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Mean intensity scores for aroma and flavor attributes of 10-month-aged white wine for 3 levels of addition of Harmonia axyridis beetles to juice. Noncapitalized attributes are aromas and capitalized attributes are flavors; values shown are mean ratings of duplicate assessments of 8 judges; *, **, and *** = significance levels of < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, respectively (Bonferroni test following significant F-value from ANOVA, a = 0.05).
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This study sought to further characterize the effects of Harmonia axyridis (HA) on white and red wine quality, including determining the influence of bottle aging on the composition and sensory attributes of HA-affected wines and examining the hypothesis that methoxypyrazines are responsible for the characteristic sensory profiles of these wines. V...
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The possible influence of Harmonia axyridis (the Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle) on the sensory properties of wine was investigated. Harmonia axyridis were added to white and red grape musts at a rate of 0, 1, or 10/L, and a trained panel evaluated the finished wines using flavor-profiling techniques. Significant modification of both wine aroma and...
Ladybug taint is a wine fault caused by the unintentional introduction of Coccinellidae beetles into the winemaking process and is characterized by the presence of undesirable peanut, green pepper, asparagus, earthy, green beans, and musty aromas and flavors in affected wine. This chapter reviews the causes of the taint, implications for quality, d...
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... negative aromatic compounds, such as methoxypyrazines, are oftentimes found in high quantities for certain grapevines derived from native V. riparia lineages. Heat treatment has been demonstrated to remove pyrazine taints associated with Coccinellidae insects such as the seven-spot ladybeetle (Coccinella septempunctata) and the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) [42][43][44][45][46]. ...
The enology industry in North Dakota is extremely young, with less than twenty years of existence. At times throughout the development of the North Dakota viticulture and enology industries, commercial wine producers have elected to purchase or store fresh harvested grapes as frozen musts. To investigate the fermentation outcomes related to skin contact for red grapevine musts, a postfreeze fermentation experiment was conducted with fruit from ‘Frontenac’, one of the most widely grown red grapevines in the Upper Midwest U.S. and North Dakota. Four fermentation treatments were applied to frozen ‘Frontenac’ grapevine musts: steam juice extraction, rosé, 1 day after inoculation (DAI) skin contact, and 9 DAI skin contact. Samples were collected daily for ten days and analyzed for fermentation progress and spectrophotometric monitoring of wine color attributes and total phenolics. The final wines were analyzed two years after bottling. Steam-extracted musts were initially darkest; however, they were lighter as final wines than the 9 DAI wines and similar to rosé wines in lightness. Total phenolics were greatest for 9 DAI wines and total red pigments were lowest for steam-extracted wines. While differences between treatments were detected, the wines remained visually similar; this indicates that color extraction within the freeze–thaw processes of musts may obliterate subtly and make it difficult to produce wines of light color when stored under these conditions. Continued work with additional grapevines beyond ‘Frontenac’ may help fine-tune must and fermentation extraction procedures for small-scale wineries growing cold-hardy grapevines.
... Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. ...
... Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. Interestingly, dead beetles are also capable of producing LBT, as demonstrated by the addition of MALBs to red must at various stages postmortem, and subsequent sensory analysis of the wines [7]. ...
... One particular group of compounds-alkyl-methoxypyrazines (MPs)-have been closely scrutinized for their role in LBT ( Figure 2). Cai et al. [11] used multidimensional gas chromatography- Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. ...
Ladybug taint is a wine fault caused by the unintentional introduction of Coccinellidae beetles into the winemaking process and is characterized by the presence of undesirable peanut, green pepper, asparagus, earthy, green beans, and musty aromas and flavors in affected wine. This chapter reviews the causes of the taint, implications for quality, detection thresholds, and tolerances. The chapter also discusses remediation options and future research directions.
... The MP composition of wines affected by H. axyridis differs from that of endogenously sourced MPs. While IBMP is the predominant MP in grapes [75,79], H. axyridis-affected wines have higher concentrations of IPMP than IBMP [80][81][82]. Indeed, a ratio of IPMP to IBMB greater than one has been proposed as a 'diagnostic' for determining that the greenness in a wine is due to H. axyridis rather than grape-derived MPs [75]. Additionally, while SBMP and possibly other MPs from H. axyridis haemolymph may contribute to it, IPMP is the dominant 'green' odorant in these wines [83]. ...
Alkyl-methoxypyrazines are an important class of odor-active molecules that contribute green, ‘unripe’ characters to wine and are considered undesirable in most wine styles. They are naturally occurring grape metabolites in many cultivars, but can also be derived from some Coccinel-lidae species when these ‘ladybugs’ are inadvertently introduced into the must during harvesting operations. The projected impacts of climate change are discussed, and we conclude that these include an altered alkyl-methoxypyrazine composition in grapes and wines in many wine regions. Thus, a careful consideration of how to manage them in both the vineyard and winery is important and timely. This review brings together the relevant literatures on viticultural and oenological inter-ventions aimed at mitigating alkyl-methoxypyrazine loads, and makes recommendations on their management with an aim to maintaining wine quality under a changing and challenging climate.
... Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. ...
... Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. Interestingly, dead beetles are also capable of producing LBT, as demonstrated by the addition of MALBs to red must at various stages postmortem, and subsequent sensory analysis of the wines [7]. ...
... One particular group of compounds-alkyl-methoxypyrazines (MPs)-have been closely scrutinized for their role in LBT ( Figure 2). Cai et al. [11] used multidimensional gas chromatography- Similar sensory profiles were subsequently reported by Pickering et al. [8,9] and Ross and Weller [10] in other wines produced in the presence of MALBs. The taint appears to be stable over time; affected wines were described similarly at bottling, and again after 10 months of aging [9]. ...
Ladybug taint (also known as ladybird taint) is a relatively recently recognized fault that has been identified in wines from a wide range of terroirs. Alkyl-methoxypyrazines—particularly 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine—have been determined as the causal compounds, and these are introduced into grape must during processing, when specific species of vineyard-dwelling Coccinellidae are incorporated into the harvested fruit. Coccinella septempunctata, and especially the invasive Harmonia axyridis, are the beetles implicated, and climate change is facilitating wider dispersal and survivability of H. axyridis in viticultural regions worldwide. Affected wines are typically characterized as possessing excessively green, bell pepper-, and peanut-like aroma and flavor. In this paper, we review a range of vineyard practices that seek to reduce Coccinellidae densities, as well as both “standard” and novel wine treatments aimed at reducing alkyl-methoxypyrazine load. We conclude that while prevention of ladybug taint is preferable, there are several winery interventions that can remediate the quality of wine affected by this taint, although they vary in their relative efficacy and specificity.
... "Ladybug taint" (LBT) is a wine defect resulting from the undesired incorporation of lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)-particularly the multicolored Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis)-into the fermentation process. This is responsible for high economic damage caused by downgraded or discarded wines in the USA [49,50]. ...
The literature about musty and moldy taint—the so-called cork taint—in wines is varied because there are many different molecules involved in this wine defect. Chloroanisoles are the most relevant compound responsible for cork taint and of these, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) is the most common, but 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole (TeCA) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) can also be responsible of this defect. For other compounds involved in cork taint, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) are responsible for earthy off-flavor; pyrazines cause vegetable odors, and guaiacol results in smoked, phenolic and medicinal defects. Off-odors of mushroom in wines are caused by 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one coming from grapes contaminated by bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea). The sensory aspects of these molecules are illustrated in this review. Generally, the most important cause of this wine contamination is the natural cork of bottle stoppers, but this is not always true. Different origins of contamination include air pollution of the cellars, wood materials, barrels and chips. A review of the possible prevention or remedial treatments to cork taint is also presented. The best solution for this off-flavor is to prevent the wine contaminations.
... Much evidence has been obtained regarding the highly favorable effects of H. axyridis in crop protection, owing to its broad dietary range and its great capacity to suppress plant pests in several annual and perennial agroecosystems (Riddick 2017). However, there are major concerns regarding its multiple side effects, and it has been regarded as an alien invasive organism (Koch 2003;Koch et al. 2004;Pickering et al. 2005;Albright et al. 2006;Roy and Wajnberg 2008;Mirande et al. 2015;Roy et al. 2016). The commercial production of H. axyridis for biocontrol applications has thus been suspended in Europe (van Lenteren 2012). ...
Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive generalist predator, which has been used as a biological model to investigate several research questions and is also an effective biocontrol agent against agricultural pests. Its laboratory colonies are often maintained on natural prey that are costly, and thus alternative dietary regimens are required. We studied the influence of four different food regimens on the developmental and reproductive life history traits of H. axyridis, including body size and the population demographic parameters. The tested diet regimes were: Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs, a commercial mix of E. kuehniella and Artemia sp. (Anostraca: Artemiidae) cysts, a liver-based artificial diet, and the natural prey, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The food regimes affected the investigated life parameters of H. axyridis in various ways. Larvae developed successfully and in the shortest time on moth eggs, but for H. axyridis reared on the artificial diet development was not successful. The mixture of moth eggs and brine shrimp cysts supported the rearing of H. axyridis however our findings suggest its use only when no other suitable feedstuff is available. The life table approach used in this study could improve the standardized comparison among diet regimes, thus optimizing the rearing protocols of the species.
