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Maximum likelihood (ML) tree of Agrocybe spp. and Cyclocybe spp. towards a selection of hymenogastraceous or strophariaceous Agaricales taxa, based on a concatenated alignment of ITS and LSU sequences. Strains of Agrocybe spp. and Cyclocybe spp. also studied for their fruiting-related characteristics in this study are highlighted in bold. Support values above the branches: left side = % Bayesian inference
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Cyclocybe aegerita (synonym: Agrocybe aegerita) is a widely cultivated edible and reportedly almost cosmopolitan mushroom species that serves as a model fungus for basidiome formation and as producer of useful natural products and enzymes. Focusing on strains from different continents, here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this species and so...
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... that was subdivided into four different zones starting from the centre: "centre", "periphery", and "edge". The fourth zone is referred to as "point of injury" and circumvents a 0.5 cm 2 hole in the periphery zone which was punched-out from the vegetative mycelium using a sterilized cork borer. A schematic representation of the zones is given in Fig. ...
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... first phylogenetic reconstruction is based on ITS and LSU sequences and included, in addition to the strains under study, a selection of other strains representing agaric species, belonging to the families, according to He et al. (2019), Cortinariaceae, Hymenogastraceae, Mycenaceae, Schizophyllaceae (outgroup), and Strophariaceae (Fig. 1). This phylogeny shows a clear-cut separation between the genus Agrocybe (Strophariaceae), among others represented by several strains of Agrocybe arvalis, Agrocybe dura, Agrocybe firma, Agrocybe pediades, as well as Agrocybe praecox, and the genus Cyclocybe (Tubariaceae). Agrocybe species form two clusters of their own, although in a ...
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... comparison to the tree in Fig. 1, that of Fig. 2 confirms major results of the former but at a significantly higher resolution. Thus, the clear separation of Agrocybe spp. from Cyclocybe spp. and the relationship of C. erebia as a sister clade of "C. aegerita s.l.", C. salicaceicola, and C. parasitica of the two-locus phylogeny was confirmed and reappeared even more ...
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... strains seemingly produced their basidiomes randomly distributed over the surface of the cultivation medium. Still, some of them exhibited a pattern where they preferentially produce them (see Fig. S1, Table S3, and Figs. S5-S8). The Italian strain C. aegerita CBS 358.51 nearly exclusively fruited at the point of injury, where the mycelium was injured by punching out a 0.5 cm 2 agar plug to locally stimulate fruiting (see Fig. 3a, Fig. S5a, and Table S3). Furthermore, this strain produced high numbers of basidiome initials, with ...
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... specimens. We chiefly aimed at elucidating the status of the Asian species complex of "C. aegerita sensu lato" and the Pacific species C. parasitica towards strains from Europe. Thus, even though our two-locus tree contains ITS + LSU sequences from two non-type specimens assigned to C. cylindracea, which cluster among European C. aegerita (see Fig. 1), we refrain from suggesting that both taxa may be conspecific. Such would entail suggesting a bold nomenclatural change giving C. cylindracea, based on the older name Agaricus cylindraceus DC. 1815, if not a sanctioned name, priority over C. aegerita (based on Agaricus aegerita Brig. 1837). However, such a proposition must instead be ...
Citations
... Yet, there exist cases where gross morphology alone has not been enough to delimit taxonomic entities, in species complexes for example (Sousa-Paula et al. 2021). In cases such as these, analysis based in combined objective methods are more suitable (eg.: morphometry, palynology, anatomy, cytogenetics, population genetics, and phylogenetics) (Erst et al. 2020;Frings et al. 2020;Saryan et al. 2020;Belo et al. 2023). ...
... have a broad global distribution. Wide distribution of mushroom genera can result in ecotype-like adaptations which can broaden genetic diversity and associated phenotypes (Frings et al., 2020). Taxonomic arrangement of Psilocybe mushrooms has been widely debated and re-worked based on continuously emerging data (Cortés-Pérez et al., 2021). ...
