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Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) of chickens is manifested in decreased body weight gains, poor feed conversion and weight diversity. Although TVP etiology has not been defined, a Birnaviridae family member, named chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) is considered as a potential factor of a disease. This study was undertaken in or...
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Citations
... Non-infectious causes include mycotoxins (4), biogenic amines (5), and high-level dietary copper (6). The infectious agents that have been implicated include clostridium infection (7), chicken proventricular necrosis virus infection (8), and infectious bursal disease virus infection (9). The diagnosis of this disease relies solely on clinical manifestations and postmortem examination to observe the pathological changes in the glandular stomach and muscular stomach. ...
The objective of this study is to review different methods to screen for the optimal model for preventing and treating chicken glandular and muscular gastritis syndrome. Twenty-four 40-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were randomly allocated into four groups (N = 6): polyethylene glycol + ammonium chloride group (M1 group), acetic acid + rhubarb group (M2 group), polyethylene glycol + rhubarb group (M3 group), and control group. The control group had free access to water, while the remaining groups received different doses of molding reagents added to their drinking water. The animal models were assessed based on clinical manifestations, histopathology findings, serological analysis, and composition of intestinal microbiota to establish an optimal approach for constructing an avian model of glandular and muscular gastritis. The SPF chickens in each model group exhibited typical symptoms of glandular and muscular gastritis, poor spirit, yellow loose stools with undigested feed, and enlargement and ulceration of the glandular and muscular stomach. Among these groups, the M3 group had the highest incidence rate of 100%. Compared to the control group, the body weight and body temperature of the chicken in the three model groups were reduced, and the glandular and muscular stomachs and duodenum showed different degrees of bleeding, mucosal abscission, and other pathological injuries. Additionally, the levels of serum IL-2 and α-amylase activity decreased while the content of IL-4 increased. After conducting 16s rDNA sequencing, it was observed that the abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 was significantly increased in the model group compared to the control group. Conversely, there was a notable decrease in the levels of Megamonas and Lactobacillus, which are speculated to be associated with arachidonic acid metabolism, the NF-κB signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathways. The combination of polyethylene glycol and rhubarb emerged as the most effective method for establishing the glandular and muscular gastritis model in SPF chickens. This constructed chicken model displayed distinct signs of damage to the glandular and muscular stomach, inflammatory response, and disturbance in the intestinal flora, thereby providing a foundation for future research on the prevention and treatment of this syndrome.
... Consequently, the R11/3 strain virus was identified as Birnavirus, and named CPNV [6,7]. Since then, CPNV was reported in the USA, Spain, France, UK, Poland and Brazil [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Studies on TVP etiopathology also imply the other viruses involvement, including infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV) of the Birnaviridae family, infectious bronchitis viruses (IB) of the Coronaviridae family, reoviruses (REO), picornaviruses, fowl adenoviruses (FAdV), adeno-like viruses, Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1, also known as Gyrovirus 3, GyV3), Cyclovirus (CyCV) of the Anelloviridae [14,15] and chicken Circovirus (CCV) of the Circoviridae [16]. ...
Background
Transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) causes significant economic loss to the poultry industry. However, the exact causative agents are obscure. Here we examine the virome of proventriculus from specified pathogen free (SPF) chickens that reproduced by infection of proventricular homogenate from broiler chicken with TVP using long read sequencing of the Pacific Biosciences RSII platform. The normal SPF chickens were used as control.
Results
Our investigation reveals a virome of proventriculitis, including three Gyrovirus genera of the Aneloviridae : Gyrovirus homsa1 (GyH1) (also known as Gyrovirus 3, GyV3) (n = 2662), chicken anemia virus (CAV) ( n = 482) and Gyrovirus galga1 (GyG1) (also known as avian Gyrovirus 2, AGV2) ( n = 11); a plethora of novel CRESS viral genomes ( n = 26) and a novel genomovirus. The 27 novel viruses were divided into three clusters. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GyH1 strain was more closely related to the strains from chicken (MG366592) than mammalian (human and cat), the GyG1 strain was closely related to the strains from cat in China (MK089245) and from chicken in Brazil (HM590588), and the CAV strain was more closely related to the strains from Germany (AJ297684) and United Kingdom (U66304) than that previously found in China.
Conclusion
In this study, we revealed that Gyrovirus virome showed high abundance in chickens with TVP, suggesting their potential role in TVP, especially GyH1. This study is expected to contribute to the knowledge of the etiology of TVP.
... It was defined as chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV), and at the same time an RT-PCR method was developed to enable its detection (Guy et al. 2011b). The relationship between CPNV and TVP has been tentatively confirmed also in chicken broilers in the UK, Brazil and Poland (Grau-Roma et al. 2016, Grau-Roma et al. 2020, Śmiałek et al. 2020, Leäo et al. 2021. So far, however, this relationship has been addressed in few scientific experiments, mostly due to the difficulty of CPNV propagation under laboratory conditions and the territorially limited nature of the disease. ...
Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis (TVP) is a disease of chickens which contributes to significant production losses. Recent reports indicate the role of chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV) in the development of TVP. However, the relationship between CPNV and TVP is inconclusive and it has been addressed in just a few reports. Given the above, a study was conducted to identify the relationship between TVP and CPNV prevalence in broiler chickens in Poland. The study was carried out on 35 proventriculi samples sent for histopathological (HP) examination to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Olsztyn between 2017 and 2019. After HP examination, TVP positive samples were processed for CPNV identification by RT-PCR. TVP was the most common pathological condition of proventriculi (23 cases). CPNV was identified in 10 out of those 23 cases. The average HP score, and the average necrosis and infiltration score for CPNV-positive samples was significantly higher than in CPNV-negative ones. The average age of the CPNV-positive chickens was significantly lower than in CPNV-negative birds. Our study confirms the role of CPNV in TVP pathogenesis and it seems that preservation of the proventriculi in the early stages of the disease, when the lesions are more pronounced, should result in a greater probability of CPNV detection.
