Table 2 - uploaded by Timothy M. Evans
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Recent cladistic analyses by Evans of morphological and molecular (rbcL sequence) data in the plant family Commelinaceae revealed substantial incongruence between the two data sets. While the rbcL-based phylogeny closely resembled the current taxonomy for the family, the morphological data set produced discordant topologies. The goals of this study...
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... gain a clearer understanding of what types of characters pro- vide the most reliable phylogenetic information in Commel- inaceae, the consistency index (CI) of each morphological character was determined as mapped onto the morphology-and the rbcL-based trees. Additionally, the characters were grouped into six different classes ( Table 2). The mean CI values for the six classes of characters were compared using the Bonferroni test of pairwise mean comparison with the Systat 5.2 computer statisti- cal software package. ...
Context 2
... the mean CI for anatomical characters was lower than for the other types of characters, the Bonferroni test of pairwise mean comparisons found no statistical difference among any of the cat- egories (Fig. 4). When the characters were mapped onto the rbcL-based phylogeny, however, the anatomical characters per- formed significantly better than did the other characters ( Fig. 5; Table 2). While the other five categories of morphological char- acters yielded CI values of 0.26-0.47, ...
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Citations
... Furthermore, all the phylogenetic studies so far, give little to no attention to morphological data. This is probably due to morphological characters being considered to be highly homoplastic in Commelinaceae, which would render them inadequate for phylogenetic inferences (Evans and Faden 1998). Nonetheless, these are the same morphological characters which were the foundation of the infrafamiliar system for Commelinaceae proposed by Faden and Hunt (1991), and which has been greatly supported by several molecular phylogenies Wade et al. 2006;Burns et al. 2011;Zuiderveen et al. 2011;Hertweck and Pires 2014). ...
... I carried out a phylogenetic analysis of Tradescantia, based on newly gathered macromorphological evidence, combined with the micromorphological, cytological and phytochemical data available in the literature. My goals were to: (1) test the monophyly of Tradescantia and its relation to Gibasis and Elasis; (2) test the current infrageneric classification for the genus; (3) provide insights into the adaptive radiation and geographical diversification of Tradescantia; and (4) test the hypothesis by Evans and Faden (1998), regarding the relevance of morphological data on phylogenetic analyses in Commelinaceae. Furthermore, I also explored the importance of underutilized characters to understand the phenotypic variation and morphological evolution of seed plants, using Tradescantia as a model group. ...
... This study is also the first morphologically based phylogeny for Tradescantia, and the first in the family to include macromorphological, anatomical, palynological, cytological, and phytochemical characters. A high degree of homoplasy is observable in the present dataset, based on the CI, RI, and RC indexes, being congruent with the sce-nario expected for Commelinaceae (Evans and Faden 1998;Evans et al. 2000). Nonetheless, contrary to results for the whole family of Evans and Faden (1998) and Evans et al. (2003) in which their morphologically derived topology was highly incongruent with the molecular dataset (Evans and Faden 1998;Evans et al. 2003), the herein presented relationships inside Tradescantia, are congruent with the ones previously recovered for the genus, based on molecular data (Burns et al. 2011;Hertweck and Pires 2014;Figs 4A,B, 5). ...
Throughout the years, three infrageneric classifications were proposed for Tradescantia along with several informal groups and species complexes. The current infrageneric classification accepts 12 sections-with T. sect. Tradescantia being further divided into four series-and assimilates many concepts adopted by previous authors. Recent molecular-based phylogenetic studies indicate that the currently accepted sections might not represent monophyletic groups within Tradescantia. Based on newly gathered morphological data on the group, complemented with available micromorphological, cytological and phytochemical data, I present the first morphology-based evolutionary hypothesis for Tradescantia. Furthermore, I reduce subtribe Thyrsantheminae to a synonym of subtribe Tradescantiinae, and propose a new infrageneric classification for Tradescantia, based on the total evidence of the present morphological phylogeny, in accordance to the previously published molecular data.
... First, petals in Commelinaceae are short-lived and deliquescent; herbarium specimens rarely preserve floral characteristics relevant to some classification attempts ( Fig. 1; Woodson 1942). Second, morphological characters in Commelinaceae are homoplasious (Evans et al. 2000a); both circumscription of the Tradescantia alliance and relationships among genera using a cladistic analysis of morphology were incongruent with previous classification schemes (Evans et al. 2000b). Collection of anatomical data confirmed the presence of convergent evolution for some diagnostic traits (Tomlinson 1966). ...
