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Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Paraphaeosphaeria and allied genera based on ITS, LSU, Actin and TUB sequences. Twenty strains are used. The tree is rooted with Paraconiothyrium archidendri (CBS 168.77). Tree topology of the ML analysis was similar to the BI. The Best scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of − 7370.589451. The matrix had 487 distinct alignment patterns, with 12.14 % of undetermined characters or gaps. Base frequencies estimated by jModelTest were as follows, A = 0.2240, C = 0.2745, G = 0.2723, T = 0.2292; substitution rates AC = 1.7609, AG = 4.2567, AT = 1.7609, CG = 1.0000, CT = 7.3594, GT = 1.0000; gamma shape = 0.2610. ML bootstrap values (≥ 70 %) and Bayesian posterior probability (≥ 90 %) are indicated along branches (ML/PP). Novel species are in bold font and "T" indicates type derived sequences
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Karst caves are characterized by darkness, low temperature, high humidity, and oligotrophic organisms due to its relatively closed and strongly zonal environments. Up to now, 1626 species in 644 genera of fungi have been reported from caves and mines worldwide. In this study, we investigated the culturable mycobiota in karst caves in southwest Chin...
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... al. (2013Ogórek et al. ( , 2014aOgórek et al. ( , b, c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018, Taylor et al. (2013), Vanderwolf et al. (2013), Pusz et al. (2014Pusz et al. ( , 2015Pusz et al. ( , 2017 As. unguis Ogórek et al. (2014bOgórek et al. ( , c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018 Pe. decumbens Taylor (2013) (Fig. 5). (Fig. 5). However, conidia of P. arecacearum are longer than that of P. dispersa (3.5-6.0 µm vs. 3.0-4.0 µm, 2.0 ± 0.04 vs. 1.36 ± 0.15 for average L/W ratio). In addition, P. dispersa growing on OA (45 mm/14 days) is much slower than P. arecacearum (70-75 mm/10 ...
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... et al. ( , 2014aOgórek et al. ( , b, c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018, Taylor et al. (2013), Vanderwolf et al. (2013), Pusz et al. (2014Pusz et al. ( , 2015Pusz et al. ( , 2017 As. unguis Ogórek et al. (2014bOgórek et al. ( , c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018 Pe. decumbens Taylor (2013) (Fig. 5). (Fig. 5). However, conidia of P. arecacearum are longer than that of P. dispersa (3.5-6.0 µm vs. 3.0-4.0 µm, 2.0 ± 0.04 vs. 1.36 ± 0.15 for average L/W ratio). In addition, P. dispersa growing on OA (45 mm/14 days) is much slower than P. arecacearum (70-75 mm/10 ...
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... indonesiacum was introduced as a species of Verticillium Nees (Plectosphaerellaceae) based on morphological characters ( Sukarno et al. 2009). However, ITS-based phylogeny suggested a close affinity to Lecanicillium (Sukarno et al. 2009), despite its verticillate phialides with branches that is more similar to Verticillium ( Sukarno et al. 2009 (Figs. 25, 26), and its solitary or verticillate phialides and the mostly falcate conidia fit well to the general features of Gamszarea, which are distinctly different from Verticillium species with mainly verticillate phialides arising below the transverse septum along conidiophores and the cylindrical to oval conidia ( Inderbitzin et al. 2011). ...
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... be easily distinguished (Fig. 2e-g in Sukarno et al. 2009). Based on the provided scale bars, we managed to measure the conidial size using Fig. 2g in Sukarno et al. (2009), 9.0-12.0 × 1.0-2.0 µm for macroconidia, and 4.5-7.5 × 1.0-2.0 µm for microconidia, which fitted well to the generic features of Gamszarea. Combining with phylogenetic data (Figs. 25, 26), we proposed this species as a new combination, G. kalimantanensis. It differs from other Gamszarea species in its longer conidia and more abundant verticillate phialides along the prostrate aerial ...
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... Lecanicillium restrictum and L. testudineum Hubka, Kubátová, Schauflerová, Déniel & Jany were published by Crous et al. (2018), while only Lecanicillium species and two loci, ITS and EF1-α, were used in their study phylogenetic study. However, both the single and six-locus phylogeny (Figs. 25, 26) presented a highly support clade of L. restrictum and L. testudineum within the new genus Gamszarea. Meanwhile, morphological features of L. restrictum and L. testudineum, such as solitary or verticillate phialides produced on aerial hyphae, dimorphic conidia, fusiform or falcate macroconidia with pointed ends, and curved reniform with ...
