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Materials used: (a) kaolinite clay; (b) tyre chips
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Large-scale beneficial use of recycled and waste materials for civil engineering applications can provide an attractive way to reduce the wastes to be disposed of and it may also provide fiscal benefits. Scrap tyres are one such waste material which has many properties that can be effectively utilised for civil engineering applications. In this stu...
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This paper presents a study on the evolution of small strain stiffness (G max ) along vertical and horizontal directions for lightly cemented clay. Soft clays have historically been a subject for studying the evolution of stiffness anisotropy under varying loading conditions. These studies have focused on stress history (overconsolidation) effects...
Citations
... In recent years, the use of waste materials in replacement of natural aggregate in the stone column has increased, giving a sustainable approach to building a good environment. The waste materials to replace the natural aggregate in stone columns includes waste tyres as shreds and chips [71][72][73][74][75][76], recycled demolition waste [77][78][79][80][81], silica manganese slag [82][83][84][85], plastic waste [43,86], pulverised fuel ash [87], overburnt brick [88], crushed waste glass [89], steel slag [90,91]. ...
... Gharavi et al. [73] also used shredded tyres with different sizes of 4 mm to 12.75 mm, with a specific gravity of 1.1. Tyre chips of size 10-12.5 mm with a scaling factor of 1/10 and specific gravity of 1.1 were used by Ayothiraman and Soumya [74]. Mazumder et al. [72] used shredded tyres by manually removing nylon threads and steel mesh from worn-out scrap, as shown in Fig. 1b. ...
... Natural aggregate is the primary material used for the replacement of surrounding soft soil for improving the loadcarrying capacity. In model tests, the size of the stone aggregates varies in the range of 2 to 12.5 mm [74,[99][100][101]. The size of aggregate and replaced waste material was kept the same by most of the researchers to understand the behaviour of both types of materials [72,74,77,83,98]. ...
Stone columns are widely used as a cost-efective
solution for enhancing the engineering behaviour of weak
soils. Granular materials such as natural aggregates, which
have higher stifness than native soil, are used as the backflling materials in the vertical boreholes in the ground, which
results in improving the load-bearing capacity of existing
weak soil. However, the growing utilisation and greed for
extreme usage of natural aggregate poses challenges such as
resource depletion, increased carbon emissions and ecological disruption, rendering it unsustainable. As a result, it is
critical to create a sustainable substitute for natural aggregates in the construction of stone columns. Thus, nowadays,
waste materials are widely used to tackle the problem of
resource depletion, which indeed helps conserve resources
and mitigate the efects of climate change. This paper presents a review of various literature available on the use of
waste materials as a replacement for natural aggregate in
stone column construction. The paper includes diferent
types of soil that have been stabilised using waste materials,
installation methods employed, experimental work and, most
importantly, the outcomes derived from the utilisation of
waste materials. The primary conclusion obtained from the
current study is that some waste materials, like silica manganese slag, concrete waste, tyre waste, etc., are proven to be
more efective when used in correct proportions. It has also
been observed that using waste materials ofers a sustainable and highly efective approach, particularly considering the
conservation of natural resources. The study also presents
several recommendations pertaining to the future scope.
... There have been few studies in the recent past on the use of recycled materials such as glass, plastic, and demolition waste in ground improvement. The use of shredded rubber tyre chips in stone columns to improve the performance of soft soils has been reported by [21,22]. Kazmi [23] used crushed waste glass in stone columns as an alternative to traditional backfill material. ...
The consistent population growth in the urban areas has caused a scarcity of suitable land for infrastructure development. This has challenged engineers to develop innovative techniques for improving the existing ground at the site. The use of granular columns is one such technique that is gaining prominence all over the world for the improvement of soft soils. Recent initiatives around infrastructure development have given impetus to the use of alternative or recycled materials for sustainable and inclusive utilization of resources. This study presents the results of laboratory tests to evaluate the effectiveness of recycled plastic granules used as aggregates in granular columns to improve the load settlement behavior of soft clay foundations. A series of laboratory model tests were performed to evaluate the effect of the undrained shear strength of soil, the length-to-diameter ratio of the granular column, and the geosynthetic encasement. The experimental results show that the vertical load-bearing capacity of the soil bed improved by the granular column and plastic granular column increased by 70–123% and 47–93%, respectively. The use of geosynthetic encasement further enhances the loading capacity of the soil bed with two-fold improvements for the end-bearing column over the floating one. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was done using Plaxis 3D to simulate the experimental conditions, and the results conform well with the model tests. The numerical results validate the bulging failure pattern of the granular column obtained from the experimental trials. The test results affirm the proposed application of recycled plastic granules as an alternative to conventional stone aggregates in granular columns. Kindly check and confirm the edit made in the title.The title has been checked for the aforementioned changes.
