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... P<0.001)) at all of Kendall's 16 sites (UK and Figure 3. Mean winter (January-March) SST for (A) the western English Channel (50-51°N 4-5°W) and (B) the Irish Sea (52-53°N 4-5°W). Met Office -GISST/MOHMATN4/MOHSST6 -SST Figure 4). A simple comparison of two years separated by nearly two decades may show changes due to short-term and not long-term variation. ...
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... While the probability of LA snails encountering NC snails in the field is low, rafted plant material can transport and disperse fauna great distances (Thiel & Fraser, 2016), tens to hundreds of kilometers (Dame, 1982;Thiel & Gutow, 2005;Thiel & Fraser, 2016). Further, climate change related distribution shifts ( Barry et al., 1995;Zacherl, Gaines & Lonhart, 2003;Mieszkowska et al., 2007;Poloczanska et al., 2013) might lead populations of snails with different predator responses to interact with each other. Thus, it is increasingly likely that distinct populations with different predator responses can come into contact with each other. ...
The salt marsh periwinkle, Littorina irrorata , exhibits a spatial refuge from predation by climbing the stems of Spartina alterniflora in order to avoid benthic predators. Salt marsh periwinkles have a broad geographic distribution, and for many species, responses to predators also varies with biogeography. This study sought to determine if the geographical location of the home marsh influenced the response of periwinkles (climbing height) to blue crab predator cues both via air and water. Snails from Louisiana (LA) climbed higher in general than those from North Carolina (NC), regardless of chemical cue. However, LA snails climbed 11 cm higher in the presence of waterborne predators than control snails with no cue, while NC snails only climbed five cm higher in the same comparisons. Airborne chemical cue tended to have snails climbing at intermediate heights. These responses were significantly enhanced when both populations of snails were housed together. Periwinkle response to predator cues was stronger in LA than NC, and so it is possible that the behavioral response of these snails to predators varies with biogeography of the home marsh. Also interestingly, the results of this study also suggest that cue delivery is probably occurring via mechanisms other than water, and potentially via airborne cues. Therefore, salt marsh periwinkles likely respond to numerous cues that initiate behavioral responses, including airborne cues, and these responses may vary by home-marsh geography.
... Species of the genus Phorcus like other intertidal organisms are considered good indicators of the efects of climate change in marine ecosystems. For instance, P. lineatus has been identiied as an indicator species for monitoring climate changes around the coasts of Western Europe [104] due to its extensive biogeographic distribution, ranging from North Wales and Ireland to Morocco [5,14]. Crothers in 1994 [33] showed evidences that this species has extended its geographical distribution range in the Bristol Channel eastwards along the Somerset coast for atleast 20 km in the past 50 years and suggests that it may be still advancing. ...
... These changes in oceanographic conditions could result in shifts in the distribution and abun- dance of P. sauciatus along its northern boundary; such paterns have already been reported for other gastropods in this area [114] and other Phorcus species at northern latitudes [104,105]. ...
... We present observations and measurements on the trochid Phorcus lineatus (da Costa, 1778) (recent synonyms Monodonta lineata and Osilinus lineatus) that confirm and characterize opercular rotation and explore how it can be used as a measure of growth in gastropods with multispiral opercula. Phorcus lineatus is a common rocky-shore species, with a biogeographic distribution extending from North Wales in the United Kingdom to Morocco (Crothers, 2001;Donald et al., 2012) and has been identified as a possible indicator species for monitoring climate change around the coasts of Western Europe (Mieszkowska et al., 2006(Mieszkowska et al., , 2007. It is a relatively small gastropod, ranging in basal diameter from a few millimetres for first-year juveniles up to c. 30 mm in adults. ...