Psychedelic mushrooms containing psilocybin and related tryptamines have long been used for ethnomycological purposes, but emerging evidence points to the potential therapeutic value of these mushrooms to address modern neurological, psychiatric health, and related disorders. As a result, psilocybin containing mushrooms represent a re-emerging frontier for mycological, biochemical, neuroscience, and pharmacology research. This work presents crucial information related to traditional use of psychedelic mushrooms, as well as research trends and knowledge gaps related to their diversity and distribution, technologies for quantification of tryptamines and other tryptophan-derived metabolites, as well as biosynthetic mechanisms for their production within mushrooms. In addition, we explore the current state of knowledge for how psilocybin and related tryptamines are metabolized in humans and their pharmacological effects, including beneficial and hazardous human health implications. Finally, we describe opportunities and challenges for investigating the cultural production of psychedelic mushrooms and metabolic engineering approaches to alter secondary metabolite production through biotechnology approaches integrated with machine learning. Ultimately, this critical review of all aspects related to psychedelic mushrooms represents a roadmap for future research efforts that will pave the way to new applications and refined protocols.
... Brig.) Vizzini (28). The latter two species are economically important and widely cultivated as edible mushrooms; however, only a few studies have examined the utilization of C. erebia as a fungal resource. ...
Pharmacological intervention of circadian rhythms is a potentially useful approach for ameliorating various health problems caused by disturbed circadian rhythms including sleep disorder and metabolic diseases. To find compounds that affect circadian rhythms, we screened mushroom extracts using mouse cells expressing the luciferase gene under the control of the mouse Bmal1 promoter. The culture filtrate extract from the basidiomycete Cyclocybe erebia enhanced the oscillation of bioluminescence caused by the expression of the luciferase gene and prolonged the period of bioluminescence. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract resulted in purification of compounds 1 and 2. Spectroscopic analyses along with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, revealed that these compounds were diterpenoids with a unique skeleton and a fused ring system comprising 3-, 7-, and 5-membered rings. Compounds 1 and 2 were named cyclocircadins A and B, respectively. These findings suggested that natural diterpenoids could be a source of compounds with the activity affecting circadian rhythms.
... Newly generated sequences were accessioned to GenBank and received accession numbers MT157306, OP160001, OP162978-OP163006, OP163129-OP163165, and OP168761. Details are listed in SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3. Previously published sequences (Argüelles-Moyao et al. 2017;Bandini et al. 2019Bandini et al. , 2021aBandini et al. , 2021bBandini et al. , 2022aBandini et al. , 2022bBeker et al. 2010Beker et al. , 2013Beker et al. , 2016Beker et al. , 2018Bidartondo and Read 2008;Bizio and Castellan 2017;Bowman and Arnold 2021;Brock et al. 2009;Brown et al. 2022;Cervini et al. 2020;Chen et al. 2018;Cho et al. 2016;Christ et al. 2011;Clausing and Polle 2020;Cripps et al. 2019;Crous et al. 2018;Csizmár et al. 2021;Eberhardt et al. 2009Eberhardt et al. , 2013Eberhardt et al. , 2016aEberhardt et al. , 2016bEberhardt et al. , 2018Eberhardt et al. , 2020aEberhardt et al. , 2020bEberhardt et al. , 2021Eberhardt et al. , 2022aEberhardt et al. , 2022bEberhardt et al. , 2022cFan and Bau 2018;Frings et al. 2020;Garrido-Benavent et al. 2020;Grilli et al. 2016;Guzman-Davalos et al. 2003;Hallen et al. 2003;Harrower et al. 2011;Hashimoto et al. 2012;Holec et al. 2014Holec et al. , 2016Hughes et al. 2009;Hyde et al. 2016;Jabeen and Khalid 2020;Kasuya and Hosaka 2017;Katanić et al. 2016;Kennedy et al. 2011;Kranabetter et al. 2015;Krisai-Greilhuber et al. 2018;Kropp et al. 2013;Krüger et al. 2012;Landry et al. 2021;Larsson et al. 2009Larsson et al. , 2014Latha et al. 2016;Malysheva and Kiyashko 2011;Malysheva et al. 2016;Marchetti et al. 2014;Matheny 2005;Matheny and Bougher 2017;Matheny et al. 2002Matheny et al. , 2006Matheny et al. , 2007Matheny et al. , 2015Matheny et al. , 2020Niskanen et al. 2011Niskanen et al. , 2012Olchowik et al. 2021;Osmundson et al. 2013;Peintner et al. 2004;Rodríguez-Gutíerrez et al. 2020;Ryberg et al. 2008Ryberg et al. , 2010Schoch et al. 2012Schoch et al. , 2014Seger et al. 2017;Sesli 2021;Soop et al. 2019;Stensrud et al. 2014;Suz et al. 2014;Tedersoo et al. 2003Tedersoo et al. , 2006Tedersoo et al. , 2020Thorn et al. 1996;Tian and Matheny 2021;van der Walt et al. 2020;Vašutová et al. 2018;Vauras and Larsson 2020;Vesterholt et al. 2014;Vu et al. 2019;Walther et al. 2005;Yang et al. 2005;Zhang et al. 2017) Vašutová et al. 2018Vauras and Larsson 2020;Vesterholt et al. 2014;Vu et al. 2019;Walther et al. 2005;Yang et al. 2005;Zhang et al. 2017) used in this study are summarized in SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 4. To determine the taxonomic relationships of sequences from collections that were not Hebeloma, BLAST searches were carried out against GenBank (Johnson et al. 2008), UNITE (Kõljalg et al. 2005), and BOLD (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007) databases. BLAST searches against our own data were done in Geneious R10 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand) with default settings. ...