... Marto et al. [6] showed that using bottom ash, coalburning waste, as an alternative to stone column aggregates improved its shear strength. Ayothiraman and Soumya [7] replaced different percentages of stone column aggregates with tire shards and found that 20% tire shard increases the bearing capacity of the stone column by 36%. Then, Shariatmadari et al. ...
... The presence of these spaces interrupts the transfer of force between the particles and therefore reduces the loading capacity [27]. Poorly graded aggregates are commonly used for stone column filling materials to improve drainage speed [3,7,12]. In this study, by replacing 25% of the stone column material with RAP aggregates, according to Figure 2, approximately 7% of the sand aggregate was smaller than 2 mm (minimum size of natural aggregates) and, generally, 10% of the sand aggregate was added to the matrix. ...
The objective of this investigation is to understand how to use waste tires to surround stone pillars and mix gravel with recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and stone pillars to provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective weak layer improvement method. To study the behavior of such stone columns, experiments were conducted in units consisting of a single stone column with recycled asphalt pavement as filling material and a single stone column covered with old tires. To test the effect of different mixing ratios, rapeseed content was selected from 0% to 100%. Elasticity tests were conducted on cladded and nonclad stone column samples. Furthermore, direct shear tests were conducted on samples with different ratios of gravel and rapeseed mixtures. The results of the load-bearing capacity test show that the cover of the stone columns with old tires can significantly increase the load-bearing capacity. Replacing 25% of natural stone column aggregates with RAP increases the load capacity. But as the percentage of RAP in the mixture increases from 25% to 100%, the loading capacity decreases. Another advantage is the reinforced stone column. From the point of view of ecology, an advantage is the use of recyclable materials.
... Studies show that CBA can be used to improve shear strength properties of clay by the installation of CBA columns [26]. Some other materials were studied for their implementation as stone column material by [27,28]. Dahale et al. [29] used bamboo mat as encasement for stone columns in clayey soil and found noticeable improvement in the load carrying capacities (around 35-60%). ...
Purpose
Sincethe availability of natural aggregates is very sparse, recycled industrial and construction waste provides a sustainable alternative to ground improvement using vibro replacement method. Utilizing recycled building waste caters the requirement for its disposal and offers an effective remedy for the scarcity of natural resources. The aim of this study was to give a sustainable alternative for the natural aggregates as the material for stone column.
Materials and methods
A good stone column material should be hard, dense, chemically inert and must comply with the size requirement. The utilization of construction debris and spent railway ballast as column material has been the subject of numerous researches. This work focuses on finding the suitability of railway ballast and concrete debris as alternatives for stone column material. A detailed laboratory testing of these materials has been carried to judge their strength requirements as the material for both Ordinary Stone Columns (OSCs) and Geosynthetic Encased Stone Columns (GESCs). The improvement in capacity of both OSCs and GESCs is evaluated by performing California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test in laboratory by creating unit cell stone column models of different recycled aggregates and comparing their load settlement behavior with natural aggregates.
Results and discussion
Railway ballast, natural aggregates, concrete debris and virgin soil were found to show decreasing order in CBR test results. Loading required for causing settlement in both OSCs and GESCsshowed remarkable increase as compared to that of virgin clay and the maximum load settlement improvement was observed for railway ballast in both the types of stone columns. The CBR values for GESC made from railway ballast, natural aggregates and concrete debris were 54, 49 and 38% respectively. On the other hand, CBR for OSC made from railway ballast, concrete debris and natural aggregates were found to be 25.5, 20.4 and 24% respectively and CBR of virgin clay was found to be just 11%.
Conclusion
The demonstrated application of sustainable sources in place of natural aggregates provides a crucial pathway for utilizing the recycled aggregates as stone column filler material. Up on encasing the OSC with geotextile the performance of stone columns has improved appreciably in terms of load capacity. Railway ballast and concrete debris can be adopted as an alternate for the natural stone column materials to improve the bearing capacity of site consisting mainly of soft clays.
