticulture and built-up areas have increased while agricultural, forest cover and open spaces have decreased to a greater extent. Environmental negatives of LULC dynamics of the region suggested that LULC change is not favourable everywhere. Thus, to control the haphazard LULC change, the government must come up with a substantial land conversion policy in the region with ground-level implantation that will restrict the people from blind land conversion.
... Expansion of urban centers increases the imperviousness of the area, which reduces infiltration and runoff lag times, and increases runoff peaks and concentration of contaminants as they wash off the land (O'Driscoll et al. 2010). As a result, runoff starts immediately with larger volumes, leading to increased turbidity, stream bank erosion, water pollution, combined sewer overflows and increasing the risk of susceptibility and potential for flood damage (Dar et al. 2021b;Feng et al. 2021). Consequently, the hydrology of urban areas tends to be very different from natural conditions (Guan et al. 2015). ...
... The Kashmir Valley experienced significant changes in the patterns of LULC during the past three decades (Alam et al. 2020;Dar et al. 2021a). The main factors responsible for large-scale LULC changes are large population increases and associated urbanization (Dar et al. 2021b). Furthermore, the LULC changes are more pronounced in the Srinagar district which hosts the business hub, markets, and tourism infrastructure. ...
... As is very much clear from the findings that the study area experienced a significant conversion of pervious area into impervious area during the period from 1980 to 2017. The decrease in pervious cover is mainly related to the conversion of open spaces, cropland, and plantation area into urban structures and roads in Srinagar city (Dar et al. 2021b). The low runoff peaks and volume during the pre-developmental period (1980) can be attributed mainly to high ground infiltration of rainfall due to the presence of a significant percentage of pervious areas in the city. ...
Assessing the impact of land use land cover (LULC) changes on runoff is crucial for the sustainable management of wetland catchments. This study modelled the impacts of LULC changes on runoff in three urban wetland catchments using the United States Environment Protection Agency’s Stormwater Management Model (SWMM). Land cover maps of 1980 and 2017 delineated from satellite data were reclassified using the geographic information system (GIS) to derive impervious surfaces of three catchments in Srinagar city. The findings revealed a drastic reduction of the pervious area from 2249.6 ha to 1883 ha and a corresponding increase in the impervious surfaces from 321 ha to 704.8 ha including all three catchments. Runoff simulations revealed that from 1980–2017, runoff volume increased by 154%, 76.3%, and 159.5% in the Anchar, Brari Nambal, and Khushalsar catchments, respectively. The results indicate that increased runoff and peak volumes are driven by the land-use change, particularly the increase of urban spaces in wetland areas. For mitigating the negative impacts of runoff, rain gardens, a best management practice (BMP) with low impact development (LID) properties were distributed in the catchments based on the availability of open space, cost, and effectiveness. Simulations indicate that the rain gardens would reduce runoff volume by 46.8%, 10.8%, and 48.6% at 50% of runoff treated, and by 89.4%, 13.4%, and 86.8% at 100% of runoff treated, in the Anchar, Brari Nambal, and Khushalsar catchments, respectively. The results of this study could support environmentally-friendly land use planning for the protection and management of wetland catchments.
... Most previous studies have concentrated on a single aspect of a wetland's historical evolution or ecological function evaluation [46,47]. However, few studies have been conducted on wetland restoration through the evaluation of ecosystem integrity and authenticity. ...
Along the migration route between East Asia and Australia, numerous migratory birds use the Momoge Internationally Important Wetland as a habitat. Human activities and climate variability cause salinization and meadowization. We developed the “Quality-Pressure-Pattern-Service” remote assessment framework for ecosystem integrity, using a three-level approach (TLA). The model was used to assess ecosystem integrity, identify improper wetland development, and provide spatial optimization strategies. The research region was dominated by wetlands, followed by dry fields. Wetlands continued to decrease between 1965 and 2019, as arable land and construction land continued to increase. Over the course of 54 years, ecosystem integrity declined. In 2019, around half of the areas had poor or extremely poor ecosystem integrity. Because the eastern study area contained many pristine inland beaches, the eastern study area displayed greater ecosystem integrity than the central and western areas. Priority should therefore be given to wetland restoration in the HJ core area (one of the three core areas of the reserve), where most of the herb marsh has been converted to arable land. This study revealed the integrity and authenticity of wetland ecosystems. Our results can aid in the protection of wetland habitats, encourage sustainable development, and help in the building of a national park in northeastern China.