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... See note of Gamszarea restricta. Blastn search with ITS sequence gave an almost 100% similarity between Lecanicillium testudineum and L. coprophilum, which was supported by our phylogenetic analyses (Figs. 25, 26). Morphological features of L. testudineum and L. coprophilum were very similar, except macroconidia, pointed ends in L. testudineum but rounded ends in L. coprophilum. However, it can be clearly noticed in Fig. 2e, g, h in Su's article that the end of macroconidia L. coprophilum were slightly pointed more than that rounded. L. ...
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... Gamszarea humicola is phylogenetically close to G. kalimantanensis, G. lunata and G. wallacei (Fig. 25). Morphologically, G. humicola differs from G. kalimantanensis by its mostly solitary phialides; from G. lunata by its longer macroconidia (9.0-13.0 µm vs. 7.0-9.5 µm); from G. wallacei in its wider phialides (1.0-2.5 µm vs. 0.7-1.2 µm) and macroconidia (1.5-2.5 µm vs. 1.0-1.5 ...
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... Fungorum number: 557634, Facesoffungi number: FoF 08448; Fig. 30 Etymology: Referring to its larger conidia than other species in this genus. (Fig. 25), but can be distinguished by the larger conidia (2.0-3.0 µm vs. 0.5-1.5 µm wide for marcoconidia, 5.0-7.0 × 1.5-2.5 µm vs. 2.0-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 µm for microconidia) and low sequence similarities (96% similarity, 23 bp difference in 524 bp of ITS; 99% similarity, 6 bp difference in 823 bp of LSU; 91% similarity, 73 bp difference in 820 bp ...
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... short-stalked asci with biseriated ascopsores ( Wang et al. 2017). Species of Nigrospora are cosmopolitans with wide host range, and reported as endophytes, saprobes, or pathogens on crops or humans ( Wang et al. 2017;Raza et al. 2019). In this study, one new species Nigrospora globosa is described based on ITS, EF1-α and TUB phylogeny (Fig. 49) Fig. 50 Etymology: Referring to its globose conidia. Holotype: HMAS 248000. Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, septate, branched, smooth, 1.5-8.0 μm wide. Asexual morph Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from aerial hyphae solitary or aggregated in clusters, cylindrical, ampulliform, ellipsoidal or subglobose, ...
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... al. (2013Ogórek et al. ( , 2014aOgórek et al. ( , b, c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018, Taylor et al. (2013), Vanderwolf et al. (2013), Pusz et al. (2014Pusz et al. ( , 2015Pusz et al. ( , 2017 As. unguis Ogórek et al. (2014bOgórek et al. ( , c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018 Pe. decumbens Taylor (2013) (Fig. 5). (Fig. 5). However, conidia of P. arecacearum are longer than that of P. dispersa (3.5-6.0 µm vs. 3.0-4.0 µm, 2.0 ± 0.04 vs. 1.36 ± 0.15 for average L/W ratio). In addition, P. dispersa growing on OA (45 mm/14 days) is much slower than P. arecacearum (70-75 mm/10 ...
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... et al. ( , 2014aOgórek et al. ( , b, c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018, Taylor et al. (2013), Vanderwolf et al. (2013), Pusz et al. (2014Pusz et al. ( , 2015Pusz et al. ( , 2017 As. unguis Ogórek et al. (2014bOgórek et al. ( , c, 2016cOgórek et al. ( , d, 2017Ogórek et al. ( , 2018 Pe. decumbens Taylor (2013) (Fig. 5). (Fig. 5). However, conidia of P. arecacearum are longer than that of P. dispersa (3.5-6.0 µm vs. 3.0-4.0 µm, 2.0 ± 0.04 vs. 1.36 ± 0.15 for average L/W ratio). In addition, P. dispersa growing on OA (45 mm/14 days) is much slower than P. arecacearum (70-75 mm/10 ...
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... indonesiacum was introduced as a species of Verticillium Nees (Plectosphaerellaceae) based on morphological characters ( Sukarno et al. 2009). However, ITS-based phylogeny suggested a close affinity to Lecanicillium (Sukarno et al. 2009), despite its verticillate phialides with branches that is more similar to Verticillium ( Sukarno et al. 2009 (Figs. 25, 26), and its solitary or verticillate phialides and the mostly falcate conidia fit well to the general features of Gamszarea, which are distinctly different from Verticillium species with mainly verticillate phialides arising below the transverse septum along conidiophores and the cylindrical to oval conidia ( Inderbitzin et al. 2011). ...