... The test results of OGP and VEGP are presented in Table 10. Figure 8 shows the variation of efficiency of OGP and VEGP with different mix proportions of tire chips and aggregates. Ayothiraman and Soumya (2015) derives an "efficiency" factor used to determine the optimum proportion of tire chips that can partially replace aggregates in the granular pile. "The factor efficiency is defined as the ratio of ultimate load intensity of either OGP or VEGP composed of any mix proportion to the ultimate load intensity of OGP composed of 100% aggregates". ...
This study highlights a novel approach to solving two severe challenges in geotechnical engineering and environmental sustainability. Soft soils, characterized by low shear strength, high compressibility, and poor drainage, require improvement for various construction applications. Nevertheless, the global accumulation of scrap tires has raised serious environmental problems. In response, this study investigates an effective solution by utilizing waste tires to enhance soft soil properties. This research evaluates the optimum mix proportion of aggregates and recycled tire chips and the influence of Combi-grid encasement on the granular piles in terms of ultimate load intensity and bulging behaviour. Recycled tire chips are introduced as a sustainable alternative to traditional aggregates, and granular piles are encased with Combi-grid in various configurations, including vertical, horizontal, and combined encasements with three different spacing. Key findings reveal that the efficiency of ordinary granular piles (OGP) closely approached unity with up to 25% tire chips content, while vertically encased granular piles exhibited efficiencies exceeding unity with up to 100% tire chips content. This study comprehends the optimum tire chip content replacement for aggregates as 25% by weight, equivalent to 44% by volume, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution. Furthermore, the ultimate load intensity of vertically encased granular piles, horizontal discs at a spacing of 0.25D, and combined encasement at a spacing of 0.25D exhibited remarkable increases of 220.8%, 318.8%, and 414.7%, respectively, compared to ordinary granular piles (OGP). The experimental results are compared with FEM validation using PLAXIS 3D. In conclusion, this study presents an innovative and sustainable approach to enhance soft soil properties by incorporating waste tire chips.
... Out of all available ground improvement techniques, granular piles/stone columns are the best solution for achieving these two requirements (Greenwood 1970;Murugesan and Rajagopal 2009;Malarvizhi and Ilamparuthi 2007;Ambily and Gandhi 2007;Ghazavi and Nazari Afshar 2013). To date, only a limited amount of analysis has been conducted on the application of tire chips as a potential substitute for aggregate material in granular piles (Mazumder et al. 2018;Ayothiraman and Soumya 2015;Shariatmadari et al. 2018;Pradeep et al. 2021). Ayothiraman and Soumya (2015) studied tire shreds as a replacement material for aggregates in stone column application and quoted that replacing 20% aggregates with shredded tire material gave the highest bearing capacity. ...
... To date, only a limited amount of analysis has been conducted on the application of tire chips as a potential substitute for aggregate material in granular piles (Mazumder et al. 2018;Ayothiraman and Soumya 2015;Shariatmadari et al. 2018;Pradeep et al. 2021). Ayothiraman and Soumya (2015) studied tire shreds as a replacement material for aggregates in stone column application and quoted that replacing 20% aggregates with shredded tire material gave the highest bearing capacity. Shariatmadari et al. (2018) conducted oedometer tests using three different sizes of tire chips and observed an approximately 20% increase in the loading capacity of the granular pile compared to traditional aggregates. ...
This paper discusses the assessment of optimum mix proportions of aggregates and tire chips based on shear strength and index properties (unit weight and specific gravity) for applications in granular piles/stone columns. Tire chips of cubical size 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm and aggregates passing through 12.5 mm, but retained on 10 mm were used. The aggregates and tire chips were mixed using the volumetric mix proportions (aggregates: tire chips) (%) of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100. Large direct shear tests under normal stresses of 50, 100, and 150 kPa were performed on these mix proportions. The optimum mixing ratio is a function of void ratio and shear strength of mixture. Based on findings from experiments, the optimum content of tire chips has been found to be 25% by weight, which is equivalent to 44.4% by volume. The results from unit weight and specific gravity tests indicate that the void ratio of the mixture decreased up to the tire chips content of 50% and again increased with 100% content by weight. The results from large direct shear tests have shown that the percentage decrease in shear strength of aggregates due to addition of 25% tire chips by weight is 4.6%. Also, the angle of internal friction slightly decreased by 3° and cohesion value increased by 3.1 kPa due to addition of 25% tire chips by weight. The addition of tire chips enables the aggregate to become ductile in nature, and its dilation value and shear modulus values are decreased. The bearing capacity of granular pile has been defined in terms of improvement factor and loss of improvement is found to be only 12%, but replacement of aggregate with 25% tire chips by weight is the best solution in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability.
