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Maximum-clade-credibility chronogram of BEAST analysis of the Begoniaceae focusing on Neotropical Clade 1. Node heights indicate mean ages. Geological epochs are indicated by background colour: light grey, Miocene (23.0-5.3 Ma); mid-grey, Pliocene (5.3-2.6 Ma); dark grey, Holocene and Pleistocene (2.6-0 Ma). Asterisks indicate posterior clade probabilities < 0.85, crosses indicate ML bootstrap values < 75, double crosses indicate posterior clade probabilities < 0.85 and ML bootstrap values < 75. Circles indicate species placed in sections different to their previous placement.
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The pantropical genus Begonia is the sixth-largest genus of flowering plants, including 1870 species. The sections of Begonia are used frequently as analogues to genera in other families but, despite their taxonomic utility, few of the current sections have been examined in the light of molecular phylogenetic analyses. We present herein the largest...
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... Begonia sect. Kollmannia sect. nov. (Fig. 7). -We resolve B. thelmae L.B. Sm. & Wassh. and B. jaguarensis L.Kollmann & al. as sister to the "Begonia acetosa ...
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... Begonia sect. Stellandrae sect. nov. (Fig. 7). -We resolve B. hoehneana as sister to the "Wageneria clade", although this position is poorly ...
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... Begonia sect. Donaldia (Fig. 7). -Begonia sect. Donaldia is resolved as sister to a clade containing B. sect. Stellandrae sect. nov., and the "Wageneria clade". Both this clade and its relation- ships to related sections are well supported, and we also resolve B. dichotoma Jacq. and B. scabrida A.DC. within the ...
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... The "core Pritzelia clade" (Fig. 7). -The majority of species in B. sect. Pritzelia are resolved in a clade containing B. dietrichiana Irmsch., the type of B. sect. Pritzelia. We further resolve B. sect. Scheidweilaria (Klotzsch) A.DC.; the mono- typic B. sect. Trendelenbergia (Klotzsch) A.DC.; and B. venosa (2) • April 2018: 267-323 Moonlight & al. • Phylogenetic sectional classification of Begonia (Begoniaceae) ...
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... The "Wageneria clade" (Fig. 7). -All sampled species of B. sect. Wageneria are resolved within a clade sister to B. sect. Stellandrae sect. nov. This clade is remarkable within Begonia for the lack of sequence divergence among its species, indicated in Fig. 7 by the short branch lengths and poor support for the majority of relationships within the clade. A number of species of B. sect. Pritzelia are also resolved within this clade, which is highly ...
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... The "Wageneria clade" (Fig. 7). -All sampled species of B. sect. Wageneria are resolved within a clade sister to B. sect. Stellandrae sect. nov. This clade is remarkable within Begonia for the lack of sequence divergence among its species, indicated in Fig. 7 by the short branch lengths and poor support for the majority of relationships within the clade. A number of species of B. sect. Pritzelia are also resolved within this clade, which is highly ...
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... also did not sample any members of the six species of the "calcarea group", as defined by , and they have not been included in previous phylogenetic analyses. We follow and do not assign these species to section. Neotropical Clade 1 (Fig. 7). -Neotropical Clade 1 (NC1) as defined by contains the majority of American species from east of Amazonia and a small number of widespread groups found throughout the Americas. The major clades and their branching order replicates those described by Moonlight & al., but we double the number of sampled species within this clade. NC1 can be split into three major clades: two clades of "cane-like" Brazilian Begonia; a clade we informally name the "core Pritzelia clade"; and B. sect. Wageneria (Klotzsch) A.DC. and B. sect. Donaldia (Klotzsch) A.DC. nested within a grade of small groups of phylogenetically and morphologically distinct species we describe as B. sect. Kollmannia sect. nov. and B. sect. Stellandrae sect. ...