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... be easily distinguished (Fig. 2e-g in Sukarno et al. 2009). Based on the provided scale bars, we managed to measure the conidial size using Fig. 2g in Sukarno et al. (2009), 9.0-12.0 × 1.0-2.0 µm for macroconidia, and 4.5-7.5 × 1.0-2.0 µm for microconidia, which fitted well to the generic features of Gamszarea. Combining with phylogenetic data (Figs. 25, 26), we proposed this species as a new combination, G. kalimantanensis. It differs from other Gamszarea species in its longer conidia and more abundant verticillate phialides along the prostrate aerial ...
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... Lecanicillium restrictum and L. testudineum Hubka, Kubátová, Schauflerová, Déniel & Jany were published by Crous et al. (2018), while only Lecanicillium species and two loci, ITS and EF1-α, were used in their study phylogenetic study. However, both the single and six-locus phylogeny (Figs. 25, 26) presented a highly support clade of L. restrictum and L. testudineum within the new genus Gamszarea. Meanwhile, morphological features of L. restrictum and L. testudineum, such as solitary or verticillate phialides produced on aerial hyphae, dimorphic conidia, fusiform or falcate macroconidia with pointed ends, and curved reniform with ...
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... See note of Gamszarea restricta. Blastn search with ITS sequence gave an almost 100% similarity between Lecanicillium testudineum and L. coprophilum, which was supported by our phylogenetic analyses (Figs. 25, 26). Morphological features of L. testudineum and L. coprophilum were very similar, except macroconidia, pointed ends in L. testudineum but rounded ends in L. coprophilum. However, it can be clearly noticed in Fig. 2e, g, h in Su's article that the end of macroconidia L. coprophilum were slightly pointed more than that rounded. L. ...
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... Gamszarea humicola is phylogenetically close to G. kalimantanensis, G. lunata and G. wallacei (Fig. 25). Morphologically, G. humicola differs from G. kalimantanensis by its mostly solitary phialides; from G. lunata by its longer macroconidia (9.0-13.0 µm vs. 7.0-9.5 µm); from G. wallacei in its wider phialides (1.0-2.5 µm vs. 0.7-1.2 µm) and macroconidia (1.5-2.5 µm vs. 1.0-1.5 ...
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... Fungorum number: 557634, Facesoffungi number: FoF 08448; Fig. 30 Etymology: Referring to its larger conidia than other species in this genus. (Fig. 25), but can be distinguished by the larger conidia (2.0-3.0 µm vs. 0.5-1.5 µm wide for marcoconidia, 5.0-7.0 × 1.5-2.5 µm vs. 2.0-3.5 × 0.5-1.5 µm for microconidia) and low sequence similarities (96% similarity, 23 bp difference in 524 bp of ITS; 99% similarity, 6 bp difference in 823 bp of LSU; 91% similarity, 73 bp difference in 820 bp ...
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... short-stalked asci with biseriated ascopsores ( Wang et al. 2017). Species of Nigrospora are cosmopolitans with wide host range, and reported as endophytes, saprobes, or pathogens on crops or humans ( Wang et al. 2017;Raza et al. 2019). In this study, one new species Nigrospora globosa is described based on ITS, EF1-α and TUB phylogeny (Fig. 49) Fig. 50 Etymology: Referring to its globose conidia. Holotype: HMAS 248000. Hyphae hyaline to pale brown, septate, branched, smooth, 1.5-8.0 μm wide. Asexual morph Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells arising from aerial hyphae solitary or aggregated in clusters, cylindrical, ampulliform, ellipsoidal or subglobose, ...
Citations
... In addition, some species are mycotoxin producers and have been reported to cause damage in agriculture (Houbraken et al. 2020;Samson et al. 2010) and opportunistic mycoses in humans and other animals (de Hoog et al., 2020). In the cave environment, Penicillium species are among the most reported on different substrates and hosts (Vanderwolf et al., 2013;Alves et al., 2022 (Vanderwolf et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2017;Cunha et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021;Alves et al., 2022). ...
... P. vascosobrinhoanum, Barbosa et al., 2020). A espécie mais abundante no nosso estudo, P. sumatraense, tem sido isolada de substratos/hospe-record of six Penicillium species never observed in the cave environment and/or in Brazil (Vanderwolf et al., 2013;Zhang et al., 2017;Cunha et al., 2020;Zhang et al., 2021;Alves et al., 2022). (Cunha et al., 2020;Alves et al., 2022). ...