... The composition of the alignments was based on published phylogenies including more and a wider spectrum of taxa. In a single case, in the alignment for the genus Agrocybe, it was necessary to include LSU (large-subunit ribosomal DNA) and RPB2 (second-largest subunit of nuclear RNA polymerase II) data to be able to generate a phylogeny similar to published examples (Frings et al. 2020;Tian and Matheny 2021). Because of varying numbers of sequences per loci and the small number of sequences from loci other than ITS, only three partitions were used (ITS, LSU, and RPB2). ...
... The alignment for placing Agrocybe species was composed from 38 sequences and 2487 positions, but only 11 of the sequences encompassed LSU and seven RPB2 data. The alignment composition was guided by Frings et al. (2020) and Tian and Matheny (2021 The material in bold print, the type of C. alabamensis, has been studied. Support values refer to 1000 replicates of SH-aLRT and 1000 replicates of ufb, only showing support ≥85% SH-aLRT and ≥95% ufb. ...
William Alphonso Murrill was an American mycologist of the early 20th century. He described 1453 new species of Agaricales, Boletales, and Polyporales. Within these were 44 taxa that he described as Hebeloma or that he recombined into Hebeloma. Additionally, there are five species, of which we are aware, that Murrill described within other genera that should be referred to the genus Hebeloma. A further three species described from northern America by J. P. F. C. Montagne, and transferred to Hebeloma by Saccardo, were commented on by Murrill and not accepted within the genus. These 52 taxa are analyzed here, both morphologically and molecularly, as far as possible. For 18 of his types, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were generated. For two species (H. harperi and H. subfastibile), which were mixed collections, lectotypes are designated. Twenty-three of the taxa analyzed are Hebeloma, as the genus is recognized today, and six of these (H. australe, H. harperi, H. paludicola, H. subaustrale, H. subfastibile, and H. viscidissimum) are regarded as current, i.e., they are names that should be accepted and used. Hebeloma paludicola is an earlier name for H. hygrophilum, described from Europe. Gymnopilus viscidissimus is synonymous with H. amarellum but has priority and is here recombined into Hebeloma. The remaining 17 Hebeloma taxa are synonymized with other species that have priority. The remaining 29 species belong to a range of genera; molecularly supported were Agrocybe, Cortinarius, Inocybe, Inosperma, Phlegmacium, Pholiota, Pseudosperma, and Pyrrhulomyces. Recombinations and synonymizations are made as appropriate and necessary. The names H. alachuanum and H. vatricosum, respectively Inocybe vatricosa, are considered doubtful and should be avoided.
... 621/04, which, if sequenced, may cluster into C. chaxingu agg. [34]. For this strain, a most positive influence of soybean flour, an additive that is rich in organic nitrogen from proteins [35,36], added to wheat straw-based mushroom spawn substrate was recorded on mushroom yield. ...
The Black Poplar Mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita) is a white-rot fungus that naturally fruits from woody substrates, including buried wood. It is known for its substrate versatility and is equipped with a respective carbohydrate-active enzyme repertoire being intermediate between typical white-rot fungi and plant litter decomposers. Given relative nitrogen scarcity in wood, mobilization of nitrogen from surrounding litter is known as a way to meet nitrogen requirements for cellular homeostasis and reproduction of wood decay fungi. However, the effect of added nitrogen on vegetative and reproductive biomass has not yet been studied in a uniform min-imalistic laboratory setup. For C. aegerita, such a growth and fruiting setup has been developed. In the present study, this white-rot fungus has been grown with and without additional β-adenosine, an organic nitrogen source present in plant litter. Elevated β-adenosine levels increased aerial my-celium weight by 30% (1 × β-adenosine) and 55% (10 × β-adenosine), reproductive biomass by 75% (1 × β-adenosine) and by 100% (10 × β-adenosine), number of primordia by 127% (10 × β-adenosine) and accelerated primordium formation by 1.6 days (10 × β-adenosine), compared to the control treatment. These findings imply that C. aegerita invests additional organic nitrogen resources into direct vegetative and reproductive biomass build-up at the same time. Colonization of niches with accessory nitrogen sources, like buried wood, which is near the plant litter layer, may thus provide an evolutionary fitness advantage. Globally anthropogenically altered nitrogen dynamics may affect hyphal-driven processes as well as fruit body-driven food webs.