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... Begonia sect. Latistigma (Fig. 7). -All sampled Brazilian species of B. sect. Knesebeckia, as circumscribed by Doorenbos & al. (1998), are only distantly related to the type of the section (B. incarnata Link & Otto). We resolve a group of species includ- ing B. aconitifolia A.DC., the type of B. sect. Latistigma A.DC., which we reinstate, as sister to B. sect. ...
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... Begonia sect. Gaerdtia (Fig. 7). -The majority of spe- cies in B. sect. Gaerdtia (Klotzsch) A.DC. including the type are resolved in a monophyletic group including B. coccinea Hook., which was previously classified in B. sect. Pritzelia (Klotzsch) ...
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... The "Begonia acetosa clade" (Fig. 7). -We resolve as sister to B. sect. Kollmannia sect. nov. a well-supported clade containing two rhizomatous species currently classified in B. sect. Pritzelia: B. acetosa Vell. and B. subacida Irmsch. This relationship is well ...
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... Begonia sect. Tetrachia (Fig. 7). -We resolve B. sect. Tetrachia Brade as sister to the remainder of NC1, although this placement is poorly supported. Relationships within B. sect. Tetrachia are also poorly ...
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... Begonia (Fig. 8). -All sampled species of B. sect. Gireoudia (Klotzsch) A.DC. and B. sect. Weilbachia (Klotzsch & Oersted ex Klotzsch) A.DC. are resolved in a well-supported clade. We resolve B. sect. Weilbachia as polyphyletic within a paraphyletic B. sect. Gireoudia and newly synonymise B. sect. Weilbachia with B. sect. Gireoudia. NC2-ii (Fig. 9). -The branching order among the early-di- verging clades of NC2-ii is well-resolved and all major clades are well supported. We resolve a clade containing five well-sup- ported, early-diverging clades from eastern South America of which three correspond to currently recognised sections: B. sect. Solananthera A.DC; B. sect. ...
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... Begonia sect. Astrothrix sect. nov. (Fig. 9). -We resolve a clade containing two species (B. santos-limae Brade, B. bul- latifolia L.Kollmann) of B. sect. Knesebeckia. Together with four unsampled species, these species have been recognised as forming a morphologically and geographically distinct group within B. sect. Knesebeckia (Kollmann, 2009;Kollmann & Peixoto, ...
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... Begonia sect. Pereira (Fig. 9). -A fourth eastern South American clade contains B. edmundoi Brade, B. lubbersii E.Morren, and B. pseudolubbersii Brade, all recognised by Doorenbos & al. (1998) in B. sect. Gaerdtia. We reinstate B. sect. Pereira, typified by B. edmundoi, to include these ...
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... Begonia sect. Pilderia and sect. Rossmannia (Fig. 9). -We resolve a clade containing B. sect. Pilderia (Klotzsch) A.DC. as recircumscribed by Moonlight and Jara (Moonlight & Jara-Muñoz, 2017) as sister to the monotypic B. sect. Ross- mannia A.DC. These sections are together resolved as sister to the remainder of ...
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... Begonia sect. Ephemera sect. nov. (Fig. 9). -A well-sup- ported clade containing the majority of sampled South American members of B. sect. Begonia is resolved as sister to the remain- der of NC2-ii. Begonia hirtella Link, treated by Doorenbos & al. (1998) in B. sect. Doratometra, is included in this ...
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... Begonia sect. Ruizopavonia (Fig. 9). -The relationships between the next three early-diverging, well-supported clades within NC2-ii remain unresolved. The first of these contains primarily species treated by Doorenbos & al. within B. sect. Ruizopavonia; however, this section is polyphyletic. Species resolved within this clade share raised veins on the underside of the ...
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... Horn-fruited Andean Begonia (Fig. 9). -Begonia sect. Casparya and B. sect. Semibegoniella together form a dis- tinctive group of Andean species with horn-like fruits that dehisce along the back of the locules. The two sections were distinguished by Doorenbos & al. (1998) by the connate tepals of B. sect. Semibegoniella, its less numerous stamens, and its simple placentae ...
