Maximum likelihood-based phylogeny, with 100 bootstrap replicates and using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, with sequences derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. Colours represent Tropostreptus sample origins. The upper right inset shows the topology of the Tropostreptus hamatus lineage, enlarged to clarify the branching order. Only support values < 100 are shown. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a species misidentification; for more information, see Discussion text.

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... maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic tree for all analysed samples is shown in Figure 4. A corresponding phylogenetic tree including all 12 previously published millipede mitochondrial genomes is shown in the Supporting Information (Fig. S2) A Bayesian coalescent-based phylogeny produced in BEAST recovered the same topology as the maximum likelihood method and again with strong node support (Fig. 5). ...

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... with distinct lineages (both inter-and intraspecific) being defined by the mountain blocks (Fig. 4). This is consistent with previous genetic results of Eastern Arc gene pools (e.g. cat snakes: Gravlund, 2002;chameleons: Tolley et al., 2011;African violets: Dimitrov et al., 2012), where forestadapted species inhabit the montane forests and are absent from the adjacent savannah lowlands. Today, the mountains capture the oceanic winds ...

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... earliest split in Tropostreptus separates the Tropostreptus austerus + Tropostreptus severus lineage from the rest, and the second split separates these two species, today occupying Nguru and Usambara Mountains in the north. A similar intraspecific pattern is evident in more recent splits in Tropostreptus hamatus and Tropostreptus sigmatospinus (Fig. 4), suggesting a repeated pattern of vicariance events occurring first in the north. A separation of species between northern and southern mountains has also been observed in several other Eastern Arc taxa, including amphibians (Blackburn & Measey, 2009), gastropods (Tattersfield et al., 1998) and reptiles (Gravlund, 2002;Tolley et al., ...

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... are available in the pet trade, including Ar. gigas, with which 'Thyropygus sp.' groups in our trees. 'Thyropygus sp.' is therefore likely to be a close relative of Ar. gigas and not a real Thyropygus sp. Assuming that 'Thyropygus sp.' is indeed a misidentified spirostreptid (Archispirostreptus sp.?), the branching order of our samples (Fig. 4) is consistent with current morphologybased classification, indicating monophyly of the families Odontopygidae (represented by Pr. kraepelini and C. netus) and Spirostreptidae (remaining species apart from the far outgroup Ab. ...

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... by more than one individual are retrieved as monophyletic in our molecular analysis (Fig. 4). Enghoff (2017) did not include a molecular-based phylogenetic analysis, but divided Tropostreptus into three morphological distinct groups. viz. the hamatus group (hamatus, sigmatospinus and microcephalus), the droides group (droides and kipunji) and the austerus group (austerus and severus). In the molecular phylogeny, the ...

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... mentioned, the Tropostreptus sigmatospinus specimen from Zanzibar does not group with the other Eastern Arc Tropostreptus sigmatospinus samples ( Fig. 4; but see Supporting Information, Fig. S3). Instead, it comes out at the base of a clade consisting of, in ascending sequence, Tropostreptus kipunji, Tropostreptus droides, Tropostreptus microcephalus and Eastern Arc Tropostreptus sigmatospinus (monophyletic). Pairwise similarity for the Tropostreptus sigmatospinus samples also ...