The first real-Time evidence of the rotation of the operculum of the trochid gastropod Phorcus lineatus has been obtained by marking the operculum of live individuals and recording the angular orientation of the operculum in relation to the apertural tooth using time-lapse microscopy. Short-Term monitoring of the rotation of opercula of juvenile P. lineatus in a temperature-controlled tidal aquarium at temperatures of 15 and 19 °C gave mean rates (clockwise) of 5.6 and 7.2°/d (0.097 and 0.126 rad/d), respectively, representing a 30% increase for a 4 °C rise in temperature and a complete turn in 1.72.0 months. A daily phase difference of 6 h in the tidal cycle had no effect on rates. Measured rates of opercular rotation were converted to more conventional growth rates, based on weight and physical dimensions, by using biometric data from the study population. In the case of weight, close agreement between theory and direct measurement was demonstrated. Quasi-regular series of imprints of the opercular disc and peripheral striae visible on some opercula are interpreted as evidence of a discontinuous mode of growth, the features acting like the 'ticks of a clock'. The ratio of the angular separation of these features to rates of opercular rotation is in close accord with a semidiurnal rhythm. The rate of opercular rotation is recommended as a growth parameter in its own right, measurement of which is useful (especially over short periods), for elucidating in fine detail the effects of environmental factors on growth in aquaria and mesocosms and, with more difficulty, on the shore.
... Using a standardised sampling effort – a 30-min or so potter around the seashore – enabled estimates of the abundance of a limited standardised set of species. This approach is ideal for broadscale mapping of species distributions and has been retained in sustained observation programmes including the UK MarClim Project (Simkanin et al. 2005;Mieszkowska et al. 2007). Analyses of these and other long-term time-series have increased our ability to generate hypotheses regarding the future status of intertidal macroalgae in warmer, more acidic oceans (Brodie et al. 2014). ...
Temperate reefs are superb tractable systems for testing hypotheses in ecology and evolutionary biology.
Accordingly there is a rich history of research stretching back over 100 years, which has made major contributions to general ecological and evolutionary theory as well as providing better understanding of how littoral systems work by linking pattern with process. A brief resume´ of the history of temperate reef ecology is provided to celebrate this rich heritage. As a community, temperate reef ecologists generally do well designed experiments and test well formulated hypotheses. Increasingly large datasets are being collected, collated and subjected to complex meta-analyses and used for modelling. These datasets do not happen spontaneously – the burgeoning subject of macroecology is possible only because of the efforts of dedicated natural historians whether it be observing birds, butterflies, or barnacles. High-quality natural history and old-fashioned field craft enable surveys or experiments to be stratified (i.e. replicates are replicates and not a random bit of rock) and lead to the generation of more insightful hypotheses. Modern molecular approaches have led to the discovery of cryptic species and provided phylogeographical insights, but natural history is still required to identify species
in the field. We advocate a blend of modern approaches with old school skills and a fondness for temperate reefs in all their splendour.
... The two studies focused on the responses of the intertidal organisms which were used by the present study to indirectly describe the role of the changing climate on shoreline organisms. Lima et al. (2007aLima et al. ( , 2007b found shifts in northern and southern species of algae and modeled the past and present geographical distribution of the marine gastropod in a case of knowing environmental change response, likewise, Mieszkowska et al. (2006Mieszkowska et al. ( , 2007 evaluated changes in the range of rocky shore species in Britain because of climate change and its long-term changes in the geographical distribution of some species. These studies were used by the present study to refer to the microhabitat adaptations and distributions of marine gastropods and to infer how organisms decline because of regime shifts. ...
This study conducted a gastropod biodiversity assessment in Catanduanes, an island located within or near the southernmost portion of the Kuroshio Current. The field observation used Stratified Random Sampling (with the Belt Transect Method) to describe the population and abundance of gastropods in the tidal areas, including a comparative analysis between 2013 and 2003. Results revealed a decline in species richness and population abundance after ten years. Further studies may be considered to elucidate the drivers of the change in gastropod biodiversity, including similar studies in other areas in the Kuroshio Region.
... For instance, the red mullet recently returned to the southern North Sea, and its abundance has markedly increased over the last decade (Beare et al., 2005). Similarly, following local extinction after an extreme cold winter an intertidal barnacle has not only recolonized its former English Channel range with warming, but also extended further north by 55 km displaying synchronous increases in abundance (Mieszkowska et al., 2007). With ongoing warming, range extending populations remain demographically stable and achieve the final stage of extension, persistence (Stage 3, Fig. 1). ...