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... numerous stamens, and its simple placentae (usually bifid in B. sect. Casparya). While we note that our results suggest the two sections may not be reciprocally monophyletic, we refrain from making formal changes to their circumscriptions while we await more detailed morphological and molecular data (A. Jara, unpub. data). • Begonia sect. Lepsia (Fig. 9). -The remainder of Begonia sect. Ruizopavonia is resolved in a clade including B. holtonis A.DC., the type of B. sect. Meionanthera A.DC., and B. foliosa Kunth, the type of B. sect. Lepsia (Klotzsch) ...
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... Begonia sect. Doratometra (Fig. 9). -Three species of Begonia sect. Doratometra are resolved as sister to the re- mainder of NC2-ii. We do not sample B. wallichiana Lehm., the type of the section, but reproduce the circumscription of the section of Doorenbos & al. (1998) with the exception of B. hirtella Link, which was treated by Doorenbos & al. in B. sect. Doratometra ...
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... Caribbean Begonia sect. Begonia (Fig. 9). -All sam- pled Caribbean species of B. sect. Begonia are resolved as a grade with the remainder of NC2-ii nested within. The first dichotomy within this grade separates all sampled species of Caribbean B. sect. Begonia (except B. acutifolia Jacq.) from the remainder of NC2-ii (including B. acutifolia). The second dichotomy resolves B. ...
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... Bolivian Begonia (Fig. 9). -The Bolivian species of Begonia are among the most poorly known of the genus, with most known species described with incomplete descriptions, few having been covered in floristic accounts, and several other species awaiting description (P.W. Moonlight, unpub. data; M.C. Tebbitt, unpub. data). The members of B. sect. Hydristyles ...
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... Begonia sect. Cyathocnemnis (Fig. 9). -The final clade of NC2-ii contains primarily species of B. sect. Cyatho cnemis. We also resolve B. obtecticaulis Irmsch. within this clade. NC2-iii (Fig. 10). -We increase the sampling within NC2-iii from seven species in to over 50 in our current analysis. Much of the clade remains poorly resolved but we resolve a number of clear, ...
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... The Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria state that the "absence of high-quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria" 3 . This is relevant for Begonia, one of the fastest growing genera of flowering plants 11,58 . Numerous new Begonia species descriptions are published every year-39 species in 2023 alone (International Plant Index data: https:// ipni. ...
Species conservation assessments using the criteria outlined by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List can be compromised by limited data availability. Species-rich tropical plant taxa with numerous microendemics are particularly problematic. This study focusses on the Begonia flora of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, comprised of 65 herbaceous species mainly found in rainforest habitats. Sixty-two species are Sulawesi endemics, including 20 species restricted to limestone karst landscapes. Forty-eight species are represented by fewer than 10 herbarium collections. Here, we outline and discuss an approach that, despite these data limitations, allows meaningful conservation assessments by integrating analyses of occurrences, data primarily based on remote sensing approaches, including forest landscape integrity, forest cover loss, and land cover, and extent of suitable habitat estimation. The results indicate that most Sulawesi Begonia species are narrow endemics whose rainforest habitats have substantially deteriorated in the last two decades: 27 species are assessed as Critically Endangered, 24 as Endangered, six as Vulnerable, five as Least Concern, and three species are Data Deficient. Conservation action, including extension of the protected area network in Sulawesi with emphasis on areas of old-growth forest and limestone karst landscapes, and strengthening of ex-situ living collections, is recommended.
... Three of the funded PBI projects were undertaken on big genera of flowering plants (Solanum [19]; Euphorbia [20]; Miconia [21]) spurring the creation or strengthening of global consortia. Other global consortia have also undertaken work with large genera such as sedges (Carex [22]), sages (Salvia [23]), begonias (Begonia [24]) and morning glories (Ipomoea [25]). These global collaborations provided exactly the conditions Bentham [26] suggested were needed for real understanding of plant diversity almost 250 years ago. ...
... Big genera also can promote nomenclatural stability over the longer term by reducing the need for new combinations [24]. Although there are fewer currently accepted new combinations made in big genera, a larger percentage of new combinations made in big genera during our study period are now accepted than in genera with fewer than 500 species (82.7% versus 43.6%). ...
