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![Maximum-parsimony tree showing the placement of strain MSr11462 T within the family Polyangiaceae within the suborder Sorangiineae, order Myxococcales. The tree was generated in ARB using DNAPARS v. 3.6 and 16S rRNA gene sequences including gene termini 60 to 1474 according to Brosius et al. [23]. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Values at branch points indicate bootstrap support as percentages based on 100 re-samplings. Only bootstrap values >70 % are shown. Filled circles mark branch points which are stable among the different treeing methods applied. Larger circles mark branch points supported by high (>70 %) bootstrap values. Type strains of species of the family Nannocystaceae (order Myxococcales suborder Nannocystineae), were used to root the tree. Bar, 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position.](profile/Farahnaz-Moradi/publication/311348897/figure/fig1/AS:691883600773126@1541969313965/Maximum-parsimony-tree-showing-the-placement-of-strain-MSr11462-T-within-the-family.png)
Maximum-parsimony tree showing the placement of strain MSr11462 T within the family Polyangiaceae within the suborder Sorangiineae, order Myxococcales. The tree was generated in ARB using DNAPARS v. 3.6 and 16S rRNA gene sequences including gene termini 60 to 1474 according to Brosius et al. [23]. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses. Values at branch points indicate bootstrap support as percentages based on 100 re-samplings. Only bootstrap values >70 % are shown. Filled circles mark branch points which are stable among the different treeing methods applied. Larger circles mark branch points supported by high (>70 %) bootstrap values. Type strains of species of the family Nannocystaceae (order Myxococcales suborder Nannocystineae), were used to root the tree. Bar, 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Source publication
A novel myxobacterium, strain MSr11462T, was isolated in 2015 from a soil sample collected from Kish Island beach, Persian Gulf, Iran. It displayed general myxobacterial features like Gram negative staining, rod shaped vegetative cells, gliding on solid surfaces, microbial lytic activity, fruiting body like aggregates and myxospore like structures....
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Type IV pili (T4P) are surface-exposed protein fibers that play key roles in the bacterial life cycle via surface attachment/adhesion, biofilm formation, motility, and development. The order Myxococcales (myxobacteria) are members of the class Deltaproteobacteria and known for their large genome size and complex social behaviors, including gliding...
Citations
... Myxobacteria are excellent resources for the discovery of therapeutics and are suggested to be keystone taxa influencing polymicrobial community structure in soil (Herrmann et al., 2017;Baltz, 2019;Bader et al., 2020;Perez et al., 2020;Petters et al., 2021). Recent discoveries of novel Corallococcus, Myxococcus, and Pyxidicoccus species as well as species from lesser-studied genera indicate an abundance of uncharacterized myxobacteria (Mohr et al., 2012(Mohr et al., , 2018aIizuka et al., 2013;Garcia et al., 2014Garcia et al., , 2016Yamamoto et al., 2014;Sood et al., 2015;Awal et al., 2016Awal et al., , 2017Moradi et al., 2017;Garcia and Muller, 2018;Chambers et al., 2020;Livingstone et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021Wang et al., , 2022Zhou et al., 2021;Babadi et al., 2022). Our investigation of rhizospheric soil samples provided 20 environmental myxobacteria including 9 proposed novel species. ...
Introduction: Natural products discovered from bacteria provide critically needed therapeutic leads for drug discovery, and myxobacteria are an established source for metabolites with unique chemical scaffolds and biological activities. Myxobacterial genomes accommodate an exceptional number and variety of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which encode for features involved in specialized metabolism.
Methods: In this study, we describe the collection, sequencing, and genome mining of 20 myxobacteria isolated from rhizospheric soil samples collected in North America.
Results: Nine isolates were determined to be novel species of myxobacteria including representatives from the genera Archangium, Myxococcus, Nannocystis, Polyangium, Pyxidicoccus, Sorangium, and Stigmatella. Growth profiles, biochemical assays, and descriptions were provided for all proposed novel species. We assess the BGC content of all isolates and observe differences between Myxococcia and Polyangiia clusters.
Discussion: Continued discovery and sequencing of novel myxobacteria from the environment provide BGCs for the genome mining pipeline. Utilizing complete or near-complete genome sequences, we compare the chromosomal organization of BGCs of related myxobacteria from various genera and suggest that the spatial proximity of hybrid, modular clusters contributes to the metabolic adaptability of myxobacteria.
... Technological and methodological advances over decades have introduced challenges to traditionally accepted theories and premises related to predatory myxobacteria. The transition from morphology-based classification of myxobacteria to a combination of traditional methods and comparative genomics has resulted in various taxonomic reassignments and proposed updates (Awal et al., 2017;Waite et al., 2020;Ahearne et al., 2021), and descriptions from newly discovered myxobacteria often include predation data (Figure 2; Fudou et al., 2002;Sanford et al., 2002;Iizuka et al., 2003aIizuka et al., ,b, 2013Reichenbach et al., 2006;Garcia et al., 2009Garcia et al., , 2014Garcia et al., , 2016Mohr et al., 2012Mohr et al., , 2018aYamamoto et al., 2014;Sood et al., 2015;Awal et al., 2016Awal et al., , 2017Moradi et al., 2017;Garcia and Muller, 2018;Chambers et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2021a;Zhou et al., 2021). Myxobacteria are often split into two groups based on presumed nutritional preferences or needs, predatory myxobacteria that acquire nutrients from prey lysate and cellulolytic myxobacteria (Shimkets et al., 2006;Mohr, 2018). ...