Fungos desempenham um papel ecológico importante nas cavernas, apesar de ainda serem um tesouro que precisa ser explorado no Brasil. Estudos micológicos em cavernas brasileiras têm revelado uma riqueza de fungos surpreendente e ainda desconhecida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo relatar a riqueza de espécies de Penicillium em caverna do Cerrado, Brasil. Fungos foram isolados do ar e do sedimento de oito pontos da caverna e identificados com base em características morfológicas e de sequências de ITS do rDNA. No total, foram contabilizadas 890 colônias (UFC), sendo 178 (100 = ar e 78 = sedimento) identificadas como Penicillium. Associando as duas ferramentas de identificação, isolados representativos foram identificados em 12 espécies pertencentes a cinco seções (Brevicompacta, Citrina, Lanata-Divaricata, Exilicaulis e Ramosum), sendo a seção Citrina a que apresentou o maior número de espécies (seis), com destaque para P. sumatraense com a maior abundância (ar = 25 e sedimento = 15). Para o nosso conhecimento, seis (50%) espécies estão sendo relatadas pela primeira vez em ambiente cavernícola, sendo a maioria (quatro) da seção Citrina. O relato da riqueza de espécies de Penicillium está entre as “primeiras pistas do mapa do tesouro” escondidas em cavernas brasileiras. O nosso estudo é um exemplo do grande número de espécies de fungos que são encontradas nas cavernas, sugerindo que estudos micológicos do ambiente cavernícola são importantes para inclusão de dados fúngicos no plano de manejo de cavernas com potencial turístico no Brasil.
... (Sung et al. 2007;Johnson et al. 2009;Vega et al. 2012;Tsang et al. 2016;Wijayawardene et al. 2022). The utilization of multi-gene phylogenetic analysis method has increased over the last decade, leading to improvements in the taxonomy and nomenclature systems of genera and species in the Cordycipitaceae family Imoulan et al. 2017;Kepler et al. 2017;Mitina et al. 2017;Chen et al. 2018;Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018;Zhou et al. 2018;Bustamante et al. 2019;Cabaleiro et al. 2019;Khonsanit et al. 2020;Wang et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2021;Rizal et al. 2024). Following a comprehensive reassessment of the Cordycipitaceae by Kepler et al. (2017), numerous taxa, notably L. lecanii, the prototypical representative of Lecanicillium, underwent reclassification into the genus Akanthomyces. ...
... Notably, the original study related to the new species did not encompass Engyodontium species in the phylogenetic analyses. In a separate study, Zhang et al. (2021) established a new genus, Gamszarea, to accommodate the species previously classified in Lecanicillium, employing ITS, SSU and LSU rDNA, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 sequence data. Similarly, their phylogenetic analysis excluded Engyodontium species and revealed that L. cauligalbarum strains occupied an intermediate position between the Blackwellomyces and Ascopolyporus clades. ...
... This reason, along with the abandonment of the dual nomenclature system for pleomorphic fungi, has led to the reclassification of Lecanicillium (Kepler et al. 2017), with a significant number being transferred to the overlooked genus Akanthomyces Lebert 1858, known for its entomogenous species. Later on, various studies described novel taxa within both Akanthomyces and Lecanicillium genera (Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018;Su et al. 2019;Aini et al. 2020;Chen et al. 2020a;Zhang et al. 2021). Nevertheless, some recently identified species of Lecanicillium, including L. uredinophilum (Manfrino et al. 2022) and L. pissodis (Chen et al. 2020b), have been transferred to the genus Akanthomyces using multi-gene phylogenetic studies. ...
Entomopathogenic fungi play a significant role in regulating insect populations in nature and have potential applications in pest management strategies in different regions. Citrus spp. are among the important horticultural products in northern Iran, and the orchards are affected by different insect pests, especially mealybugs. This study aimed to isolate and identify entomopathogenic fungi associated with citrus orchard pests in northern Iran, focusing on Akanthomyces and Lecanicillium species on mealybugs. Through the samples collected from different regions within Guilan province, 12 fungal isolates were collected and identified based on the combination of morphological characteristics and molecular data. Akanthomyces lecanii, A. muscarius, Engyodontium rectidentatum, Lecanicillium aphanocladii and Lecanicillium rasoulzarei sp. nov. were identified. Of these, A. muscarius on Lepidosaphes sp., E. rectidentatum on Coccidae, and L. aphanocladii on Tetranychus urticae are reported as new fungal-host records from Iran. Moreover, a new species, Lecanicillium rasoulzarei, is illustrated, described, and compared with closely related species.
... Newly generated sequences were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). A reference sequence dataset for each genus was compiled from our newly generated sequences and type or reference materials found in previously published papers (e.g. , 2020, Samson et al. 2014, Yilmaz et al. 2014, Anelli et al. 2018, Sun et al. 2020, Zhang et al. 2020, Alves et al. 2022, Tan et al. 2022, Wang & Zhuang 2022a, b, Zhang et al. 2023. The datasets were aligned using the default settings of the MAFFT v. 7 online software (https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/ ...