... The majority of these studies examined the effectiveness of end bearing stone column on improving the bearing capacity not settlement. Ayadat (1990) was the first researcher to introduce single encased sand column as a foundation support in collapsible soils subjected to inundation. Based on his findings, the stiffness and length of sand column were the most critical parameters that governed the sand column behavior. ...
Construction of structures on weak soft soils is always a great challenge to geotechnical engineers. Among various ground improvement techniques, stone columns are widely used in many soil types and foundation situations. They are inexpensive, easy to construct and environmentally satisfactory. This paper discusses the construction methods, the failure mechanism and the most important factors affecting the behavior of stone columns. It further summarizes recent published work that focus on the performance of single and grouped encased stone columns in different types of soils. A compilation of the key findings and a summary table that simplify the retrieval of data from previous experimental, numerical and field studies are also presented in this paper. The results of these studies show that encasing stone columns with geosynthetics material is a successful solution that can be used to improve the load-settlement conduct of stone column foundations. The literature review indicate a lack of studies that investigate the effect of floating encased stone columns in reducing the collapse settlement of collapsible soils. Therefore, there is a necessity to conduct a detailed study highlighting key aspects, which affect the overall performance of this technique in such soils. This might help in finding the optimum design of the floating encased stone columns and evaluate the reduction in collapse settlement.
... The presentence increase in the performance of granular column with different combination is discussed through efficiency factor in the following section. The variation of efficiency for different mix proportion of aggregates and tire chips and types of granular columns (OGC and EGC) has been presented in Fig.6.Afactor "efficiency" was given by Ayothiraman and Soumya [7], which is used to establish the relationship between optimum percentage of tire chips that can partially replace aggregates in the granular column. Efficiency is defined as a factor which is ratio of load carrying capacity of either OGC or EGC made of any mix proportion to the load carrying capacity of OGC made of 100% aggregates.From the graph it could be concluded that, the efficiency of encased granular column is found to be higher than 1.0 for up to 50% tire content and remains close to 1 up to 100% tire chips content. ...
... As compiled in many literature studies, pocket vane shear tests were utilized to conduct UCS on soft clay beds. Pocket penetrometers can also be used to test the UCS of remolded soft clay beds [42,57,58]. ...
Application of vertically installed columnar materials made of natural gravels or crushed aggregate is one of the commonly implemented practices to improve the performance of soft clay grounds under footing load. Alternative materials like cinder gravel also plays a reinforcing role when blended with soft clay. However, information on the precise extent to which a vertically installed cinder gravel column is efective in improving the properties of a clay foundation and its potential response to the permanently applied footing load has not been well documented in the literature. Hence, the current study specifcally aimed at evaluating the efectiveness of geotextile-encased cinder gravel column in improving deformation and bearing capacity of soft clay ground. Te experimental model which considered installation of a single geotextile-encased cinder gravel column into soft clay was considered. A cylindrical steel container was used in designing the experimental test. Te container was flled with clay soil and the cinder gravel column was vertically installed through a replacement method. Finding of the study revealed that ultimate load-bearing capacity of the soft clay foundation after being reinforced with conventional cinder gravel was 1.85 times that of the untreated soft clay soil. Te load-carrying capacity of the clay soil decreased with increment in diameter of the column whereas it is directly related to the volume replacement ratio. With regard to directional improvement, the vertical reinforcement performs better than the horizontal geotextile strips in cinder gravel column from bearing capacity improvement view point. In lessening settlement, however, application of horizontal geotextile discs at spacing ranging between half-and full-column diameter overweighs performance of the vertical encasement. In summary, application of geotextile encasement to the top 75% of the clay thickness is sufcient to come up with optimum improvement in bearing capacity and encasing the entire thickness is not necessarily required.
... Granular columns offer an ideal opportunity to utilize recycled aggregates as column backfill (Egan and Slocombe 2010). However, limited research is done on using alternative materials (waste) to backfill granular columns (Ayothiraman and Soumya 2015). A few researchers observed some favorable behavior of granular columns backfilled with different alternative materials, including tyre chips, recycled crushed brick, recycled crushed concrete, recycled railway track ballast, incinerator bottom ash aggregate (IBAA), and construction and demolition waste (Alnunu and Nalbantoglu 2021; Amini 2016; Ayothiraman and Soumya 2015; Kumar and Sadana 2012;Serridge 2004;Serridge and Sarsby 2009;Shahverdi and Haddad 2020). ...