Abstract— The Tradescantia alliance (subtribes Tradescantiinae and Thyrsantheminae of tribe Tradescantieae, family Commelinaceae) comprises a group of closely related New World genera exhibiting considerable variation in morphological, life history, and genomic traits. Despite ecological and cytogenetic significance of the Tradescantia alliance, phylogenetic relationships among genera and species remain uncertain. In particular, variation in inflorescence morphology has confounded classification and taxonomy. We inferred phylogenetic relationships using two plastid loci (rpL16, trnL-trnF) for 85 taxa in Commelinaceae, with sampling focused in the Tradescantia alliance. Constraint tests supported only subtribe Tradescantiinae, Tripogandra and Tinantia as monophyletic, with Tripogandra nested within Callisia. We estimated ancestral states for both breeding system and inflorescence condensation and tested for a correlation. Inflorescence morphology, an important character for generic identification, is more labile than previously expected, with condensed inflorescences evolving twice with three subsequent reversals. Breeding system evolution is more complex, with many more switches between self compatibility and self incompatibility and more uncertainty in ancestral state estimates. The presence of self compatible and incompatible species allowed us to test the hypothesis that self compatible species will have condensed inflorescences, as less allocation to floral display is necessary. While we did not find a correlation between self compatibility and inflorescence condensation, we propose additional floral and inflorescence characteristics that may have contributed to variation in breeding system.
... It is well known that morphological characters are often prone to convergence and other forms of homoplasy (Soltis and Soltis, 1995;Givnish and Sytsma, 1997;Patterson and Givnish, 2002). Convergence may be especially common in characters which serve important ecological functions and are therefore subject to considerable selective pressure (Crisp, 1995;Givnish and Sytsma, 1997;Evans et al., 2000;Patterson and Givnish, 2002). An example thereof is the parallel evolution of seed shape (see above). ...
Our study represents the first phylogenetic analyses of the genus Gagea Salisb. (Liliaceae), including 58 species of Gagea and 6 species of the closely related genus Lloydia Salisb. ex Rchb. Our molecular results support the infrageneric classification of the genus Gagea in sections according to Levichev and demonstrate that Pascher's subdivision of this genus into two subgenera can no longer be upheld. Certain Gagea sections (e.g., Gagea, Minimae, and Plecostigma) are well supported by cpDNA and nrDNA data. Gagea sect. Fistulosae is closely related to G. sect. Didymobolbos. Gagea sect. Graminifoliae and G. sect. Incrustatae are closely related to G. sect Platyspermum. The analyses support the monophyly of Gagea and Lloydia collectively. The molecular analyses reveal the basal position of G. graeca in proportion to all other species of Gagea and Lloydia investigated. Minor morphological differences could be established between both genera which support their close relationship.
... Additionally, flowers of Tigridia and related genera are strikingly similar to Calochortus (Liliaceae), an often co-occurring set of species that exhibits extensive parallelism in floral form, color, and pollination syndrome Givnish 2002, 2004). Such groups require careful evaluation of character conflict when analyzing data sets obtained from both morphology and molecules (Givnish and Sytsma 1997a, b;Givnish et al. 1999Givnish et al. , 2005Givnish et al. , 2006Evans et al. 2000). Conditional combinability (Sytsma 1990;Bullet a!. ...
... This discrepancy in relationships, as seen with morphology vs. molecules, suggests that parallelism in floral features may be an important evolutionary phenomenon in Tigridieae as it has been documented in co-occurring Calochortus (Patterson and Givnish 2002Givnish , 2004. A comparison of levels of homoplasy of certain morphological characters illustrates this phenomenon (see Evans et al. 2000 for similar study). Only two characters, rootstock (1) and pollen grains (37) are less homoplasious in the molecular trees relative to the morphological tree. ...
... Morphological characters are often prone to convergence and other forms of homoplasy (Kadereit 1994; Soltis and Soltis 1995; Givnish and Sytsma 1997a). Such homoplasy can distort phylogenetic inference, and convergence may be especially common in characters that serve important ecological functions (Crisp 1995; Givnish et al. 1995, 1999, 2000; Givnish and Sytsma 1997a; Kirsch and Lapointe 1997; Les et al. 1997; Cameron and Dickson 1998; Evans et al. 2000; Molvray et al. 2000). This problem may become acute if traits show concerted convergence, that is, if several different characters each undergo convergence in organisms native to similar habitats, in response to selective pressures imposed by the same shared set of ecological conditions (Givnish 1997; Givnish and Sytsma 1997a,b; Givnish and ...