... Aspergillus was the most frequent (63 %) and had the highest number of taxa on all substrates, followed by Penicillium (32 %) and Talaromyces (3 %). Our results are similar to those of previous studies that have also reported Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces as the most abundant fungi in cave environments worldwide (Nováková 2009, Vanderwolf et al. 2013, Man et al. 2015, Zhang et al. 2017, Chlebicki & Jakus 2019, Cunha et al. 2020, Zhang et al. 2020, Sanchez-Moral et al. 2021, Visagie et al. 2021, Alves et al. 2022. ...
... In contrast to other studies that showed Penicillium as the most common in guano and soil/sediment from caves (Novaková 2009, Man et al. 2015, Zhang et al. 2020, Wasti et al. 2021, our results highlighted Aspergillus as the most abundant genus. For example, in a cave complex located in an arid region in Azerbaijan, Aspergillus was the most common in sediment (Mazina et al. 2023). ...
The study of the Brazilian cave mycobiota has revealed a rich but highly diverse assemblage of fungi, with Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces being the most frequently reported genera. The present study investigated the airborne fungi and fungi obtained from the bodies of bats, guano, and the soil/sediment from the caves Urubu (in the Atlantic Forest) and Furna Feia (in the Caatinga dryland forest) in the Northeast region of Brazil. Fungal strains were identified based on morphological features and multilocus phylogenetic analyses of ITS, beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences. A total of 86 isolates were obtained, representing Aspergillus (34), Penicillium (20), Talaromyces (2), and 30 isolates belonging to other genera that will be reported on elsewhere. These isolates were identified as 18 Aspergillus, nine Penicillium, and one Talaromyces species. Eight of the species identified are reported for the first time from a cave environment. Four species showed unique morphological features and phylogenetic relationships, and are newly described. These include two new species of Aspergillus (A. alvaroi sp. nov. and A. guanovespertilionum sp. nov.), one of Penicillium (P. cecavii sp. nov.), and one of Talaromyces (T. potiguarorum sp. nov.). Our study increases the awareness and known richness of the Brazilian and global fungal diversity found in caves.
... The main morphological characteristics of the genus Amphichorda are the presence of conidiophores arranged in synnemata, flask-shaped conidiogenous cells with a bent neck, and holoblastic conidia [4][5][6]. Currently, six species [1,4,5], whereas others are entomopathogenic (A. felina) or isolated from bat wing surfaces (A. ...
... The main morphological characteristics of the genus Amphichorda are the presence of conidiophores arranged in synnemata, flask-shaped conidiogenous cells with a bent neck, and holoblastic conidia [4][5][6]. Currently, six species [1,4,5], whereas others are entomopathogenic (A. felina) or isolated from bat wing surfaces (A. ...
... Caves are openings between rocks that possess spatial limitations, little variation in temperature and humidity, lack of sunlight in their interior, and scarce nutrient availability [8,9]. Because of these conditions, cave environments are considered oligotrophic and have a significant impact on the diversity of animals and microorganisms that inhabit them [4,10,11]. Fungi are a prominent group of microorganisms found in caves because of their important ecological functions, such as the cycling of organic matter, rock weathering, and symbiosis with other organisms, in addition to serving as food for cavernicolous fauna [4,5,[11][12][13]. The first report of fungi in caves was by Humboldt in 1794 [14] [apud 5,13,15,16]. ...
Caves are unique environments characterized by spatial limitations, partial or total absence of direct light, and scarcity of organic carbon and nutrients. Caves are shelters for a variety of adapted animals and microorganisms such as fungi, many of which are still unknown. Amphichorda is a fungal genus belonging to the family Bionectriaceae, which includes cave-dwelling and entomopathogenic species with biotechnological applications. In this study, a new fungal species was identified using morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS, LSU, and TEF loci, in the Gruta Velha Nova limestone cave located in the Southern Espinhaço Range, Monjolos, Minas Gerais, Brazil. During the exposure of potato dextrose agar plates to the cave environment, an insect from the family Rhaphidophoridae passed by and fed on the culture medium, resulting in three fungal isolates. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these isolates formed a clade distinct from all known species, leading us to introduce a new species, Amphichorda monjolensis, which may be associated with this insect. Here, we also proposed two new combinations for species of acremonium-like fungi in the Bionectriaceae: Bulbithecium globosisporum (synonym: Acremonium globosisporum) and Hapsidospora curva (synonym: Acremonium curvum). The discovery of A. monjolensis highlights the potential of caves as shelters for new species with significant biotechnological importance.