... Thus, it can be concluded that the absorption of flavonoids in the fungal kingdom occurs and is experimentally fully proven. To eliminate the possibility of absorption, when studying the capability of mushroom cells to synthesize flavonoids, the best solution is to cultivate mushrooms on artificial media or spawn [73,74] with a well-controlled composition. According to this, Hasnat et al. [75] and Lin et al. [76] published articles about flavonoids and other phenolics in Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus eryngii, respectively. ...
Flavonoids are chemical compounds that occur widely across the plant kingdom. They are considered valuable food additives with pro-health properties, and their sources have also been identified in other kingdoms. Especially interesting is the ability of edible mushrooms to synthesize flavonoids. Mushrooms are usually defined as a group of fungal species capable of producing macroscopic fruiting bodies, and there are many articles considering the content of flavonoids in this group of fungi. Whereas the synthesis of flavonoids was revealed in mycelial cells, the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to produce flavonoids does not seem to be clearly resolved. This article, as an overview of the latest key scientific findings on flavonoids in mushrooms, outlines and organizes the current state of knowledge on the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to synthesize this important group of compounds for vital processes. Putting the puzzle of the current state of knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis in mushroom cells together, we propose a universal scheme of studies to unambiguously decide whether the fruiting bodies of individual mushrooms are capable of synthesizing flavonoids.
... It is noticeable that the typical Strophariaceae (Stropharia, Protostropharia, Hypholoma, Leratiomyces, Pholiota) formed one wellsupported clade sister to Hebeloma (Hymenogastraceae) and distant from Deconica, and in general, the relationships between Strophariaceae and Hymenogastraceae appeared to be unresolved in the nrITS + nrLSU phylogeny. This result corresponds with that obtained by Frings et al. (2020). Agrocybe in turn was not found to form a monophyletic group and split into at least four clades with different support, sister to the Strophariaceae -Hymenogastraceae -Tubariaceae clade. ...
... All studies dealing with Agrocybe s. l. pointed out its intrinsic heterogeneity, which is apparent both in complicated morphological intrageneric structure and in all molecular phylogenies constructed so far (Singer 1986, Watling 1982, Gonzales & Labarere 1998, Nauta 2005, Hesler 2013a, Hesler 2013b, Hesler 2013c, Vizzini et al. 2014, Frings et al. 2020. Potential polyphyly of the genus was discovered firstly during the comparative study of V4, V6 and V9 domains of the mitochondrial small-subunite rDNA (Gonzales & Labarère 1998). ...
... Some of the groups discovered then were approximately recovered in subsequent studies based on ITS or ITS + LSU markers, and the genus Cyclocybe, which was one of them, was eventually resurrected (Vizzini et al. 2014). The residual Agrocybe members do not form a monophyletic group either but could be split into three (Vizzini et al. 2014, Frings et al. 2020 or four (this study) main clades which do not coincide with any morphological sections. Additionally, their phylogenetic placement is still uncertain not only at generic but even at the family level. ...
... Vizzini iki ayrı tür olarak kabul edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan Frings et al. (2020) tarafından, ITS+LSU dizilerine göre oluşturulan filogentik ağaçlarda, Genbankasından alınan bazı Cy. cylindracea dizilerinin Cy. aegerita ile aynı soy grubunda yer aldığı gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında oluşturulan filogenetik ağaçlarda da bu iki tür aynı soy grubunda yer almıştır. ...
The study was conducted to identify and determine the frequency of wood decay fungi in urban trees in Çankırı city centre.