... Recent phylogenetic studies within big plant genera have resulted in upheavals in formal (e.g. Begonia [24]) and informal (e.g. Solanum [49,50]) classifications within genera, while investigators in other groups have chosen not to apply infrageneric systems to describe all species relationships due to lack of completeness (e.g. ...
In 2004, David Frodin published a landmark review of the history and concepts of big plant genera. Two decades of taxonomic activity have taken place since, coinciding with a revolution in phylogenetics and taxonomic bioinformatics. Here we use data from the World Flora Online (WFO) to provide an updated list of big (more than 500 species) and megadiverse (more than 1000 species) flowering plant genera and highlight changes since 2004. The number of big genera has increased from 57 to 86; today one of every four plant species is classified as a member of a big genus, with 14% in just 28 megadiverse genera. Most (71%) of the growth in big genera since 2000 is the result of new species description, not generic re-circumscription. More than 15% of all currently accepted flowering plant species described in the last two decades are in big genera, suggesting that groups previously considered intractable are now being actively studied taxonomically. Despite this rapid growth in big genera, they remain a significant yet understudied proportion of plant diversity. They represent a significant proportion of global plant diversity and should remain a priority not only for taxonomy but for understanding global diversity patterns and plant evolution in general.
... The Pantropical genus Begonia Linnaeus (1753Linnaeus ( : 1056 is one of the largest angiosperm genera with ca. 2120 species classified into 70 sections (Hughes et al. 2015-, Moonlight et al. 2018. The Philippines has ca. ...
A new Begonia species, Begonia abhak, from section Petermannia is described and illustrated. Growing on shady, moist, rocky slopes alongside a small creek of Bujon, Lanuza, Surigao del Sur. The new species resembles Begonia panayensis in having glabrous stems, membranous, shiny leaves, oblong to oblanceolate lamina, acuminate apex and green ovary with pink wings but is distinct in having short stems, broadly ovate stipules, acute leaf base, serrated margins, and the slashed or jagged to almost entire margins of the capsule wings. Based on IUCN criteria, B. abhak is hereby proposed as Least Concern (LC).
... Species rich, morphologically diverse genera can benefit from the delimitation of natural infrageneric groups, which can help to facilitate future monographic work, ecological and evolutionary research, and conservation efforts (van Welzen et al. 2009;Moonlight et al. 2018;Atkins et al. 2021). Garcinia L. is a large genus with centers of species diversity located in Africa/Madagascar, Australasia, and Southeast Asia. ...
Garcinia L. is a pantropically distributed genus comprised of at least 250 species of shrubs and trees and has centers of diversity located in Africa/Madagascar, Australasia, and Southeast Asia. The genus is notable due to its extreme diversity of floral form, common presence in lowland tropical rainforests worldwide, and potential pharmacological value. Across its entire geographic range, Garcinia lacks a recent taxonomic revision, with the last genus-level taxonomic treatment of Garcinia conducted over 40 years ago. In order to provide an evolutionary-based framework for a revised infrageneric classification of the genus and to investigate in more detail the systematics of New Caledonian species, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequence data for the nuclear ITS region on all samples, and for three chloroplast intergenic spacers ( psbM-trnD , trnQ-rps16 and rps16-trnK ) on a subset of our overall sampling. Our phylogenetic analyses are the most comprehensive to date for the genus, containing 111 biogeographically and morphologically diverse Garcinia species. The analyses support a broad circumscription of Garcinia , including several previously segregated genera (e.g. Allanblackia , Clusianthemum , Ochrocarpos p.p., Pentaphalangium , Rheedia , and Tripetalum ). We recovered nine major clades falling within two major lineages, and we delimit 11 sections. We discuss each of the clades, assign them sectional names, discuss their distinguishing morphological features, compare our taxonomic treatment with the most recent sectional treatment, list representative species, note geographic distribution, and highlight some questions that deserve future investigations. We propose nine new nomenclatural combinations, four new names, and three new lectotypes. In New Caledonia (NC), a total of ten, all endemic, species are recognized and were included in our phylogenetic analyses, with several replicates per species (with the exception of G. virgata and G. urceolata , represented by a single accession each). New Caledonian species were retrieved within three separate clades, respectively including 1) G. balansae ; 2) G. comptonii , G. neglecta , G. urceolata , G. virgata ; and 3) G. amplexicaulis , G. densiflora , G. pedicellata , G. puat , G. vieillardii . Within NC, the phylogenies did not support the distinction between a putative undescribed species and G. balansae . However, it confirmed the distinction between NC species and both G. vitiensis (found in Fiji and Vanuatu) and G. adinantha (found in Fiji), suggesting that all NC species should be considered as endemics.