Calochortus and the family Liliaceae s.s. have often been considered each other's closest relatives, based partly on their shared possession of bulbs, visually showy flowers, winged wind-dispersed seeds, and narrow parallel-veined leaves. We present a well-supported molecular phylogeny for these groups and their close relatives in the core Liliales, based on sequence variation in the chloroplast-encoded rbcL and ndhF genes. This analysis identifies Liliaceae s.s. as monophyletic. including one clade (((Lilium, Fritillaris, Nomocharis), Cardiocrinum), Notholirion) that appears to have diversified in the Himalayas roughly 12 million years ago and another ((Erythronium, Tulipa), (Gagea, Lloydia)) that arose in East Asia at about the same time. Medeola and Clintonia are sister to Liliaceae s.s. and bear rhizomes, inconspicuous flowers, fleshy animal-dispersed fruits, and broad reticulate-veined leaves. Calochortus is sister to Tricyrtis; both Tricyrtis and the neighboring clade of Prosartes-Streptopus-Scoliopus share several of the traits seen in Medeola-Clintonia. The core Liliales thus provide compelling examples of both concerted convergence and phylogenetic niche conservatism. Invasion of open, seasonal habitats was accompanied by the independent evolution of bulbs, showy flowers, wind-dispersed seeds, and narrow parallel-veined leaves in Calochortus and Liliaceae s.s. Conversely, persistence in shady habitats was accompanied by the retention of rhizomes, inconspicuous flowers, animal-dispersed seeds, and broad reticulate-veined leaves in their sister groups. We advance arguments for the context-specific adaptive value of each of these traits, as well as evidence of parallel trends in other groups. Concerted convergence--convergence in several different traits, favored by the same shared set of ecological conditions, in two or more lineages--is an important evolutionary process that can mislead evolutionary analyses based solely on phenotypic variation.
... Adaptation to densely shaded environments—in the form of broad, thin leaves—appears to have occurred at least twice, in Rapatea and Potarophytum. Phenotypic traits associated with pollination (number of scapes, number of bracts, showiness of bracts) are, as might be expected, highly sious. Evans et al. (1999) report similar results for Commelinaceae , in which aspects of floral and inflorescence structure show a high degree of homoplasy relative to their ndhF tree, while anatomical traits (perhaps better insulated from external selection) show a high degree of concordance. Giv nish et al. (1999) report qualitatively similar results for comme ...
Rapateaceae (16 genera, approximately 100 species) is largely restricted to the tepuis and sandplains of the Guayana Shield in northern South America, with Maschalocephalus endemic to West Africa. The family has undergone extensive radiation in flower form, leaf shape, habit, and habitat. To analyze the evolution of these distributions and traits, we derived a molecular phylogeny for representatives of 14 genera, based on sequence variation in the chloroplast-encoded ndhF gene. The lowland subfamily Rapateoideae is paraphyletic and includes the largely montane subfamily Saxofridericioideae as a monophyletic subset. Overall, the morphological/anatomical data differ significantly from ndhF sequences in phylogenetic structure, but show a high degree of concordance with the molecular tree in three of four tribes. Branch lengths are consistent with the operation of a molecular clock. Maschalocephalus diverges only slightly from other Monotremae: it is the product of relatively recent, long-distance dispersal, not continental drift--only its habitat atop rifted, nutrient-poor sandstones is vicariant. The family appears to have originated approximately 65 Mya in inundated lowlands of the Guayana Shield, followed by: (1) wide geographic spread of lowland taxa along riverine corridors; (2) colonization of Amazonian white-sand savannas in the western Shield; (3) invasion of tepui habitats with frequent speciation, evolution of narrow endemism, and origin of hummingbird pollination in the western Shield; and (4) reinvasion of lowland white-sand savannas. The apparent timing of speciation in the Stegolepis alliance about 6-12 Mya occurred long after the tepuis began to be dissected from each other as the Atlantic rifted approximately 90 Mya. Given the narrow distributions of most montane taxa, this suggests that infrequent long-distance dispersal combined with vicariance accounts for speciation atop tepuis in the Stegolepis alliance.