... However, H. axyridis is an invasive species in areas of North America, Canada, South America, Europe, Africa and New Zealand as a result of intentional releases as a biocontrol agent and unintentional expansion (Koch et al. 2006;Brown et al. 2008;Poutsma et al. 2008;Roy et al. 2016). It is considered a human nuisance because it aggregates in buildings for overwintering (Kovach 2004), causes great damage to fruit crops especially grapes (Pickering et al. 2005), and has strong negative effects on biodiversity due to its predatory and competitive abilities (Majerus et al. 2006;Koch and Galvan 2008). Hence, H. axyridis populations need to be controlled in the above invasive areas . ...
The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey (aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component (nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram (EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL ⁻¹ . In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL ⁻¹ nonanal source over a 100 mg mL ⁻¹ diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations (10 and 100 mg mL ⁻¹ ), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area (e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.
... Thus, due to its predatory and competitive abilities, H. axyridis may have a strong negative effect on biodiversity, affecting not only non-target species including native lady beetles and other aphidophagous insects but also non-pest aphids or other herbivorous insects (Majerus et al. 2006;Koch and Galvan 2007). Moreover, there are reports that H. axyridis damages fruit in late summer, mainly grapes in post-harvest condition (Koch et al. 2004;Kovach 2004;Pickering et al. 2005). Routes of invasion in several continents were traced using microsatellite genetic data (Lombaert et al. 2014). ...
The Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is one of the most invasive insects worldwide. It has been introduced into several continents for classical biological control and by accident. The current study is the first report of this species from Iran (new country record). All developmental stages and adults of two morphs, succinea and spectabilis, were collected from fruit trees and ornamental gardens in the city of Rasht in the northern Iranian province Guilan in 2016. We collected 249 adults of the color morph succinea and 31 individuals (11%) of the melanic color morph spectabilis. Only 36% of individuals were males. Larvae and pupae were found from April to September, adults from April to October.
... 26 The pyrazine, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, produced by the multicolored Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) contributes to off-flavors in wine. 27 It has also been reported as a semiochemical-inducing oviposition in the peach tree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). 28 The hydrocarbon tridecane, a volatile associated with the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stal) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), acts as a kairomone for the predaceous minute . ...
The root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, is a serious pest of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea) in sub-Saharan Africa. In East Africa these two crops are economically important and are commonly intercropped by smallholder farmers. The role of host plant volatiles in M. incognita interactions with these two commodities is currently unknown. Here, we investigate the olfactory basis of attraction of tomato and spinach roots by the infective second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. incognita. In olfactometer assays, J2s were attracted to root volatiles from both crops over moist sand (control), but in choice tests using the two host plants, volatiles of tomato roots were more attractive than those released by spinach. Root volatiles sampled by solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) fiber and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) identified a total of eight components, of which five (2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-(methoxy)-3-(1-methylpropyl)pyrazine, tridecane, and α- and β-cedrene) occurred in the root-emitted volatiles of both plants, with three (δ-3-carene, sabinene and methyl salicylate) being specific to tomato root volatiles. In a series of bioassays, methyl salicylate contributed strongly to the attractiveness of tomato, whereas 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine and tridecane contributed to the attractiveness of spinach. M. incognita J2s were also more attracted to natural spinach root volatiles when methyl salicylate was combined, than to spinach volatiles alone, indicating that the presence of methyl salicylate in tomato volatiles strongly contributes to its preference over spinach. Our results indicate that since both tomato and spinach roots are attractive to M. incognita, identifying cultivars of these two plant species that are chemically less attractive can be helpful in the management of root knot nematodes.
... Three grape-derived MPs have been uncovered in recent decades-3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), 3-isopropyl-2methoxypyrazine (IPMP) and 3-sec-butyl-2-methoxypyrazine (SBMP) [1]-that are mainly located in grape stems, followed by skins and seeds [2]. Another source of MPs in wines originates from the contamination of grapes by Coccinellidae beetles, leading to a wine fault known as 'ladybug taint' (LBT) [3,4]. More recently, 2,5-dimethyl-3-methoxypyrazine (DMMP) was identified as another MP compound released by Coccinellidae that contributes to LBT odour [5]. ...
3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP), the most prevalent grape-derived methoxypyrazine, can contribute green bell pepper, vegetative and herbaceous aromas and flavours to wines. At elevated concentrations, this potent odorant may mask desirable fruity and floral aromas in wine and may be considered as a fault. A new remediation method for wines with elevated IBMP levels has been trialled using magnetic polymers, prepared in the same way as ordinary polymers but with the incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic substrates. Characterisation by Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed no difference between thermally synthesised and microwave synthesised polymers. Magnetic polymers were found to have removed over 40% of the IBMP present in spiked model wine and white wine within ten minutes. The addition of magnetic nanoparticles and microwave-induced polymerisation did not affect the adsorption properties of the polymer in model wine and the polymer could be regenerated at least five times. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were found to fit the data for both types of polymer. However, attempts to produce imprinted polymers were not achieved, as they were found not to be differentiated from non-imprinted counterparts via adsorption tests.