... Begonia L. (Begoniaceae) with 2138 currently accepted species is one of the largest and fastest growing angiosperm genera due to ongoing taxonomic research (Hughes et al., 2015-;Moonlight et al., 2018). The North Eastern Region (NER) of India is a hotspot for the genus Begonia, as evident from the description of several species from the region in the current decade (Borah et al., 2021a(Borah et al., , b, c, d, 2023(Borah et al., , 2024Krishna et al., 2021;Taram et al., 2020Taram et al., , 2021Taram et al., , 2022Taram et al., , 2023Wahlsteen & Borah, 2022). ...
A new species of Begonia sect. Platycentrum is described here from the moist deciduous forest of Tirthamukh near Dumboor Lake, Tripura, India. It is similar to B. scintillans, B. chindwinensis and B. thomsonii but differs in plant size, hair characters, petiole length, flowers, stamens and fruits. A description with coloured photographs and information on the phenology and habitat are provided.
... [19,20] The genus comprises herbaceous plants or climbing vines and is found in tropical and subtropical locations worldwide. [21] There are about 959 species in all, with 19 identified sections in Asia, the majority of which are found in Southeast Asia. Begonia malabarica Lam., which has been rendered into Tamil as Narayanachanjeeve, is an herb that is native to the hilly regions of Sri Lanka and southern India. ...
The study assesses the biological properties of methanolic extracts derived from the leaves, stems, and roots of Begonia malabarica, a native plant species in the mountainous area of southern India. The GC-MS was used to analyze the phytochemicals in the solvent from Begonia malabarica that had been extracted with methanol. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and as reference solution is ascorbic acid. The cytotoxicity activity was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) approach. The GC-MS analysis effectively revealed 35 distinctive phytomolecules. The primary constituents, namely tert-butylbenzene (23%), 2-methylnaphthalene (6.2%), ethyl ester of octadecanoic acid (0.9%), and (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid (0.9%), are noted. The results, the methanolic extracts from B. malabarica are antioxidants that have significant levels (P < 0.05) of DPPH radical scavenging activities at different doses. The detected radical scavenging activities exhibited a higher proportion in the stem of B. malabarica. The IC50 values for the methanolic extracts were found to be 0.77 mg/ml, 0.49 mg/ml, and 0.68 mg/ml, respectively. The MTT analysis demonstrated that the methanolic extracts exhibited a considerable increase in cytotoxic activity against the pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) cell line, resulting in a cell viability percentage of 69.63% at a concentration of 31.25µg/ml. These findings confirm the possible biological effects of B. malabarica and its prospective use in different pharmaceutical pursuits in the future.
... Natural hybridization as a promoter of species diversity inBegonia . Natural hybridization could give rise to species explosion (Pfennig; Kelly and Pierce 2016), and many hyperdiverse taxa were prone to rapid speciation due to frequent hybridization, such as fishes (Meier et al. 2017, Irisarri et al. 2018) and birds (Lamichhaney et al. 2015).Begonia is a mega-diverse lineage, including over 2000 species (Tian et al. 2018) and the number of new species has increased faster than that of any other genus in recent years (Moonlight et al. 2018). The biologists are extremely confused why this genus could generate miraculously high species diversity (Dewitte et al. 2011). ...