... Al- though this stomatal type is restricted to genera be- longing to the tribe Commelineae, it is not a syna- pomorphy for the zygomorphic group, as it is also found in Pollia, Anthericopsis, and Murdannia. This anatomical character is in agreement with a molec- ular phylogeny for Commelinaceae Evans et al. 2000), and the distribution of stomatal types here raises questions regarding the placement of Murdannia within Clade 1, and calls for a re- evaluation of the homology of the filament bearding between Murdannia and the other genera in that clade. ...
The plant family Commelinaceae displays a wide range of variation in vegetative, floral, and inflorescence morphology. This high degree of variation, particularly among characters operating under strong and similar selective pressures (i.e., flowers), has made the assessment of homology among morphological characters difficult, and has resulted in several discordant classification schemes for the family. Phylogenetic relationships among 40 of the 41 genera in the family were evaluated using cladistic analyses of morphological data. The resulting phylogeny shows some similarity to the most recent classification, but with some notable differences. Cartonema (subfamily Cartonematoideae) was placed basal to the rest of the family. Triceratella (subfamily Cartonematoideae), however, was placed among genera within tribe Tradescantieae of subfamily Commelinoideae. Likewise, the circumscriptions of tribes Commelineae and Tradescantieae were in disagreement with the most recent classification. The discordance between the phylogeny and the most recent classification is attributed to a high degree of convergence in various morphological characters, particularly those relating to the androecium and the inflorescence. Anatomical characters (i.e., stomatal structure), on the other hand, show promise for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the Commelinaceae, based upon their agreement with the most recent classification. Communicating Editor: Richard Jensen
The chloroplast-encoded gene rbcL was sequenced in 30 genera of Commelinaceae to evaluate intergeneric relationships within the family. The Australian Cartonema was consistently placed as sister to the rest of the family. The Commelineae is monophyletic, while the monophyly of Tradescantieae is in question, due to the position of Palisota as sister to all other Tradescantieae plus Commelineae. The phylogenly supports the most recent classification of the family with monophyletic tribes Tradescantieae (minus Palisota) and Commelineae, but is highly incongruent with a morphology-based phylogeny. This incongruence is attributed to convergent evolution of morphological characters associated with pollination strategies, especially those of the androecium and inflorescence. Analysis of the combined data sets produced a phylogeny similar to the rbcL phylogeny. The combined analysis differed from the molecular one, however, in supporting the monophyly of Dichorisandrinae The family appears to have arisen in the Old World, with one or possibly two movements to the New World in the Tradescantieae, and two (or possibly one) subsequent movements back to the Old World; the latter are required to account for the Old World distribution of Coleotrypinae Cyanotinae, which are nested within a New World clade.
Phylogenetic analyses of morphological characters and plastid DNA sequences of rbcL and trnL-F are presented separately and combined for nine of the 12 genera of Themidaceae and seven genera of related Asparagales. The results from the combined analysis are the most highly resolved and provide strong support for the monophyly of Themidaceae. Within Themidaceae, the Brodiaea complex of western North America is weakly supported and the Milla complex of Mexico is moderately supported as monophyledc. Within the Brodiaea complex, there are three strongly supported novel clades: (1) Brodiaea and Dichelostemma, (2) Triteleia and Bloomeria, and (3) Muilla and Androstephium. Thus, the previously recognised Brodiaea sensu lato (Brodiaea, Dichelostemma and Triteleia) defined by the presence of an extended perianth tube is polyphyletic.
The morphological transition of the first whorl of tepals into sepals occurs frequently during the diversification of angiosperms. Such transitions may play important roles in pollination modes. The B class genes, APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) in Arabidopsis thaliana and GLOBOSA (GLO) and DEFICIENS (DEF) in Antirrhinum majus, are required for the development of petals in the second whorl, and its homologs have been isolated and characterized from various plants. A recent study on tulip, a monocotyledonous plant, indicates that the morphology of petaloid tepals in the first and second whorls is consistent with the expansion of B class gene expression. Here, we report five B class genes, TRGLOA, TRGLOB, CCGLO, TRDEF and CCDEF, isolated and characterized from two commelinaceous plants, Tradescantia reflexa and Commelina communis, with distinct sepal and petal morphologies in monocots. Northern blot analysis and gene-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies using dissected floral organs reveal a lack or low level of DEF-like gene expression in these commelinaceous species in the first whorl, in contrast to previous results. The expression data suggest that DEF-like gene expression in Commelinaceae correlates with the production of petaloid organs in the first whorl.