... S2 S3 S4 Bossea Tot CC 10 °C 3.9 × 10 5 ± 1.9 × 10 5 1.8 × 10 5 ± 7.0 × 10 4 2.5 × 10 5 ± 9.5 × 10 4 1.7 × 10 5 ± 1.2 × 10 4 8.3 × 10 4 ± 3.1 × 10 4 25 °C 6.5 × 10 6 ± 5.2 × 10 6 9.0 × 10 6 ± 4.9 × 10 6 8.9 × 10 5 ± 6.0 × 10 5 3.6 × 10 6 ± 2.1 × 10 6 1.4 × 10 5 Arthroderma uncinatum ■ * -✕ --- 26 Aspergillus fumigatus + * -✕ --- 25 Aspergillus terreus + ✕ ✕ ✕ -- 25 Aspergillus tubingensis°* -✕ --- 25 Aureobasidium pullulans ✕ -✕ ✕ ✕ Cladosporium halotolerans ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ - 25 Cladosporium perangustum ✕ ✕ -✕ - 25 Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ 25 Cladosporium sp.* ----✕ 25,26,33 Cordyceps farinosa* ----✕ 23 Curvularia americana°* ✕ ----FR This study ...
... S2 S3 S4 Bossea Tot CC 10 °C 3.9 × 10 5 ± 1.9 × 10 5 1.8 × 10 5 ± 7.0 × 10 4 2.5 × 10 5 ± 9.5 × 10 4 1.7 × 10 5 ± 1.2 × 10 4 8.3 × 10 4 ± 3.1 × 10 4 25 °C 6.5 × 10 6 ± 5.2 × 10 6 9.0 × 10 6 ± 4.9 × 10 6 8.9 × 10 5 ± 6.0 × 10 5 3.6 × 10 6 ± 2.1 × 10 6 1.4 × 10 5 Arthroderma uncinatum ■ * -✕ --- 26 Aspergillus fumigatus + * -✕ --- 25 Aspergillus terreus + ✕ ✕ ✕ -- 25 Aspergillus tubingensis°* -✕ --- 25 Aureobasidium pullulans ✕ -✕ ✕ ✕ Cladosporium halotolerans ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ - 25 Cladosporium perangustum ✕ ✕ -✕ - 25 Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ 25 Cladosporium sp.* ----✕ 25,26,33 Cordyceps farinosa* ----✕ 23 Curvularia americana°* ✕ ----FR This study ...
... S2 S3 S4 Bossea Tot CC 10 °C 3.9 × 10 5 ± 1.9 × 10 5 1.8 × 10 5 ± 7.0 × 10 4 2.5 × 10 5 ± 9.5 × 10 4 1.7 × 10 5 ± 1.2 × 10 4 8.3 × 10 4 ± 3.1 × 10 4 25 °C 6.5 × 10 6 ± 5.2 × 10 6 9.0 × 10 6 ± 4.9 × 10 6 8.9 × 10 5 ± 6.0 × 10 5 3.6 × 10 6 ± 2.1 × 10 6 1.4 × 10 5 Arthroderma uncinatum ■ * -✕ --- 26 Aspergillus fumigatus + * -✕ --- 25 Aspergillus terreus + ✕ ✕ ✕ -- 25 Aspergillus tubingensis°* -✕ --- 25 Aureobasidium pullulans ✕ -✕ ✕ ✕ Cladosporium halotolerans ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ - 25 Cladosporium perangustum ✕ ✕ -✕ - 25 Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ ✕ 25 Cladosporium sp.* ----✕ 25,26,33 Cordyceps farinosa* ----✕ 23 Curvularia americana°* ✕ ----FR This study ...
Microbial diversity of caves is largely understudied and its possible applications are still unknown. Autochthonous fungi, in particular, may have the potential to biomineralize metals and may be used as promising agents for bioremediation of polluted sites; thus, unearthing the fungal diversity in hypogean ecosystems is nowadays of utmost importance. To start addressing this knowledge gap, the cultivable mycobiota of two neighbouring caves—one natural and one exploited for touristic purposes—were characterised and compared by studying fungi isolated from sediments collected at increasing distances from the entrance. Overall, 250 fungal isolates ascribable to 69 taxa (mainly Ascomycota) were found, a high percentage of which was reported in caves for the first time. The sediments of the touristic cave displayed a richer and more diversified community in comparison with the natural one, possibly due to visitors carrying propagules or organic material. Considering that these environments are still poorly explored, chances to detect new fungal lineages are not negligible.