Natural hybridization can impact species diversity as an important evolutionary process and it is very common in Begonia, a mega-diverse plant genus. Recently, a natural hybrid between Begonia palmata and B. circumlobata was found in three locations of southeast China. It is very similar to B. palmata and difficult to identify only based on morphological characters. According to the maternal uniparental inheritance of chloroplast genome and biparental inheritance of nuclear genome in Begonia, nuclear locus (ITS) and chloroplast loci (rpL16) phylogenetic trees were constructed for the putative hybrid and its parents. The results indicated that the putative hybrid is an F1 generation with B. palmata mostly as maternal parent and B. circumlobata as paternal parent. The hybrid is described and illustrated as a new species (Begonia × yueminensis D.K.Tian et C.Z.Yang), and it is morphologically compared with its allied species.
... Begonia of the family Begoniaceae is a species diverse genus with a total of 2130 species worldwide and with extreme endemism in the Himalayas (Hughes et al. 2015;Moonlight et al. 2018). So far, a total of 49 species of Begonia are known from the Himalayan state of Arunachal Pradesh of which nine species (Begonia arunachalensis, B. atrofusca, B. egamii, B. kekarmonyingensis, B. lorentzonii, B. markiana, B. pasighatensis, B. rushforthii, B. oyuniae) were recently described as new to science and six species (B. ...
... Platycentrum (Klotzsch) A.DC. and sect. Monophyllon A.DC.) following the sectional treatment of Moonlight et al. (2018). ...
... Begonia L. is one of the most mega-diverse genera in vascular plants and 2140 accepted begonia species have been published so far (Hughes et al., 2015-Present). This genus is widely distributed in the humid tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, America and Africa, mostly in small niches such as valleys, stream banks, caves and the places near waterfalls, and there are over 1000 species in Asia (Shui and Chen, 2018;Moonlight et al., 2018;Hughes et al., 2015-Present). China is one of the most important distribution centers of Begonia, and the majority of species in this country are from the sections of Platycentrum, Coelocentrum and Diploclinium (Tian et al., 2018). ...
Begonia floriprolifera is a new species of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum distributed in the karst area of southwestern Guangxi of China and northern Vietnam. Morphologically, it is mostly similar to B. bonii, but differs mainly by its nearly glabrous stipules, shorter inflorescence, bilaterally symmetric and upward curved androecium with fewer stamens, and concave apex of anthers. Due to the narrow distribution area and unfavorably environmental changes of its natural habitat, the new species is assigned to Endangered according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... (Begoniaceae); Stevens (2023) notes that: "The age of Hillebrandia, anything from 58 Ma [million years] (Clement et al. 2004(Clement et al. , errata 2005 to 24.6(-16.8) Ma (Moonlight et al. 2018), causes biogeographical problems. The oldest Hawaiian island on which Hillebrandia is found is Kaua'i, which is perhaps 5 Ma old. ...
Kahakuloa operculispora, a new simple thalloid liverwort endemic to Hawaiʻi, so far only known from high elevation bogs in western Maui, is described and illustrated. The thallus has prominent reddish-purple rhizoids, uniseriate ventral slime papillae and lacks scales. The plants are dioicous; male plants have antheridia sunken in several rows of dorsal chambers, subtended by scales, while female plants have clustered archegonia enclosed by thick, barrel-shaped involucres that develop serially at the plant apex, before fertilization, and are arranged in a single dorsal row at maturity; perichaetial scales and pseudoperianths (defined as involucres developing after fertilization) are lacking. The capsules are spherical, 2−3 stratose, and dehisce irregularly; the spores are areolate and have a unique operculum-like disk on the proximal face. Molecular and morphological evidence supports placement of the plant in a new genus and family in the order Fossombroniales, suborder Fossombroniineae. Kahakuloa is the first liverwort genus endemic to Hawaiʻi, and Kahakuloaceae is the only known endemic Hawaiian land plant family.