... Most temperate intertidal invertebrates and macroalgae demonstrate either a latitudinal gradient or abundant-centre distributional trend, and have clear northern and southern range limits which often fall close to major marine biogeographic boundaries (Crisp and Southward, 1958;Van den Hoeck, 1982: Breeman, 1988Brown, 1984;Gilman, 2006;Mieszkowska et al., 2006;2007;Hawkins et al. 2008, 2009, Jones et al., 2009Mead, 2010). Ranges of species along a north-south aligned continental coastline may be of different magnitudes, and are located across different latitudinal extents due to their evolutionary origins and thermal histories (Van den Hoeck, 1982;Helmuth, 2002;Clarke and Fraser, 2004;Mieszkowska et al., 2006), but there is usually some overlap between species and clear structure related to suitability of localised environmental conditions along the range (Connolly and Roughgarden, 1998;Bustamante and Branch, 1996;Mieszkowska et al., 2007;Nakaoka et al., 2006;Blanchette et al., 2008). ...
... Climatic warming has been observed in marine environments across the North Atlantic, and appears to be of a greater magnitude and duration than any periods in recent history ( Fig. 3.3) (IPCC, 2001(IPCC, , 2007Southward, 1963;Southward and Boalch, 1994;Southward et al., 1988). Marine ecosystems are already responding to these changes in sea temperature, through polewards shifts in biogeographic ranges (Beaugrand et al., 2002;Berge et al., 2005;Griffiths, 2003;Hellberg et al., 2001;Mieszkowska et al., 2006Mieszkowska et al., , 2007Zacherl et al., 2003), phenological changes (Genner et al., 2009a;Sims et al., 2001Sims et al., , 2004, and through alterations in the relative abundance of ectothermic species and the structuring of the communities they comprise (Barry et al., 1995;Berge et al., 2005;Genner et al., 2004Genner et al., , 2009bHellberg et al., 2001;Mieszkowska et al., 2006;Sagarin et al., 1999;Southward, 1995;Southward et al., 1988). Furthermore, there is burgeoning evidence for climate-driven effects on marine fishes (Graham and Harrod, 2009). ...
... Firstly, proximate ecological responses that depend upon relationships between physical factors and organismal-level processes, population dynamics and community structure (Harley et al., 2006). Secondly, direct impacts on individual performance during various life stages through changes in physiology, morphology and behaviour (Mieszkowska et al., 2006(Mieszkowska et al., , 2007. These impacts lead to population-level responses, which can be additionally affected by climate-driven changes in hydrographic processes that affect dispersal of the pelagic larval life stages and recruitment. ...
During the course of the last century, populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. have undergone dramatic declines in abundance across their biogeographic range, leading to debate about the relative roles of climatic warming and overfishing in driving these changes. In this chapter, we describe the geographic distributions of this important predator of North Atlantic ecosystems and document extensive evidence for limitations of spatial movement and local adaptation from population genetic markers and electronic tagging. Taken together, this evidence demonstrates that knowledge of spatial population ecology is critical for evaluating the effects of climate change and commercial harvesting. To explore the possible effects of climate change on cod, we first describe thermal influences on individual physiology, growth, activity and maturation. We then evaluate evidence that temperature has influenced population-level processes including direct effects on recruitment through enhanced growth and activity, and indirect effects through changes to larval food resources. Although thermal regimes clearly define the biogeographic range of the species, and strongly influence many aspects of cod biology, the evidence that population declines across the North Atlantic are strongly linked to fishing activity is now overwhelming. Although there is considerable concern about low spawning stock biomasses, high levels of fishing activity continues in many areas. Even with reduced fishing effort, the potential for recovery from low abundance may be compromised by unfavourable climate and Allee effects. Current stock assessment and management approaches are reviewed, alongside newly advocated methods for monitoring stock status and recovery. However, it remains uncertain whether the rebuilding of cod to historic population sizes and demographic structures will be possible in a warmer North Atlantic.