... Nigrospora was currently classified in the family Apiosporaceae within Amphisphaeriales evidenced by the phylogeny of molecular data [4,5]. Subsequently, several novel species of Nigrospora were revealed on the basis of the molecular and morphological evidence [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... For example, N. sphaerica causes Camellia sinensis leaf blight diseases in China [16], N. lacticolonia and N. sphaerica are associated with the reddish brown spot disease of Hylocereus polyrhizus [17], and N. oryzae results in the leaf spot of Hibiscus mutabilis [18]. In addition, species of Nigrospora are also commonly discovered in an indoor environment and sometimes from the soil [3,9]. ...
... Reference sequences were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) based on recent publications on the genus Nigrospora [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], and sequences from the present study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v. 7 [28] and manually edited using MEGA7 [29]. ...
The fungal genus Nigrospora is known to be a plant pathogen, endophyte, and saprobe, and it is usually isolated from various substrates like soil and air. During the surveys of soil fungi in Hebei Province of China, two isolates of Nigrospora were obtained. A multi-locus phylogeny of combined loci of the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking transcribed spacers (ITS), part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), and the beta-tubulin (tub2) loci, in conjunction with morphological characters were used to identify the newly collected isolates. Nigrospora humicola sp. Nov. is described and proposed herein, which differs from its phylogenetically close species N. chinensis and N. globosa by the sequences of ITS, tef1, and tub2.
... In subterranean karst caves, substrates such as air, sediments, weathered rocks, guano, dripping water, bat skin/fur, bat bones, dung, wood, earthworm casts and insects have been commonly sampled for taxonomic and mycobiome studies [4,6,7,14,16]. In our survey, we found that the sediments had higher values of Chao 1 metrics, ACE index, Shannon index, observed-species an PD metric than the weathered rock samples. ...
... Ascomycota dominated all samples, followed by Basidiomycota (Figure 2). This result aligns with those of cave mycology studies based on culture and non-culture methods [4,7,16,37,38]. Among the fungal taxa reported from caves and mines worldwide before 2013, Ascomycota (69.1%) and Basidiomycota (20%) were the dominant groups [6]. ...
... Among the fungal taxa reported from caves and mines worldwide before 2013, Ascomycota (69.1%) and Basidiomycota (20%) were the dominant groups [6]. This, is also supported by previous microorganism isolation works [7,16,37,39] and mycobiome data [4,38] regarding karst caves obtained recently. ...
Subterranean karst caves are windows into the terrestrial subsurface to deconstruct the dimensions of mycobiome fingerprints. However, impeded by the constraints of remote locations, the inaccessibility of specimens and technical limitations, the mycobiome of subterranean karst caves has remained largely unknown. Weathered rock and sediment samples were collected from Luohandu cave (Guilin, Southern China) and subjected to Illumina Hiseq sequencing of ITS1 genes. A total of 267 known genera and 90 known orders in 15 phyla were revealed in the mycobiomes. Ascomycota dominated all samples, followed by Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. The sediments possessed the relatively highest alpha diversity and were significantly different from weathered rocks according to the diversity indices and richness metrics. Fifteen families and eight genera with significant differences were detected in the sediment samples. The Ca/Mg ratio appeared to significantly affect the structure of the mycobiome communities. Ascomycota appeared to exert a controlling influence on the mycobiome co-occurrence network of the sediments, while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were found to be the main phyla in the mycobiome co-occurrence network of weathered rocks. Our results provide a more comprehensive dimension to the mycobiome fingerprints of Luohandu cave and a new window into the mycobiome communities and the ecology of subterranean karst cave ecosystems.
... Over the past several decades, advances in morphology and multilocus phylogenetic analyses have led to a better understanding of the taxonomy and species diversity of this family. Species in this family are mainly characterised by their annellidic asexual morphs with dry aseptate conidia, as well as their sexual morphs that form cleistothecial or perithecial, carbonaceous ascomata producing reniform, lunate, or triangular ascospores with or without germ pores [3]. Currently, about 290 species in 23 genera are accepted in Microascaceae [4]. ...
Most reported members of Microascaceae that have been reported originate from the terrestrial environment, where they act as saprobes or plant pathogens. However, our understanding of their species diversity and distribution in the marine environment remains vastly limited, with only 22 species in nine genera having been reported so far. A survey of the fungal diversity in intertidal areas of China’s mainland has revealed the discovery of several Microascaceae strains from 14 marine algae and 15 sediment samples. Based on morphological characteristics and LSU-ITS-tef1-tub2 multilocus phylogeny using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, 48 strains were identified as 18 species belonging to six genera. Among these, six new species were discovered: Gamsia sedimenticola, Microascus algicola, M. gennadii, Scedosporium ellipsosporium, S. shenzhenensis, and S. sphaerospermum. Additionally, the worldwide distribution of the species within this family across various marine habitats was briefly reviewed and discussed. Our study expands the knowledge of species diversity and distribution of Microascaceae in the marine environment.