Myxobacteria are excellent model organisms for investigation of predator-prey interactions and predatory shaping of microbial communities. This review covers interdisciplinary topics related to myxobacterial predation and provides current concepts and challenges for determining predatory performance. Discussed topics include the role of specialized metabolites during predation, genetic determinants for predatory performance, challenges associated with methodological differences, discrepancies between sequenced and environmental myxobacteria, and factors that influence predation.
... Over the last decade, 34 novel species of myxobacteria have been described including representatives from 10 newly described genera within the order Myxococcales (Table S1) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Prevalent in soils and marine sediments, predatory and cellulolytic myxobacteria contribute to nutrient cycling within microbial food webs. ...
Discoveries of novel myxobacteria have started to unveil the potentially vast phylogenetic diversity within the family Myxococcaceae and have brought about an updated approach to myxobacterial classification. While traditional approaches focused on morphology, 16S gene sequences, and biochemistry, modern methods including comparative genomics have provided a more thorough assessment of myxobacterial taxonomy. Herein, we utilize long-read genome sequencing for two myxobacteria previously classified as Archangium primigenium and Chondrococcus macrosporus, as well as four environmental myxobacteria newly isolated for this study. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization scores from comparative genomics suggest previously classified as A. primigenium to instead be a novel member of the genus Melittangium, C. macrosporus to be a potentially novel member of the genus Corallococcus with high similarity to Corallococcus exercitus, and the four isolated myxobacteria to include another novel Corallococcus species, a novel Pyxidicoccus species, a strain of Corallococcus exiguus, and a potentially novel Myxococcus species with high similarity to Myxococcus stipitatus. We assess the biosynthetic potential of each sequenced myxobacterium and suggest that genus-level conservation of biosynthetic pathways support our preliminary taxonomic assignment. Altogether, we suggest that long-read genome sequencing benefits the classification of myxobacteria and improves determination of biosynthetic potential for prioritization of natural product discovery.
... DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) experiments were performed between strain MNa11734 T and N. exedens Na e1 T , and N. pusilla Na p29 T , respectively, as described at Moradi et al. [42]. Genomic DNA was sheared before DDH analysis using ultrasonication (Bandelin-Sonopuls GM70 were prepared from genomic DNA from type strains of the three Nannocystis species according to a recently published protocol [43] and sequenced to at least 35-fold average coverage on an Illumina NextSeq machine applying a 2Â150 bp Mid-Output kit (Illumina). ...
An orange-coloured myxobacterium, MNa11734T, was isolated from desert in Iran. MNa11734Thad rod-shaped vegetative cells, moved by gliding and was bacteriolytic. No real fruiting body formation could be observed, but sporangioles were produced on water agar. The strain was mesophilic, strictly aerobic and chemoheterotrophic. 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed that MNa11734Tbelonged to the family Nannocystaceae, genus Nannocystis and was closely related to Nannocystis pusilla Na p29T(DSM 14622T) and Nannocystis exedens Na e1T(DSM 71T), with 97.8 and 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively. Laboratory-measured DNA-DNA hybridization showed only 9.5/15.7 % (reciprocal) similarity between the novel strain and N. pusilla Na p29T, and 14.1/20.4 % between the strain and N. exedens Na e1T, whereas DNA-DNA hybridization estimates derived from draft genome sequences were 21.8-23.0 % and 22.2-23.7 %, respectively, depending on the calculation method. The G+C content of DNA from Nannocystis konarekensis MNa11734Twas 73.3 mol%, for N. pusilla Nap29Tit was 71.8 mol% and for N. exedens Nae1Tit was 72.2 mol%. The major fatty acids of the new strain were C16 : 1 (56.2 %), iso-C17 : 0 (14.4 %), C14 : 0 (8.2 %), C16 : 0 (6.6 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (5.9 %). Strain MNa11734Texhibited phylogenetic and physiological similarities to the two other species of Nannocystis, i.e. N. pusilla and N. exedens, but the differences were sufficient enough to represent a novel species, for which the name Nannocystiskonarekensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MNa11734T(=DSM 104509T=NCCB 100618T).
Natural products discovered from bacteria provide critically needed therapeutic leads for drug discovery, and myxobacteria are an established source for metabolites with unique chemical scaffolds and biological activities. Myxobacterial genomes accommodate an exceptional number and variety of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) which encode for features involved in specialized metabolism. Continued discovery and sequencing of novel myxobacteria from the environment provides BGCs for the genome mining pipeline. Herein, we describe the collection, sequencing, and genome mining of 20 myxobacteria isolated from rhizospheric soil samples collected in North America. Nine isolates where determined to be novel species of myxobacteria including representatives from the genera Archangium, Myxococcus, Nannocystis, Polyangium, Pyxidicoccus, Sorangium , and Stigmatella . Growth profiles, biochemical assays, and descriptions are provided for all proposed novel species. We assess the BGC content of all isolates and observe differences between Myxococcia and Polyangiia clusters. Utilizing complete or near complete genome sequences we compare the chromosomal organization of BGCs of related myxobacteria from various genera and suggest spatial proximity of hybrid, modular clusters contributes to the metabolic adaptability of myxobacteria.
Myxobacteria belong to a group of bacteria that are known for their well-developed communication system and synchronized or coordinated movement. This typical behavior of myxobacteria is mediated through secondary metabolites. They are capable of producing secondary metabolites belonging to several chemical classes with unique and wide spectrum of bioactivities. It is predominantly significant that myxobacteria specialize in mechanisms of action that are very rare with other producers. Most of the metabolites have been explored for their medical and pharmaceutical values while a lot of them are still unexplored. This review is an attempt to understand the role of potential metabolites produced by myxobacteria in different applications. Different myxobacterial metabolites have demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties along with cytotoxic activity against various cell lines. Beside their metabolites, these myxobacteria have also been discussed for better exploitation and implementation in different industrial sectors.