During surveillance surveys, fifty-nine fungal fruit bodies were collected from fifty-three trees. Based on ITS and LSU DNA
sequence analysis, Inonotus hispidus, Cerioporus squamosus, Pleurotus sp., Cyclocybe aegerita sensu lato, Schizophyllum commune
and Coprinellus micaceus were identified in urban trees. The frequencies of these fungi on urban trees planted along ten main streets
in the city centre were determined through systematic surveys. Fungi were detected on 10 % of the trees. I. hispidus and C.
squamosus were the most common wood decay fungi (45 and 15 % respectively). Both species are recognized among common and
dangerous pathogenic wood decay fungi of urban trees worldwide. The frequencies of fruit bodies were highest on Fraxinus spp.
(38%), followed by Acer negundo (32%) and Platanus orientalis (15%). I. hispidus was the only fungus detected on Fraxinus spp..
On A. negundo, Cy. aegerita s.l. and C. squamosus being the most common, other fungi were also observed. I. hispidus and C.
squamosus were also detected on P. orientalis, yet relatively rarely. In Turkey, numerous wood decay fungi, including those detected
in this work, were identified on living trees. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, the frequencies of wood decay fungi were not
investigated before this work in Turkey. In future studies, we suggest investigating the severity of wood decays especially those
caused by I. hispidus and C. squamosus in urban trees in Çankırı
... AUSTRALIA Strophariaceae includes both decomposers growing on various kinds of organic matter, such as dung, soil and plant litter, as well as ectomycorrhizal species (Borovička et al. 2011;Cho et al. 2016;Frings et al. 2020;Lee et al. 2020). Species in the genus Agrocybe Fayod are decomposers, with a rusty brown, tobacco brown or dark brown spore print, typically the basidiospores have a broad germ pore, a hymeniform pileipellis composed of inflated cells and conspicuous cheilocystidia (Singer 1986;Largent & Baroni 1988;Niveiro et al. 2020). ...
We describe several new genera and species of sequestrate fungi from different regions of the world that belong to five different basidiomycete families. New taxa include: Amylotrama gen. nov., Amylotrama clelandii comb. nov., A. banrockensis sp. nov., Boletus kundabungkid sp. nov. (Boletaceae), Russula crassibasidiata sp. nov., R. danksiae sp. nov. (Russulaceae), Statesia gen. nov., Statesia cazaresii sp. nov., S. zelleri sp. nov., S. pompholyx comb. nov., and S. calcarea comb. nov. (Hysterangiaceae). We also confirm the placement of two blue-green species from Australasia, one that was previously placed in "Le Ratia" and the other in Weraroa, and make the new combination Agrocybe smaragdina comb. nov. (Strophariaceae), and describe Coprinopsis pulchricaerulea sp. nov. (Psathyrellaceae) accordingly.
... The alignment for Agrocybe included 17 sequences and 739 positions. Species selection was guided by Frings et al. (2020). The ML result is shown in FIG. 5. Agrocybe flexuosipes is in a joined clade with sequences attributed to A. putaminum and A. smithii; all three belong to the same 'ITS species' that is a close relative of A. praecox, the type species of the genus. ...
Charles Horton Peck described some 2700 species of North American fungi in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Among these were 31 species that he described as Hebeloma or that later authors recombined into Hebeloma. These 31 taxa have been analyzed morphologically and molecularly, as far as possible. For six of these species, lectotypes are designated. For twelve species, ITS sequences (some partial) were generated. Thirteen of the species analyzed are Hebeloma, as the genus is delimited today. Of these 13, nine are regarded as 'current', i.e. are names that should be accepted and used. Of the remaining four, three are synonymized with earlier Peck species and one with the generic type H. mesophaeum. Numerous Hebeloma species described from America are synonymized with some of Peck's species, such as H. albidulum, H. album, H. colvinii, H. excedens, H. palustre, H. sordidulum, and H. velatum; Peck's H. album, H. palustre, and H. velatum are earlier names for H. fragilipes, H. clavulipes, and H. dunense, respectively. All three names were in current use and described from Europe. The 18 species that are not Hebeloma belong to a range of genera: Agrocybe, Hemistropharia, Inocybe, Inosperma, Naucoria, and Pholiota; three species that were not previously recombined into their respective genera are here recombined and one species, Hebeloma commune is synonymized with Pholiota lenta. Two taxa, that are not Hebeloma, remain unresolved. Sixty later Hebeloma taxa described from North America are revised and synonymized with Peck species and seven with H. mesophaeum, 36 of these supported by ITS (some partial) sequence data. Updates on two species, H. petrakii and H. remyi, from Europe, are also given, and a lectotype and epitype selected for the latter.