... Oorschot (1980) re-evaluated Chrysosporium and confirmed 22 species based on morphological characteristics. With the application of molecular systematics in the taxonomy of Chrysosporium in the past decade, more new species have been reported based on morphology and ITS phylogeny (Han et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2017;Li et al. 2019;Zhao et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2020). The genus currently comprises 67 species (Wijayawardene et al. 2022Zhang et al. 2020. ...
... With the application of molecular systematics in the taxonomy of Chrysosporium in the past decade, more new species have been reported based on morphology and ITS phylogeny (Han et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2017;Li et al. 2019;Zhao et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2020). The genus currently comprises 67 species (Wijayawardene et al. 2022Zhang et al. 2020. ...
... Members in the family Onygenaceae, including Aphanoascus and Chrysosporium, are widely distributed and exists in various habitats such as air, sludge, waste water and animal faeces (Deshmukh 1999, Zhang et al. 2016, Zhang et al. 2020, especially in rich keratin substance (Zhang et al. 2017). However, their distribution and species diversity in marine environments are poorly known so far, except one species C. merdarium reported (Jones et al. 2019). ...
Several fungal isolates affiliated with Aphanoascus and Chrysosporium were obtained from the sediments of Chinese seas by us. Among them, one new Aphanoascus species (A. sedimenticola) and two new Chrysosporium species (C. microsporum, C. sphaerospermum) were taxonomically identified and recognized based on phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics. This paper provided the detailed descriptions and illustrations of the three new taxa.
... (Hall 1999). Sequences of ITS, LSU, TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2 from related cordycipitaceous species, selected from previous studies (Sung et al. 2001, 2007a, b, Sung & Spatafora 2004, Luangsa-Ard et al. 2005, Spatafora et al. 2007, Zare & Gams 2008, Johnson et al. 2009, Rehner et al. 2011, Kepler et al. 2012, Sanjuan et al. 2014, Tsang et al. 2016, Mongkolsamrit et al. 2018 2020, Chen et al. 2021, Zhang et al. 2021 were downloaded from GenBank for phylogenetic analyses (Table 1). Sequences from the ex-type culture of Sporothrix insectorum (CBS 756.73) were also included, as its affiliation to Cordycipitaceae had been previously hypothesised (de Beer et al. 2016). ...
... Simplicillium and Lecanicillium have a broad spectrum of hosts and substrates including fungal pathogens of plants (Vandermeer et al. 2009, Baiswar et al. 2014) and insects (Wei et al. 2019) and are also known for their entomopathogenic potentials (Zhou et al. 2020, Sujithra et al. 2021. Parengyodontium has been isolated as a human pathogen and from environmental samples (soil, air, material clean surface) (Tsang et al. 2016, Zhang et al. 2021. Gamzarea also appeared to be an ecologically versatile genus with species found from soil and insects (Zhang et al. 2021). ...
... Parengyodontium has been isolated as a human pathogen and from environmental samples (soil, air, material clean surface) (Tsang et al. 2016, Zhang et al. 2021. Gamzarea also appeared to be an ecologically versatile genus with species found from soil and insects (Zhang et al. 2021). Both Parengyodontium and Gamszarea form a deep lineage close to Simplicillium and Lecanicillium. ...
Four new species of the genus Niveomyces are described from Thailand. They were found as mycoparasites on: Ophiocordyceps infecting flies ( Diptera ) for Niveomyces albus ; ants ( Hymenoptera ) for N. formicidarum ; and leafhoppers ( Hemiptera ) for N. hirsutellae and N. multisynnematus . A new genus, Pseudoniveomyces with two species: Pseudoniveo. blattae (type species), parasitic on Ophiocordyceps infecting cockroaches, and Pseudoniveo. arachnovorum , found on a spider egg sac, are also described. These fungi share a common feature which is a sporothrix-like asexual morph. Based on our molecular data, Sporothrix insectorum is shown to be affiliated to the genus Niveomyces , and thus a new combination N. insectorum comb. nov. is proposed. Niveomyces coronatus , N. formicidarum and N . insectorum formed the N. coronatus species complex found on ant-pathogenic Ophiocordyceps from different continents. Pseudoniveomyces species are distinguished from Niveomyces spp. based on the presence of fusoid macroconidia in culture and a red pigment diffused in the medium, resembling to Gibellula and Hevansia . The molecular phylogenetic analyses also confirmed its generic status. The host/substrates associated with the genera within Cordycipitaceae were mapped onto the phylogeny to demonstrate that mycoparasitism also evolved independently multiple times in this family.