... Climatic warming has been observed in marine environments across the North Atlantic, and appears to be of a greater magnitude and duration than any periods in recent history ( Fig. 3.3) (IPCC, 2001(IPCC, , 2007Southward, 1963;Southward and Boalch, 1994;Southward et al., 1988). Marine ecosystems are already responding to these changes in sea temperature, through polewards shifts in biogeographic ranges (Beaugrand et al., 2002;Berge et al., 2005;Griffiths, 2003;Hellberg et al., 2001;Mieszkowska et al., 2006Mieszkowska et al., , 2007Zacherl et al., 2003), phenological changes (Genner et al., 2009a;Sims et al., 2001Sims et al., , 2004, and through alterations in the relative abundance of ectothermic species and the structuring of the communities they comprise (Barry et al., 1995;Berge et al., 2005;Genner et al., 2004Genner et al., , 2009bHellberg et al., 2001;Mieszkowska et al., 2006;Sagarin et al., 1999;Southward, 1995;Southward et al., 1988). Furthermore, there is burgeoning evidence for climate-driven effects on marine fishes (Graham and Harrod, 2009). ...
... Firstly, proximate ecological responses that depend upon relationships between physical factors and organismal-level processes, population dynamics and community structure (Harley et al., 2006). Secondly, direct impacts on individual performance during various life stages through changes in physiology, morphology and behaviour (Mieszkowska et al., 2006(Mieszkowska et al., , 2007. These impacts lead to population-level responses, which can be additionally affected by climate-driven changes in hydrographic processes that affect dispersal of the pelagic larval life stages and recruitment. ...
During the course of the last century, populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. have undergone dramatic declines in abundance across their biogeographic range, leading to debate about the relative roles of climatic warming and overfishing in driving these changes. In this chapter, we describe the geographic distributions of this important predator of North Atlantic ecosystems and document extensive evidence for limitations of spatial movement and local adaptation from population genetic markers and electronic tagging. Taken together, this evidence demonstrates that knowledge of spatial population ecology is critical for evaluating the effects of climate change and commercial harvesting. To explore the possible effects of climate change on cod, we first describe thermal influences on individual physiology, growth, activity and maturation. We then evaluate evidence that temperature has influenced population-level processes including direct effects on recruitment through enhanced growth and activity, and indirect effects through changes to larval food resources. Although thermal regimes clearly define the biogeographic range of the species, and strongly influence many aspects of cod biology, the evidence that population declines across the North Atlantic are strongly linked to fishing activity is now overwhelming. Although there is considerable concern about low spawning stock biomasses, high levels of fishing activity continues in many areas. Even with reduced fishing effort, the potential for recovery from low abundance may be compromised by unfavourable climate and Allee effects. Current stock assessment and management approaches are reviewed, alongside newly advocated methods for monitoring stock status and recovery. However, it remains uncertain whether the rebuilding of cod to historic population sizes and demographic structures will be possible in a warmer North Atlantic.
Biodiversity is one of the important tools to consider the richness of natural resources. Unfortunately
many of the world’ s mega diverse areas are experiencing biodiversity loss due to natural and
anthropogenic influences. The Kuroshio Region has not escaped from this global phenomenon.
Catanduanes Island, which is located at the forefront of Kuroshio Current faces species decline for
the past years due to overexploitation accompanied by limited initiatives and directive guidelines.
Many species are already threatened in this island from smaller siganid fish to large fishes and birds.
The case of marine gastropod for example is biodiversity declining from the last 10 years. Although
some gastropod studies in the past have shown a high species richness, a decline is noted in 2013
gastropod diversity at H’= 2.969, a 0.453 lower than 2003 study at H’= 3.422 while it is becoming
uneven at J’= 0.88 compared from 2003 study at J’= 0.93. Conservation efforts have started in the
island which includes establishments of marine protected areas and forests management plan. More
wildlife protection program may be established in the island and rehabilitations of the degraded areas
may be closely monitored. Fishing ordinance and regulations in over collection/overfishing is
likewise recommended.
